A précis is a one-page, single-spaced summary which is useful in doing research.  For example, if a student has a five-page reading list, it can be difficult to come back to item number 16 and remember what was in the book or article, but with a summary, students can easily see and remember what they have read and how they have reacted to it.  It can be used as a giant note card, and, with the bibliographic information (in proper format) at the top of the paper, it can be shuffled in with other précis in alphabetical order, chronological order, or any other order, just the way a note card can.

Since some theses are never directly stated, the students must be ready to think, to categorize and synthesize, and to state the implied thesis in their own words.

Students should pay special attention to any divisions that the author has seen fit to use, usually indicated by captions.  This categorization is important to summarizing the information and maintaining the appropriate relationships among ideas.

The level of generality and specificity is determined by the amount of information that can fit into the one-page format.  For example, a 700-page book would be summarized at a greater level of generality than would a 17-page article.  

If they choose to use a short quotation or two, they must be sure to quote exactly, use quotation marks, and give in-text documentation so that they will be able to distinguish between their own words and those of the author of the work being summarized when they return to their summary.

Temple University Press

Chapter Title: The End of the Great White Male
Chapter Author(s):

JOHN R. GRAHAM

Book Title: Critical White Studies
Book Editor(s): Richard Delgado, Jean Stefancic
Published by: Temple University Press. (1997)
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Part I
How Whites See Themselves

If any theme is characteristic of contemporary thought in the social sciences

and in cultural studies, it is “perspectivalism”-the idea that one’s view-

point matters. Indeed, every chapter in this book can be seen as an effort to

analyze, defend, criticize, celebrate, or examine one perspective or another

about race and whiteness. Some even question, not how, but do whites see

themselves? Upon looking into and beyond the mirror, whites have found

their whiteness both opaque and transparent. Most whites have not thought

much about their race. Few, upon being asked to identify themselves by at-

tributes, would name whiteness among their primary characteristics.

Part I offers a variety of ways whites, and some nonwhites, see the white

race, ranging from biological and social-construction theory, to economic

determinism and advantage and disadvantage, to innocence (feigned or

real). Later parts deal with how whites see other races (Part II), how earlier

periods saw whites and whiteness (Part III), the role of language and color

imagery (Part V), and white consciousness and white power (Part X). As

the reader will soon notice, these sections overlap thematically to some ex-

tent. The reason is simple: Race seems to be, to a large extent, relational.

Whiteness, acknowledged or not, has been a norm against which other

races are judged. One cannot get clear about whiteness without also gain-

ing a sense of what it means to be nonwhite-and vice versa.

The examinations of whiteness presented in this book may open a way for

whites to talk about race and racial problems acceptably and nondefensively.

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1
The End of the Great White Male

JOHN R. GRAHAM

After more than two centuries of running the nation,
American white men are being threatened with loss of power.

Five centuries ago, the foundations of the world were shaken. So-called
immutable truths toppled forever as man was replaced by the sun as the center of our uni-
verse. Equally wrenching is the current shattering of white males’ world view, in which
they long have seen themselves as the central characters on society’s stage. All around are
the effects of a revolution that is both painfully distressing and totally confusing to what
well may become known as the last of the great white males.

As the turmoil continues, white males are the inevitable scapegoats-and their difficul-
ties only are beginning. The illustrations are everywhere. Even though rumblings have
been heard for more than a decade now, the Earth really shook when the national United
Way organization was disrupted in 1992. The white male who built and ran the powerful
agency for two decades was knocked out of his seat of power and replaced by an Asian
woman. To focus on the fact that she is Asian and female is to miss the point. She happens
to know the current rules of the game: You don’t turn the business into a private sandbox.
Limos and other self-serving luxuries aren’t part of the bargain today, a lesson that has
been lost on white males, many of whom continue to believe that they possess a divine

right to the perks of power.
The cracks in the Earth’s surface widened as the quakes have come fast and furious with the

deposing of great white males throughout Fortune 500 firms. The great white males feel

threatened and somewhat confused about why it is happening. Until now, the great white male
had considered it no one’s business what he takes out of the company, the way he conducts
business, how much he is paid, or even how he treats his subordinates, particularly women.

Throughout the last several hundred years, the great white male has lived by the strict
code of the old-boy network. The dismissal of corporate leaders symbolizes the replace-
ment of the old-boy network by quite a different code of behavior-competence. Who you

know is giving way to what you know, a sure sign that Americans finally have entered the

information age full tilt.
Several other threats plague the great white male. One of them is sheer numbers.

The Huns once again are invading, but this time they come masked as Hispanics,

Asians, and, yes, women. Even though Americans are told in a dozen ways that His-
panics are the fastest growing segment of U.S. society, the great white male mentality

can not accept change, just as many refused to acknowledge that the sun was the cen-

USA TODAY, November 26, 1993. Originally published in USA Today. Reprinted by permission.

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4 John R. Graham

ter of our universe. Meanwhile, sheer energy, drive, and education soon will give
Asians the upper hand in American business. Although they may be today’s small
merchants, they will emerge as tomorrow’s leaders in manufacturing, education, and
finance. The great white male is no match for the Asian drive and work ethic. At one
point, the Wall Street Journal noted that American business is not running as fast as
it did in the past. The great white males are having a difficult time keeping up with the
emerging minorities.

