Can you see a connection between the contemporary issues we face today and a need for interdisciplinary learning? 

For this journal entry:

1. Comment on the disciplinary (economic, sociological, political science, public admin, psychology etc) perspectives on climate change (as discussed in this reading: Milman.2018 ). Explain two disciplinary perspectives in-depth with reference to specific points in the reading.

2. What do you think is the most important problem to address and how should this problem be addressed? Explain why in detail.

Support your discussion and reflection with disciplinary epistemology, phenomena, and assumptions from course material within the module and Repko.5.133-141

see attached files for readings listed above

*Citation information: please use any format you are comfortable with as long as it is standard across your assignment. When citing course lectures (written or video format), use this format: title of lecture. module. course and section. date accessed.

‘We’re moving to higher ground’: America’s era of
climate mass migration is here

Oliver Milman

By the end of this century, sea level rises alone could displace 13m people. Many states will
have to grapple with hordes of residents seeking dry ground. But, as one expert says, ‘No state
is unaffected by this’

Mon 24 Sep 2018 04.00 EDT

A fter her house flooded for the third year in a row, Elizabeth Boineau was ready toflee. She packed her possessions into dozens of boxes, tried not to think of the moldand mildew-covered furniture and retreated to a second-floor condo that should bebeyond the reach of pounding rains and swelling seas.
Boineau is leaving behind a handsome, early 20th-century house in Charleston, South
Carolina, the shutters painted in the city’s eponymous shade of deep green. Last year, after
Hurricane Irma introduced 8in of water into a home Boineau was still patching up from the last

https://www.theguardian.com/profile/oliver-milman

https://www.marshallwalker.com/what-is-the-story-behind-charleston-green

flood, local authorities agreed this historic slice of Charleston could be torn down.

“I was sloshing through the water with my puppy dog, debris was everywhere,” she said. “I feel
completely sunken. It would cost me around $500,000 to raise the house, demolish the first
floor. I’m going to rent a place instead, on higher ground.”

Millions of Americans will confront similarly hard choices as climate change conjures up brutal
storms, flooding rains, receding coastlines and punishing heat. Many are already opting to shift
to less perilous areas of the same city, or to havens in other states. Whole towns from Alaska to
Louisiana are looking to relocate, in their entirety, to safer ground.

The era of climate migration is, virtually unheralded, already upon America.

The population shift gathering pace is so sprawling that it may rival anything in US history.
“Including all climate impacts it isn’t too far-fetched to imagine something twice as large as the
Dustbowl,” said Jesse Keenan, a climate adaptation expert at Harvard University, referencing
the 1930s upheaval in which 2.5 million people moved from the dusty, drought-ridden plains
to California.

This enormous migration will probably take place over a longer period than the Dustbowl but
its implications are both profound and opaque. It will plunge the US into an utterly alien
reality. “It is very difficult to model human behaviour under such extreme and historically
unprecedented circumstances,” Keenan admits.

The closest analogue could be the Great Migration – a period spanning a large chunk of the 20th
century when about 6 million black people departed the Jim Crow south for cities in the north,
midwest and west.

By the end of this century, sea level rise alone could displace 13 million people, according to
one study, including 6 million in Florida. States including Louisiana, California, New York and
New Jersey will also have to grapple with hordes of residents seeking dry ground.

“There’s not a state unaffected by this,” said demographer Mat Hauer, lead author of the

Children on Isle De Jean Charles, Louisiana, where only 20 families
are left. Photograph: Amir Levy/AFP/Getty Images

https://www.census.gov/dataviz/visualizations/020/

https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate3271.epdf?referrer_access_token=hJvpJaFTWbvGgvSKGtpEW9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0NFv3_2_MZIRrCavou7VputbaFnUYfVnnVTsl9VzHDz-op7mEmlBthGD9l7RIUq6JhKJTa831md8lhMFWJJGSkmSvKzsb3ZFCc90wCdvUS82h-hWl986aNu1Ypei8SR8fZAJcoxvjiS0hVoGFTpu0QG1zP1VXieatnH30XcaaCZ9t8CS05ql8O9bOmA4Xbqe8igN3kpRamdxWnJZ2gFUpTSihtMdtfSufuS4l7Amt_k8zIRSIliYPONj0lKBWqOTmfdpS_8RB3wSHTgJ8Bf3NWb0WCOwuWfOsc8jsklGmRNLoI5zmhNj5yavFb6gntkrr7NGK5-D3uorIAbZbmLiM7nv27DrUQZibuJ1lt_-vMqHNDJYE4CBk4k8ydZ64C5Gbb9QGuQ4UA6O84gmuQV49PuxYHbAZk9tMFRt8LUXVIsxYIT3WUraMpVreBD-N67Nua0u2-G5itssvVhqA3jPWTsUeliPOqRBFQn4uaeAR4_Ce3emm_Li44sDTKcvLZ9eonK8TPa21rhV26ilQx1rhTJpcUKvvAM7A2qy0BAMBccBOPiwkfVba_zdbOyathWef0%3D&tracking_referrer=www.climatecentral.org

