In this assignment, you will submit your final research project. You will compile all the parts that you completed in Units I, II, III, IV, V, and VI (ALL UNITS ATTACHED) into one paper. Please use subheadings to identify each section of your research. You will need to add a title page, abstract, conclusion, and references page to your compiled research. 

Your conclusion should answer the following questions: 

1) What do you hope to learn from your research findings? 

2) How will you communicate the findings? 

3) What will you do with the information that you communicate? Will you start a public health program? Will you start providing education? 

4) Explain how the research results could potentially prove or disprove your hypothesis.

5) Summarize the entire project. 

Your completed paper should be 12 pages in length not including the title page or references page and should include the following: 

a) Title Page 

b) Abstract: Include an abstract after the title page (approximately 200-300 words).

c) Introduction 

d) Body: Use each of these as headings for the sections of the paper. 

e) Literature Review 

f) Research Design and Methodology 

g) Data Instrument 

h) Data Collection Tool 

i) Data Analysis Plan 

j) Conclusion

k) References

Follow APA style to format your paper (Times New Roman 12-point font, double-spacing, etc.). 

Running head:OBESITY AND HEALTHY AGEING

OBESITY AND HEALTHY AGEING 2

Obesity and Healthy Ageing

Columbia Southern University

PUH 6301 Public Health Research

January 28, 2020

Obesity and Healthy Ageing

Forest Hill, Toronto is one of the most affluent neighbourhoods of the Canadian city, offering unique scenery and filled with expensive mansions. It is not all rosy however, since at least a third of all children who go to school are obese. Obesity is the existence of excess fats in one’s body,and this is an issue of health concern since statistics show that the average Canadian has at least three times more calorie intake than is recommended by health authorities and most of it can be attributed to unhealthy food choices (Burwell, 2016). This is similar to most other modern countries today and is the story of the urban North American adult.The average person living in the city and having poor dietary habits is not uncommon, and this is partly due to mainstream media propagating the narrative of unhealthy foods being cool for the mass population (Pi-Sunyer, 1993). The topic for my research therefore was obesity and its relation to unhealthy ageing with the research question being how and to what extent does obesity affect healthy ageing?

I chose this topic because obesity is a serious health issue in the modern world today. According to Whitaker (1997) , at least 97 million people in America are battling obesity and its effects.The result is an entire population in future that is characterized by unhealthy ageing.Its connection to adult life and childhood however draws some interesting findings.It is a well known fact for example that obesity at childhood can most likely cause obesity in adulthood. However the aspect of how a child becomes obese as a result of one or both parents being obese is unknown. In his article, research was conducted to understand what is the link between obesity during the subject’s young adult life and the genetic link to one’s parents. It was concluded as part of its results that there is a low risk for children under the age of three to become obese if they did not have any obese parent (Whitaker, 1997). However among older children they might most likely be obese in adulthood if one was obese in childhood. This was regardless of the fact that none of the parents may be obese.

Poor food choices have contributed to a large part of the urban adult and youth population being obese, as stated above. The average resident of the city is most likely to ask for a burger instead of a fruit, and this is where the problem lies. The medical hazards of obesity are highlighted (Pi-Sunyer, 1993). The potential dangers of obesity are highlighted as insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increased levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. It is also mentioned as being linked with the disease of the gallbladder and various types of cancer.The other diseases linked with obese conditions in the article are sleep apnea, chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia, and degenerative joint disease. When it comes to coronary heart disease, obesity is termed as independent risk factor (Pi-Sunyer, 1993). The article further mentions that when fats are stored or concentrated in one place, this is likely to occur.

Macdiarmid (2013) on the other hand looks into another aspect of healthy dieting, which is if the diet itself is environmentally sustainable.It highlights the fact that at times, the food that may be termed as healthy or having the right calorie intake may not necessarily have low levels of greenhouse gas emissions. The article combines the two concepts of environmental and health impact which is a huge factor in food sustainability.

