The student will create a Power Point Presentation from Chapter 2 (Choose your desire topic form this chapter). 

Chapter Two

Principles of Health Care Ethics

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2

Principles of Ethics
Extends your foundation of ethics.
Gives you ways to apply ethics to practical situations.
The four most often used in health care are nonmaleficience, beneficence, autonomy, and justice.
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3

Nonmaleficience
Sometimes this is translated as “first do no harm”.
Ethical theories define harm in different ways.
Consequentialist says harm is that which prevents good.
Natural law says harm is something that limits our potential.
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4

Nonmaleficence
Deontologists say harm is something that prevents you from doing your moral duty.
Virtue ethicists say harm is something that leads you away from practicing high moral character.
Ethical egoists say that harm is something that goes against your self interest.
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5

Harm in the Clinical Setting
Harm is something that negatively affects patients.
Clinically, we think of physical harm but other harm is possible.
Harm is also caused by negligence.
Harm can be caused by violating autonomy.
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Beneficience
Beneficience comes from the Latin “bene” and means to benefit.
Requires a decision to engage in beneficent acts or to be altruistic.
It is a fundamental principle of health care practice.
What theories support beneficence?
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Health care and Beneficience
The standard of altruism is higher for health care professionals.
Altruism is expected.
Beneficence sometimes is extended to paternalism when the health care professional makes decisions for the good of the patient. What is this called?
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Autonomy
Autonomy means that you can rule yourself.
It implies a respect for others.
In health care, we have a duty to treat, but not to judge.
What are the conditions necessary for autonomy in health care?
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Specific Competence
Is defined as the ability to do some things but not others. One can be competent in a limited way.
In issues where a person is not competent, the concept of substitute judgment can be used. This also involves the idea of a reasonable person’s decision.
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Specific Competence
Coercion can also affect a person’s ability to exercise autonomy.
Issues of competence and autonomy also are part of informed consent and other health care issues which are discussed in later chapters.
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Justice
The term can be used to mean fairness.
Aristotle thought we should treat similar cases in a similar way unless there was some relevant or material difference.
We need to examine types of justice: procedural and distributive.
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Procedural Justice
This is sometimes called due process.
It means that you get your turn; you are treated like everyone else.
Procedural injustice can occur with employee situations.
Due process is also involved with policy making in procedural justice.
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Distributive Justice
This form of justice involves balancing benefits and burdens.
Health care resource allocation is one example of a distributive injustice.
Health care is a scarce resource, so
Resource allocation issues are common in health care; what are some examples of these issues?
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Material Reasons to Discriminate
Basic argument is that the person deserves it or needs it
In the U.S., if you work hard, you deserve to be rewarded.
In contrast, if you disobey the law, you deserve to be punished.
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Discrimination based on Need
Need can be based on misfortune or disability.
Need can be based on special talents or abilities and on opportunities.
Need can be based on past discrimination.
Need can also be based on structural social problems.
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In the larger society,
There is a need to discriminate based on material need.
You are rewarded based on how much you contribute.
You are also rewarded based on how much effort you put forth.
This thinking also applies to patient care. Can you give some examples?
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Need based on Misfortune
Misfortune can lead to discrimination based on or against need for care.
For example, life threatening situations are treated before minor emergencies.
Special talents or the potential loss of opportunity can be arguments for special treatment.
What other groups fall into the need based category?
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Need based on past Discrimination
Redress of past injustices may be a reason for different treatment.
The health care system has responded to the needs of some special groups.
Structural problems have also been considered in needs based discrimination; what are some examples?
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Distributive Justice and Rights
We are still debating if health care is a right or a commodity.
Need to think about whether something is a legal right or a moral right.
There are many types of rights and many overlap with each other (See figure in text).
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Legal or Positive Rights
Legal right means that someone has a legal obligation to fulfill your right.
Positive right means that you are entitled to something.
Sometimes legal rights become that which you can get enforced.
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Substantive Rights
Can be legal rights or not.
They are right to a particular thing such as education, health care, minimum wage, etc.
Different nations have differing opinions about substantive rights for their citizens.
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Negative Rights
You have the right to be left alone.
The Bill of Rights lists many negative rights.
The negative right of one person may be in conflict with the negative right of another (i.e. smokers).
Other negative rights include freedom from sexual harassment, and medical record privacy.
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Process, Natural, and Ideal Rights
You have the right of due process.
Natural rights means that you respect the attributes that people have in nature.
These rights allow humans to reach their full potential.
Natural rights express our common morality and ideal rights inspire.
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Reflective Equilibrium Model
Making ethical decisions requires considered judgments.
These judgments require rational moral reasoning.
Ethical theories and principles are used to explain moral reasoning.
Reflective equilibrium model provides a process for considering and reconsidering decisions.
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Reflective Equilibrium Model

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How can you Use the Model in Practice?
Describe a situation where making an ethics choice might be difficult.
Now, use Reflective Equilibrium Model to assist you in deciding the most ethical decision to make.
Why is this model not in common practice in health care?
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In Summary…
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Common
morality
Considered
judgments
Ethical
principles
Ethical
theories
Health care issue
at hand
Reflective equilibrium at work
Common morality
Considered judgments
Ethical principles
Ethical theories
Health care issue at hand
Reflective equilibrium at work

FloridaNational University

Biomedical Ethics: Assignment Week 2

Student PowerPoint Presentation Chapter 2

Objectives: The presentation project has more than a few objectives. It involves students to spread over impressions from It changes options for reproductive choices, It can separate roles of genetic mother and gestational mother, the social mother may be different from either of the above. The progression to recognize and analysis circumstances Decision points have also multiplied, Many steps can be completed in the lab which, allows different decision points about having a baby, We are not prepared to deal with all of the changes conceptually, emotionally or ethically. In accumulation, the student will be able to categorize a variety of individual’s rights by allied health professionals.

Format and Guidelines: The student will produce a Power Point Presentation from Chapter 2 of the Textbook and the Article related to Week 3 (Choose your desire topic form these chapters). The Presentation should have a minimum of 12 slides, including Title Page, Introduction, Conclusion, and References.

The student must use other textbooks, research papers, and articles as references (minimum 3).

Due date: Sunday, March 15, 2020 at 11:30PM.

Originality: Turnitin submission required 

EACH POWEROIINT SHOULD INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:

1. Title Page: Topic Name, Student Name

2. Introduction: Provide a brief synopsis of the meaning (not a description) of the topic you choose, in your own words

3. Content Body: Progress your theme, provide Material, illustrations and Diagram to explain, describe and clarify the Topic you choose.

4. Conclusion: Briefly summarize your thoughts & conclusion to your critique of the articles and Chapter you read.

5. References: The student must use other textbooks, research papers, and articles as references (minimum 3).

ASSIGNMENT DUE DATE:

The assignment is to be electronically posted in the Assignments Link on Blackboard no later than noon on Sunday, March 15, 2020.

Dr. Gisela Llamas

Florida National University

Grading Sheet

Student Name __________________________________ Date_____________________

Category

Possible Points

Actual Points

Presentation style and content.

3

Distributed bibliography w/ 3 additional readings

2

Inclusion of diversity content Pictures, Graphic, etc.

2

Length: Minimum 12 slides

1

Required Format

2

TOTAL

10

Dr. Gisela Llamas

ASSIGNMENT GRADING SYSTEM

A

90% – 100%

B+

85% – 89%

B

80% – 84%

C+

75% – 79%

C

70% – 74%

D

60% – 69%

F

50% – 59% Or less.

Dr. Gisela Llamas