research, which is predicated on a severe 6ft sea level increase. There are established migration
preferences for some places – south Florida to Georgia, New York to Colorado – but in many
cases people would uproot to the closest inland city, if they have the means.

“The Great Migration was out of the south into the industrialized north, whereas this is from
every coastal place in the US to every other place in the US,” said Hauer. “Not everyone can
afford to move, so we could end up with trapped populations that would be in a downward
spiral. I have a hard time imagining what that future would be like.”

Within just a few decades, hundreds of thousands of homes on US coasts will be chronically
flooded. By the end of the century, 6ft of sea level rise would redraw the coastline with familiar
parts – such as southern Florida, chunks of North Carolina and Virginia, much of Boston, all but
a sliver of New Orleans – missing. Warming temperatures will fuel monstrous hurricanes – like
the devastating triumvirate of Irma, Maria and Harvey in 2017, followed by Florence this year –
that will scatter survivors in jarring, uncertain ways.

The projections are starting to materialize in parts of the US, forming the contours of the
climate migration to come.

“I don’t see the slightest evidence that anyone is seriously thinking about what to do with the
future climate refugee stream,” said Orrin Pilkey, professor emeritus of coastal geology at Duke
University. “It boggles the mind to see crowds of climate refugees arriving in town and looking
for work and food.”

Pilkey’s new book – Sea Level Rise Along Americas Shores: The Slow Tsunami – envisions
apocalyptic scenes where millions of people, largely from south Florida, will become “a stream
of refugees moving to higher ground”.

“They will not be the bedraggled families carrying their few possessions on their backs as we
have seen in countless photos of people fleeing wars and ethnic cleansing, most recently in
Myanmar and Syria,” Pilkey states in his book. “Instead, they will be well-off Americans driving
to a new life in their cars, with moving trucks behind, carrying a lifetime of memories and
possessions.”

Dejected with frigid New York winters, Chase Twichell and her husband purchased a four-
bedroom apartment in Miami Beach in 2011, with the plan of spending at least a decade
basking in the sunshine. At first, keeping a pair of flip-flops on hand to deal with the flooded
streets seemed an acceptable quirk, until the magnitude of the encroaching seas became
apparent when the city spent $400m to elevate streets near Twichell’s abode.

Twichell began to notice water pumps were spewing plastic bags, condoms and chip packets
into the bay. Friends’ balconies started getting submerged. Twichell, a poet, found apocalyptic
themes creeping into her work. Last year, she sold the apartment to a French businessman and
moved back to upstate New York.

“It was like end of the world stuff,” she said. “It was crazy for us to have such a big investment
in such a dangerous situation.” Her neighbours initially scolded her but now several are also

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jun/17/sea-level-rise-impact-us-coastal-homes-study-climate-change

https://www.theguardian.com/weather/ng-interactive/2018/sep/11/atlantic-hurricanes-are-storms-getting-worse

https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/mar/20/atlantic-city-miami-beach-sea-level-rise

selling up, fretting that the real estate and insurance markets for properties like theirs will seize
up.

“It was horrible but fascinating to see it,” Twichell said. “It’s like we got to see the future and it
wasn’t pretty. It’s like a movie where there’s a terrible volcano that is destroying everything,
only it’s much slower than that.”

A sense of fatalism is also starting to grip some local officials. Philip Stoddard, mayor of South
Miami, has seen a colleague, spooked by sea level rise, move to California and some neighbours
sell their houses before an expected slump in prices. Stoddard and his wife regularly discuss
buying a fallback property, perhaps in Washington DC.

“Most people will wait for the problem to be bad to take action, that’s what I worry about,” he
said. “We can buy a lot of time, but in the end we lose. The sea level will go over the tops of our
buildings.”

Sanitation is an immediate preoccupation for Stoddard, given the large proportion of residents
who aren’t served by sewage works. “If you’re using a septic tank and your toilet starts to
overflow into your bathroom because of water inundation, that’s a basis-of-civilization
problem,” he said. “A medieval city wasn’t a nice smelling place and they had a lot of diseases.”