References

Burwell, S. (2016) United to Reduce Childhood Obesity in North America. Revista Panamericana De Salud Publica = Pan American Journal Of Public Health, 40(2), 78–79. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cmedm&AN=27982360&site=eds-live

Macdiarmid, J. I. (2013). Food systems: Healthy diet sustains the environment too.(Report)(Author abstract). Nature, (7556), 287. https://doi.org/10.1038/522287b

Pi-Sunyer, F. X. (1993). How Should We Reduce Obesity in America? [Ashland, Oregon]: National Issues Forums Institute. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1362437&site=eds-live

Whitaker, R. C. (1997). Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. New England journal of medicine , 337(13), 869-873.

Running head: OBESITY AND HEALTHY AGING
1

OBESITY AND HEALTHY AGING

4

Obesity and Healthy Aging

Columbia Southern University

PUH 6301 Public Health Research

February 2, 2020

Obesity has currently become a significant health problem, and it is common amongst older age groups. The research topic in this paper is about how and to what extent obesity affects healthy aging. Various research articles have linked obesity to quick aging due to increased abdominal obesity. Obesity is a condition of serious concern among the elderly since it causes early death due to severe complications in human health Salvestrini, & Lorenzini (2019). To access the peer-reviewed journal articles, sources, and databases like the US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health and Frontiers were useful. Common keywords used in research about obesity and healthy aging include “healthy aging, obesity, health consequences, socially functional, and mental well-being, and the aging process among the elderly.” These keywords were essential in accessing the peer-reviewed journal articles from online databases that can be used in research about obesity and healthy aging.

Analysis of the articles

The first peer-reviewed article by Jura & Kozak (2016) covers the condition of obesity and the related consequences to aging. Authors view obesity as a serious issue of concern amongst the aging population because it is associated with increased abdominal obesity that contributes to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. The authors state that recent advancements in public health care and medical science have led to a significant extension of life expectancy, and the ability to stay longer for people aged above 65 years has risen. To counter the issue of obesity that shortens life expectancy, the healthcare industry should first consider addressing other chronic diseases that are age-related like stroke, diabetes, and heart attacks. As such, changes in lifestyle for the aging population as they enter retirement is deemed to cause severe positive energy balance state and consequently accumulation of excess fat tissue that leads to the development of many elderly-associated diseases like obesity and cardiovascular disease.

The other journal article by Rao & Wendy (2018) is quantitative research on obesity and its impact on healthy aging based on the social, mental well-being, and functional factors. Primary research conducted by the authors of this article demonstrates that participants reported to be adversely affected by the condition of obesity. Those with obesity reported a lower multi-morbidity rate when compared to those living without obesity. The findings of this study depict that sexes amongst the aging Canadian population were not impacted independently because everyone was at risk of developing the ailment. As such, they both reported functional impairments in health. In this regard, obesity has an adverse impact on the aging process of an individual.

The last research article by Salvestrini, & Lorenzini (2019) validates the statement that ‘obesity may accelerate the aging process.’ The authors mentioned some pathophysiological changes that are influenced by obesity among the elderly. The fact that obesity is contributing to increased death rates is validated using the prevalent issues of disability. Currently, obesity is expanding at a very worrying rate amongst adults and the elderly due to the changing lifestyles and dieting styles. Obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, cancer, and work disability hence contributing to poor health status and morbidity rates.

In conclusion, the above peer-reviewed articles have demonstrated in-depth research conducted by professional researchers to discuss how and to what extent obesity affects healthy aging. Obesity is a condition of serious concern among the elderly since it causes early death due to severe complications in human health. Obesity is a risk factor for other chronic diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes that accelerate the aging process and death rate.

References

Jura, M., & Kozak, L. P. (2016). Obesity and related consequences to aging. Age, 38(1), 23. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5005878/

Rao & Wendy, T. (2018). Original quantitative research Obesity and healthy aging: social, functional and mental well-being among older Canadians. Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada: research, policy and practice, 38(12), 437. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6329578/

Salvestrini, V., & Lorenzini, A. (2019). Obesity may accelerate the aging process. Frontiers in endocrinology, 10, 266.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00266

Running head: ETHICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCH 1

ETHICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCH 5

Ethical Issues in Research

Columbia Southern University

PUH 6301 Public Health Research

February 11, 2020

Ethical Issues in Research

Ethical issues that could occur in my research study of obesity and healthy eating include the general safety of the people used in conducting the research,advocating for the sale of healthy foods and avoiding snacks and general issues of governance against the whole topic of research (Whitaker, 1997). As regards the general safety of the people involved in the research, the ethical issues that could occur are unconsciously body shaming the people involved in the research. An example is if the research targets a group of people that would be most likely considered obese then chances are high that it may expose them to even more body shaming. It also works negatively for their self esteem and may affect the research results (Whitaker, 1997).