The major threat to the great white male, however, clearly is women. He honestly be-
lieves there is a conspiracy afoot and that females are the enemy, working feverishly to
take control of everything. Like most other conspiracy theories, the conclusion does not re-
flect the facts. What actually is happening is totally different, since the great white male is
doing everything possible to hand over the jobs and to transfer the power of business and
politics to women. The number of females elected to the u.s. Senate and House in 1992 af-
firms the direction.

The most intense drama in the world of politics was presented on TV for everyone to
see. This watershed event was the 1991 Clarence Thomas Supreme Court confirmation
hearings that were brought to the public’s attention by the Senate, the last bastion of the
great white male. No single subject drives the great white male into an irrational frenzy
faster than Anita Hill. The debate continues long after Thomas has taken his seat on the
Court. The attempts to discredit Hill and resurrect Thomas’ reputation continue unabated.
More than a desire to arrive at the facts, it would appear that this may well be the last ef-
fort to help the American male become whole again.

Why was it that the great white males of the Senate Judiciary Committee found it so
easy to sympathize with Thomas? Or, to state it more accurately, why did they find it so
hard to side with Hill? Had they found her truthful, they would be presiding over their
own demise. Many women seem to understand easily what white males have difficulty
grasping. When it was over and all the votes had been tallied, Thomas lost (even though
he was confirmed as a Supreme Court justice) and Hill won.

It is no accident that hundreds of women have burst upon the political scene following
the confirmation hearings. Nor is it a quirk of fate that the great white males in the halls
of Congress are dropping like flies. The number who chose to retire at the end of 1992 was
the highest in history. Although they expressed disdain for politics as the main reason for
leaving office on their own, they saw that their world had changed.

It is fascinating that the great white male always expects to be taken care of by his co-
conspirators-the other great white males. While growing up, every boy learned the first
lesson of manhood: “Take care of your friends and they will take care of you.” Later, go-
ing to college, it was given a socially acceptable description of “male bonding.”

In many important ways, women are different from the great white males of the past.
Women seem to harbor the strange notion that hard work, knowledge, competence, and
persistence are the proper ingredients for success. On the other hand, the traditional great
white male scoffs at such nonsense. “Who you know is all that counts,” he repeats confi-
dently. The lairs of maledom down through the decades-everywhere from the poker
party to the private club-attest to belief in the proposition.

The corollary is that the great white male harbors the illusion that, once he rises to the
top, he has a right to all the goodies he can get and that he has to answer to no one. It re-
ally doesn’t make any difference how the goodies are obtained. Wasn’t that the lesson men
learned when they were elected to the House of Representatives-to the victors belong the

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The End of the Great White Male 5

spoils? This applied even to accepting cash bribes or propositioning a woman in the office-
or elsewhere.

Those who are threatening the great white male-women, Hispanics, and Asians-hold
a totally different view of the world, as different from that of the great white male as the
change which occurred 500 years ago. The code of competence holds that the farther one
rises, the greater the responsibility-a truly remarkable idea! Where you park your car or
the location of your office in reference to the power brokers is inconsequential in terms of
defining your worth, status, or importance when it comes to the business of business or the
business of politics. In effect, American society finally may be arriving at the point where
it’s what you know, not who you know, that counts.

Extinction Ahead?

What about the future? Will the great white male become extinct? Will
he no longer be seated in the offices of the corporation, at the head of the table? Will he be
only a memory in the halls of political power? What about the u.s. presidency? These
questions are far more pertinent than even in the recent past. It is no accident so many jokes
about Hillary Clinton are making the rounds today. One way or another, they all point in
one direction and make one point as they portray “The President of the United States and
Mr. Clinton.” However, Americans shouldn’t be surprised that the stories bring only un-
comfortable laughter. Something happened when Bill and Hillary moved to 1600 Penn-
sylvania Ave. that is very different from the days of Ronnie and Nancy or Babs and George.

Many are having difficulty accepting that Hillary Clinton is comfortable with herself, a
situation that makes great white males (and others) uneasy. The critics were quick to com-
plain that she wasn’t elected to office when her husband appointed her to head the power-
ful commission on health care. Yet few thought it unseemly that a James Baker or Sherman
Adams should exert such inordinate influence without benefit of election. Why is Hillary
Clinton so different?-simply because she is a woman who has dared to enter the male lair.

What abou t the future of the great white male? Whether he is destined for a final resting
place in the museums of the land remains to be seen. There will be pitiful efforts to restore
his feathers, to prop up his prowess and power. Nevertheless, the great white male’s day has
passed, along with his unlimited, unilateral power and influence. Even as noble a figure as
Lee Iacocca is in danger of finding himself sadly irrelevant, somehow out of step with the
times. From now on, the great white male will be one of many. He no longer will be able to
say, “It’s lonely at the top.” Whether it takes another 500 years for the next total upheaval
in the intellectual history of society remains to be seen. In the meantime, it will be inter-
esting to watch how the great white males take to their changing circumstances.

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