Those living near the coasts will face pressures of the gradual (sea level rise) as well as dramatic
(storms) nature but people inland will also be harried to move by climate change.

Farming techniques and technology have improved immeasurably since the Dustbowl but
rising temperatures are still expected to diminish yields for crops such as maize, soybeans and
wheat, prompting the departure of younger people from farming. By 2050, Texas county, the
largest wheat-producing county in Oklahoma, could spend an extra 40 days a year above 90F
(32C) compared with now.

A study published last year found that the economies of the southern states, along with parts
of the west, will suffer disproportionately as temperatures rise. In what researchers called

A firefighter monitors a backfire near Clearlake, California. The
Rocky Fire burned over 60,000 acres and forced the evacuation of
12,000 residents. Photograph: Justin Sullivan/Getty Images

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/01/19/yet-another-study-suggests-that-climate-change-will-hurt-crops-more-than-it-helps-them/?utm_term=.a894970e227b

http://www.nber.org/papers/w17734

https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Oklahoma/Publications/Annual_Statistical_Bulletin/ok_bulletin_2016

http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/06/here-s-how-much-climate-change-going-cost-your-county

potentially one of the largest transfers of wealth in US history, the poorest third of counties are
expected to lose up to 20% of their income unless greenhouse gas emissions are severely
curtailed. Wealth, and potentially people, are expected to shift north and west.

Meanwhile, cities already struggling with heat will see wealthy residents head for cooler
climes. Last year, 155 people died in Phoenix due to a particularly fierce summer. Increasing
heat will start testing the durability of the populace, even those shielded by air conditioning. In
the western states, wildfires are getting larger, razing homes in ever more spectacular ways and
choking thousands of people with carcinogenic smoke.

Further to the south, at the border, there are suggestions that people from Central America are
being nudged towards the US because of drought and hurricanes in their homelands, part of a
trend that will see as many as 300 million climate refugees worldwide by 2050.

“People will get very grumpy and upset with very hot temperatures,” said Amir Jina, an
environmental economist at the University of Chicago who co-authored the research on
economic losses. “Even if you have air conditioning, some areas start to look less habitable. By
the middle of the century parts of the south-west and south-east won’t look attractive to live
in.

“That insidious climate migration is the one we should worry about. The big disasters such as
hurricanes will be obvious. It’s the pressures we don’t know or understand that will reshape
population in the 21st century.”

Prodded to name refuges in the US, researchers will point to Washington and Oregon in the
Pacific north-west, where temperatures will remain bearable and disasters unlikely to strike.
Areas close to the Great Lakes and in New England are also expected to prove increasingly
attractive to those looking to move.

By 2065, southern states are expected to lose 8% of their US population share, while the north-
east will increase by 9%. A recent study forecast that the population in the western half of the
US will increase by more than 10% over the next 50 years due to climate migration, largely
from the south and midwest.

But these population shifts are uncertain and are bound by a tangle of other factors and
caveats. People will still largely follow paths guided by nearby family or suitable jobs. Even
those who do want to move may find favoured locations too expensive.

Some will just grimly hang on. “With property rights as strong as they are in the US, some
people may choose to go down with the ship,” said Harvard’s Keenan. “The question is
whether they have the means and the options to do anything else.”

“People can usually cope with being a little less comfortable, but if you see repeated storms or
severe damage to crops, that will trigger change,” said Solomon Hsiang, who researches how
climate change will affect society at the University of California.

“There will be pressure to move a little north. It won’t be everyone, though, it won’t be like the

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/08/western-us-population-wildfires-risk-california

https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-07-15/climate-change-contributing-migration-central-american-refugees

https://theconversation.com/climate-change-will-displace-millions-in-coming-decades-nations-should-prepare-now-to-help-them-89274

https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/697168

https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/697168

great migration of wildebeest in Africa. Whole cities picking up and moving would be hugely
expensive.”

Smaller towns are giving relocation a go, however. In 2016, the community of Isle de Jean
Charles in Louisiana was the first place to be given federal money to replant itself. The
population, situated on an island being eaten away by the sea, is looking to move to a former
sugar cane farm 30 miles inland.

“We are called climate refugees but I hate that term,” said Chantal Comardelle, who grew up in
the Isle de Jean Charles community.

“We will be the first ones to face this in the modern US but we won’t be the last. It’s important
for us to get it right so other communities know that they can do it, too.”