The other psychological aspect of body shaming that may occur in thus regard is segregative discrimination (Pi-Sunyer,1993). If the experiment involves different groups of people with different body sizes,you may find the group that has the socially accepted body size,which is in most cases skinny body types, start to shame the other group of people.The actual act of separating them for research can also affect them negatively. The solution would be to have the experiment done in a way that each group does not know about the other one (Pi-Sunyer,1993).

The psychological aspect of body shaming is a serious ethical issue that arises when doing research on on obesity and healthy ageing.This is even more crucial for ladies who are subjected to various aspects of body shaming due to their obese conditions and strive therefore to achieve a perfect look. The society through empowering men has led them to impose strict conditions for the so called ‘beautiful’ physique that the modern woman should have.This has led to an emergence of a huge cosmetics surgery industry and countless other women suffering daily psychological torture among other effects. A non-intrusive or private way of doing the research would therefore be more suitable (Macdiarmid, 2013).

Another ethical issue that could occur during this research is advocating for the sale of healthy products while using unhealthy products to carry out research.The research critics could argue that the basis of the research is to advocate for healthy ageing and healthy food options,but the actual research process can involve consumption of snacks to highlight how they affect the human body. This would be a serious ethical issue that could present itself and if not handled well could lead to people avoiding the research altogether. The obese generation is the largest consumers of unhealthy snacks from the snack industry, and statistics show that it is one of the most profitable industries in America today (Whitaker, 1997). The normal working class citizen is most likely to eat a snack as opposed to a healthy food option like a fruit and the fact that there exists a Macdonald’s food store at almost every street corner in America does not help only adds to the problems of the snacking culture.

The ethical issues that would present themselves in this case is critics saying that the snack producing companies are an integral part of the American economy (Pi-Sunyer,1993). This could be because the companies pay their taxes well and have corporate social responsibility projects. They would also add that they do their part to solve the problem of unemployment, which is an important part of development. This is overlooked by the research and would be a serious issue of contention. The result might even include actual resistance by government or governing authorities against carrying out the research. The experiments involved should therefore advocate for the safety of the individuals involved by making the subjects consume only healthy foods (Pi-Sunyer,1993). This is due to mainstream media propagating the narrative of unhealthy foods being cool for the mass population

References

Macdiarmid, J. I. (2013). Is a healthy diet an environmentally sustainable diet?. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , 72 (1), 13-20.

Pi-Sunyer, F. X. (1993). Medical hazards of obesity. Annals of internal medicine, 119(7), 655-660.

Whitaker, R. C., Wright, J. A., Pepe, M. S., Seidel, K. D., & Dietz, W. H. (1997). Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. New England journal of medicine, 337(13), 869-873.

Running head: OBESITY AND HEALTHY EATING
1

OBESITY AND HEALTHY EATING 4

Obesity and Healthy Eating

Columbia Southern University

PUH 6301- Public Health Research

February 16, 2020

Obesity and Healthy Eating

Three types of Research Design and Methods of Data collection

The research design refers to a set of methods and processes utilized in the collection and analysis of variables specified in the research problem. There are various types of research design, including experimental, comparative, observational, survey and case study. The three main models relevant to the study of obesity and healthy eating are case study, comparative and observational research designs. A case study refers to a research strategy applied to investigate a phenomenon within a real-life context. Case studies consider an in-depth investigation of a particular individual, group or an event to explore the causes of underlying principles (Hopwood, 2004). Comparative research, on the other hand, refers to a design utilized primarily in the social sciences to make comparisons of an issue across various nations or cultures. Besides, an observational study is a research technique that entails the direct examination of phenomena in their natural setting. In this research, I will use a mixed method of data collection. Obesity and healthy habits is a sensitive and essential topic that requires both the statistical data and opinions of people on the causes of the condition and perspectives of individuals on what some have done to help address the situation (Hopwood, 2004).