About a dozen coastal towns in Alaska are also looking to relocate, as diminishing sea ice
exposes them to storms and rising temperatures thaw the very ground beneath them. One,
Newtok, has identified a new site and has some federal funding to begin uprooting itself.

A buyout of damaged and at-risk homes has already occurred in New York City’s Staten Island
in the wake of Hurricane Sandy, while certain flood-prone houses in Houston, pummeled by
Hurricane Harvey last year, are also being purchased and razed.

But the cost of doing this for all at-risk Americans would be eye-watering. Estimates range from
$200,000 to $1m per person to undertake a relocation. If 13 million people do have to move, it
seems fantastical to imagine $13tn, or even a significant fraction of this amount, being spent
by governments to ease the way.

“As a country we aren’t set up to deal with slow-moving disasters like this, so people around
the country are on their own,” said Joel Clement, a former Department of the Interior official
who worked on the relocation of Alaskan towns.

“In the Arctic I’m concerned we’ve left it too late. Younger people have left because they know

A firefighter carries a woman from her car after it was caught in
street flooding in Sun Valley, California. Photograph: David
McNew/Getty Images

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/mar/15/louisiana-isle-de-jean-charles-island-sea-level-resettlement

Newtok to Congress: thank you for saving our village

the places are doomed. These towns won’t be relocated within five years and I’m sure there
will be a catastrophic storm up there. My hope is no lives will be lost.”

Ultimately, the US will have to choose what it wants to defend and hope its ingenuity outstrips
the environmental changes ranged against it. Not everyone will be able to shelter behind
fortifications like the ‘big U’ planned to defend lower Manhattan. Wrenching decisions will
have to be made as to what and where will be sacrificed.

“We won’t see whole areas abandoned but neighborhoods will get sparse and wild looking, the
tax base will start to crumble,” said Stoddard, mayor of South Miami. “We don’t have the laws
to deal with that sort of piecemeal retreat. It’s magical thinking to think someone else will buy
out your property.

“We need a plan as to what will be defended because at the moment the approach is that some
kid in a garage will come with a solution. There isn’t going to be a mop and bucket big enough
for this problem.”

Since you’re here…
… we have a small favour to ask. More people are reading the Guardian than ever, but
advertising revenues across the media are falling fast. And unlike many news organisations, we
haven’t put up a paywall – we want to keep our journalism as open as we can. So you can see
why we need to ask for your help.

The Guardian is editorially independent. So we set our own agenda. Our journalism is free from
commercial bias. It isn’t influenced by billionaire owners, politicians or shareholders. No one
edits our Editor. No one steers our opinion. This means we can give a voice to the voiceless. It
lets us challenge the powerful – and hold them to account. And at a time when factual, honest
reporting is critical, it’s what sets us apart from so many others.

The Guardian’s long term sustainability relies on the support that we receive directly from our
readers. And we would like to thank the hundreds of thousands who are helping to secure our
future. But we cannot stop here. As more of you offer your ongoing support, we can keep
investing in quality investigative journalism and analysis. We can remain a strong, progressive
force that is open to all.

If everyone who reads our reporting, who likes it, helps to support it, our future would be
much more secure. For as little as $1, you can support the Guardian – and it only takes a
minute. Thank you.

Support The Guardian

Topics
Environment
Americans: the next climate migrants
features

BIG U

https://support.theguardian.com/contribute?REFPVID=jn0hegal6htbd3trda5a&INTCMP=gdnwb_copts_memco_AcquisitionsEpicFromGoogleDocTwoVariants_variant_1&acquisitionData=%7B%22source%22%3A%22GUARDIAN_WEB%22%2C%22componentId%22%3A%22gdnwb_copts_memco_AcquisitionsEpicFromGoogleDocTwoVariants_variant_1%22%2C%22componentType%22%3A%22ACQUISITIONS_EPIC%22%2C%22campaignCode%22%3A%22gdnwb_copts_memco_AcquisitionsEpicFromGoogleDocTwoVariants_variant_1%22%2C%22abTest%22%3A%7B%22name%22%3A%22AcquisitionsEpicFromGoogleDocTwoVariants%22%2C%22variant%22%3A%22variant_1%22%7D%2C%22referrerPageviewId%22%3A%22jn0hegal6htbd3trda5a%22%2C%22referrerUrl%22%3A%22https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2018%2Fsep%2F24%2Famericas-era-of-climate-mass-migration-is-here%22%7D

https://www.theguardian.com/us/environment

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/series/americans-the-next-climate-migrants

https://www.theguardian.com/tone/features