The reason for Choosing the Approach

The mixed method of data collection is vital since it will help in the collection of both the numerical data and people’s opinions. The quantitative techniques offer objective measurements, statistical, mathematical, and numerical analysis of the information obtained, and this will involve data collection using questionnaires, and surveys or through various computational techniques (Gill, & Chadwick, 2008). On the other hand, the qualitative methods such as interviews, focus groups and visual analysis will get used to collect opinions of individuals. The technique is essential to understand the underlying reasons and views. Thus, in addition to the statistical and numerical illustrations, the method will offer insights into the problems and aid in developing ideas or hypothesis for potential quantitative research (Gill, & Chadwick, 2008). This is the reason mixed research would be vital in this study.

The tool used in Data Collection and why it will get used

Since the research entails using a mixed method of data collection, it will also use various tools to collect data. The various tools will include the surveys, questionnaires to collect the quantitative data and interviews and visual analysis to gather qualitative analysis. The interviews help best understand and explore the research subjects, experiences and opinions, and aid retrieves in-depth information (Gill, & Chadwick, 2008). Surveys, on the other hand, will be integral to reach out to a large population and this will ensure a more accurate sample to collect targeted results to help draw conclusions and make vital decisions on the research subjects.

How to ensure internal and external validity in the Research Project

Internal and external validity represents the concepts that offer a reflection of whether or not the results of a research project are trustworthy and meaningful or not. The internal validity relates to the manner or how well a study has been conducted while the external validity refers to how applicable the findings are to the real world (McDermott, 2011). The two concepts can be ensured through a focus on the accuracy and string research methods, control of the extraneous variables, elimination of the alternative explanations and also ensuring that the conclusions are warranted.

References

Gill, P., & Chadwick, B. (2008). Methods of data collection in qualitative research: interviews and focus groups. British dental journal, 204(6), 291-295.

Hopwood, N. (2004). Research design and methods of data collection and analysis: researching students’ conceptions in a multiple‐method case study. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 28(2), 347-353.

McDermott, R. (2011). Internal and external validity. Cambridge handbook of experimental political science, 27-40.

1

Running Head:

FAMILY DIET RESEARCH

6

FAMILY DIET RESEARCH

Family Diet Research

Columbia Southern University

PUH 6301 Public Health Research

February 27, 2020

Family Diet Research

Part 1

In today’s families, we have experienced many cases among families that can be linked to nutrition. I set up a study focusing on determining the relationship that exists between family and nutrition. Going deep into the areas including breastfeeding and baby healthcare and the social benefits of family settings and concerns on home eating habits and home-cooked meals. Our expectation is based on the family setting and all the nutrition-based links and practices that may exist. Our society today is faced with many diseases that are linked to food and drinks consumed. Hence research on this sector

Collection of figures and numbers in the family on their conditions and cases of the nutrition-based disease. Quantitative data made of figures of family members and their state in terms of any nutrition-based ill health will need to be collected (Moon et.at 2017). The size of the family and the number of people will also be quantified to help in the study. For useful research on this concern, we will collect data in figures. Data will give a more accurate determination of conclusions concerning the topic of study. Numbers will provide a better understanding of the actual situation in the research area of families (Moon et.at 2017).

To exhaustively collect the required information, randomized family interviews were chosen to be collected. Interviews provide flexibility to the interviewers. It is to interact much with maximum data. Interviews will also give better response and more valid information in comparison to mailed questionnaires and other data collection methods. It is better to conduct thorough research hence the reason for using interviews. Matters concerning families and are always subject to the privacy, and people hate to share in-depth information, especially when dealing with health, nutrition, and family concerns. Face to face interviews will play a significant role in this task. Winning trust is required since this topic is susceptible. This can only be achieved by using face to face to win the interviewee’s trust easily (Moon et.at 2017).

One problem when conducting this research will be time. To avoid time wastage, our interview will involve all the family members at a go. However, some matters will require one on one interviews, especially about issues that should not include young children. Therefore, a fast interview should be conducted on the general family then break down to the parents. General discussion will cover all matters that the children can handle since some information is too sensitive to them. On putting the interview question, extra precaution shall be taken on the items that should be asked in this case. The study population will be a random twenty homesteads in the area. A family, according to our research, will be all persons in that house at the time of conducting the research. The research will involve all the family in the house at the time of the field research (Moon et.at 2017).

Part 2

This is research on the families to identify the link between family and cases of nutrition and nutrition-related disease. The study will cover all areas from the standard type of food consumed by the family to the water and all other snacks and fruits consumed by the family. Also, for families that have small breastfeeding kids and families who have patients within the family. The research generally intends to find the relationship between nutrition and family health. Our focus will be on eating habits, types of food consumed, and cases of food and nutrition-related diseases (Campbell & Campbell, 2016) On those that have babies and sick family members, we intend to determine the composition of food they consume every day. This research conducted because of the many upcoming issues of malnutrition and food-related diseases. This is to determine the links to come up with a solution on how to deal with it.

The research participation will take three nights. We shall research in the evening when all the members are home. To exhaustively collect all the information, a maximum of two hours for each family shall be taken. A minimum of seven families will be cover each day for the three nights. To avoid sampling bias, a border in which the research will cover shall be drawn (Campbell & Campbell, 2016). All families that will fall within that area will stand a chance of being interview. No form on which family will be interviewed or which will be left behind. This simple random sampling within the drawn border will be the most effective. All the families will the research zone will be selected by chance.

To conduct a successful interview, the nature and types of questions will matter. All questions asked must be relevant and understandable. As the plan is to split the family into two, the relevancy of the question will be taken keenly. All questions must be credential and free of any form of prejudice (Campbell & Campbell, 2016).

General family questions

1. How would you describe the family diet?

2. What are some of the best meals and the worse meal the family members like? How is the eating habits in term quality when dealing with the food?

3. What does a healthy diet look like to you?

4 How many fruits and vegetables do the family take in a day? What are some of the common fruits the family eats?

5 Do we have a member that always complains about the food and why? How is the family reaction to help?

Questions to ask the parents

1. What is the definition of a balanced diet and eating healthy?

2. Has there been any form of diet deficiency in the family?

3. Is there anyone in the family taking medications or food supplements?

4. Does the family have any strict dietary specifications?

5. What are the challenges of maintaining an excellent nutritional aide in the family?

References

Campbell, T. C., & Campbell II, T. M. (2016). The China Study: Revised and Expanded Edition: The Most Comprehensive Study of Nutrition Ever Conducted and the Startling Implications for Diet, Weight Loss, and Long-Term Health. BenBella Books, Inc..

Moon, J. H., Roh, E., Oh, T. J., Kim, K. M., Moon, J. H., Lim, S., … & Choi, S. H. (2017). Increased risk of metabolic disorders in healthy young adults with family history of diabetes: from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey. Diabetology & metabolic syndrome, 9(1), 16.

Running head: DATA ANALYSIS PLAN
1

DATA ANALYSIS PLAN
6

Data Analysis Plan

Columbia Southern University

PUH 6301 Public Health Research

February 25, 2020

Data Analysis Plan

Checking for Data Accuracy

Data accuracy checking will incorporate various measures for efficacy. The first method will include using reliable data sources. The data sources are critical to successful data collection as well as further analysis. Therefore, I will ensure the credibility and reliability of the systems as well as personnel responsible for information and data generation. Another significant measure will be aligning the key parameters and factors. It entails analyzing and sifting through the features that contribute to data communication, by figuring out the most relevant parameters that are needed for the performance report of the specific operations or developing the feasibility (Cole & Trinh, 2017). Then, I will design a set of essential and basic parameters and formulate a plan for the data collection.

Equally, maintaining neutrality is essential for checking data accuracy since claims and exaggerations create a negative balance to data sets. Therefore, by ascertaining that data is neutral, it becomes easy to justify the completeness of data. Importantly, I will use computerized and automated programs. There is always room for more mistakes as well as a human error with the use of manual mechanisms during information recording and data entry (Cole & Trinh, 2017). Besides, there can be higher risks of inaccuracy and compromised data entries based on personal favors and biases that wholly affect data results and inferences, leading to loss of portability and efficacy of data accuracy and analysis. However, the data collection through automated and smart systems makes it easier for focusing on parameters and factors, while the system records accurate data and real-time in a perfect manner.

Level of Measurement

The important level of measurement for my research project is the nominal level of measurement. The measurement is essential to the research since it uses elements such as letters, words, numbers, and alpha-numeric (Ekinci, 2017). In the research, the hypothesis is establishing the difference in performance between private and public schools. Specifically, the hypothesis is “private schools perform better than public schools.” Therefore, one of the elements will be a comparison of performance by gender. In this case, female students will be classified as F and male students will be classified as M. The nominal level of measurement is equally essential in this research since it only possess the description of the character meaning the unique label for identifying values to subjects. In this case, it is used to identify male and female students and utilizes a one-on-one correlation between the objects and letters assigned. Therefore, the letters are merely for identifying the gender of the students and not their capabilities in the learning process.

Besides, the nominal level of measurement is essential in the research since it does not involve quantitative variables. Specifically, the research looks at the degree of performance across each school based on three selected items. 1= Higher Performance, 2= Moderate Performance, 3= Poor Performance. The number still, is only a representation of tags and not a value. Therefore, the nominal level measurement will apply to the different research elements applied in the research while comparing performance results between public and private schools (Ekinci, 2017).

Dependent Variables

I will collect dependent variables since performance can be influenced by a lot of factors. The dependent variable, in this case, is performance and is influenced by an independent variable such as curriculum. Learners have a similar curriculum, but performance will change based on the dependent factors (Ekinci, 2017). In this way, one of the variables I will collect concerning performance is how much study time is allocated for students in private schools versus those in public schools. Getting a difference in this variable will highlight the factors that contribute to the difference in performances. Also, I will look at the qualification of tutors among the schools. Specifically, it will involve looking at the institution with the most qualified personnel. In this way, it becomes easier to establish the impact of tutors on student’s performance in these different learning settings.

Besides, another important dependent variable I will measure is the availability of learning resources in public and private schools. It entails the identification of the learning institution with most resources as well as the least resources. Usually, schools with more resources will have better performances. Besides, another dependent variable to measure will include the social backgrounds of learners in each institution. Poor social background is associated with deprived learning incentives that generally affect student’s performance. Overall, by focusing on performance as the dependent variable, there are correlated variables that will result for investigation in the research.

T-test

The statistical test I would use it a T-test. It is important since it will be used as an inferential statistic to determine the important distinction between the means of two classes (the schools), which may be related to given features. The t-test is used to test the hypotheses and allows the testing of the assumption appropriate to the population (Schabenberger & Gotway, 2017). The t-test will take a sample from every two sets as well as ascertaining the problem statement by assuming that the null hypotheses are equal. Therefore, based on the relevant formulas, specific values are compared and calculated against the average values, and the hypothesis is rejected or accepted accordingly (Schabenberger & Gotway, 2017).

Therefore, this statistical analysis is essential since the outcomes of the test produce at-value. The t-value is compared alongside the value acquired from the critical value table. The comparison helps in the determination of the outcomes of the changes only on the variation, and whether the dissimilarity is outside the chance range (Schabenberger & Gotway, 2017). Hence, the t-test questions whether variations between the groups correspond to the true difference in the research or a worthless random difference. Besides, the t-test works when there is one independent variable with two categories, and there accompanying one dependent variable. Besides, the independent variable for the t-test is nominally scaled as established on the level of measurement.

Consulting an Expert

I will consult an expert since data analysis, specifically on the t-test. The data analysis and comparison of results should have higher accuracy, implying the involvement of an expert would be necessary. Besides, the expert can be essential in choosing the right data accuracy measure. Overall, an expert would be useful in the data analysis process by identifying the usefulness of the variable measurement and the level of measurements based on the research hypothesis. In most cases, an expert can offer an alternative research approach that fits the hypothesis based on the established variables and measurements mentioned (Schabenberger & Gotway, 2017). Importantly, the expert is a guide towards remaining on the correct track in data analysis, since he or she can offer the correct insights when there are errors or omissions in a section of the analysis.

References:

Cole, A. P., & Trinh, Q. D. (2017). Secondary data analysis: techniques for comparing interventions and their limitations. Current opinion in urology, 27(4), 354-359.

Ekinci, Y. (2017). Measurement of variables. Research methods for leisure, recreation and tourism, (Ed. 2), 77-95.

Schabenberger, O., & Gotway, C. A. (2017). Statistical methods for spatial data analysis. Chapman and Hall/CRC.