Macroeconomic

Name _____________________________ Date March 31, 2020

EXAM II – Take Home

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From the following website, duplicate the three charts provided using EXCEL.

Attach this page to the front of your three charts.

Answer the questions asked in the blank spaces provided.

Teaching Fiscal Policy|Bring FRED into the Classroom|January 2020

Quiz Yourself on the Different Tools of Fiscal Policy

I. Government Revenue Sources

· Using Excel, duplicate the FRED graph on sources of government revenue

· Use this Title:
Chart 1 – Sources of Government Tax Revenue

· Provide your name below the title.

Q1. As of the last available observation, which is the source of the largest volume of tax revenue? _______________

Q2. When were tax receipts on corporate income the lowest among the four sources of tax revenue plotted? _______________

Q.3 What percentage of total tax receipts do taxes from the rest of the world represent? ________________

II. Categories of Government Spending

· Using Excel, duplicate the FRED graph on government spending categories.

· Use this Title:
Chart 2 – Government Spending Categories

· Provide your name below the title.

Q1. As of the last available observation, which is the largest category of government spending? __________________

Q2. When was government consumption the highest among the three categories of government spending plotted?________________

Q3. In which decade were interest payments at their highest, relative to the two other categories of government spending plotted? _______________

III. Federal Debt Holders

· Using Excel, duplicate the FRED graph on Federal debt holders.

· Use this Title:
Chart 3 – Federal Debt Holders

· Provide your name below the title.

Q1. As of the last available observation, who holds the largest share of U.S. federal debt? ________________

Q2. When did the share of U.S. federal debt held by foreign private investors peak? ________________

Q3. What has been the largest share of federal debt held by Federal Reserve Banks? When was that value recorded? _______________

FRED Graph

GGNLBADEA188N GGNLBAJPA188N GGNLBAUSA188N

FRED Graph Observations
Federal Reserve Economic Data
Link: https://fred.stlouisfed.org
Help: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/help-faq
Economic Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
GGNLBADEA188N General government net lending/borrowing for Germany, Percent of GDP, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted
GGNLBAJPA188N General government net lending/borrowing for Japan, Percent of GDP, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted
GGNLBAUSA188N General government net lending/borrowing for United States, Percent of GDP, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted
Frequency: Annual
observation_date
2001-01-01 -3.025 -6.538 -0.537
2002-01-01 -3.875 -7.914 -3.812
2003-01-01 -3.704 -8.046 -4.764
2004-01-01 -3.334 -5.881 -4.238
2005-01-01 -3.319 -4.963 -3.069
2006-01-01 -1.653 -3.492 -2.029
2007-01-01 0.261 -3.210 -2.910
2008-01-01 -0.116 -4.531 -6.630
2009-01-01 -3.151 -10.192 -13.197
2010-01-01 -4.379 -9.534 -11.024
2011-01-01 -0.881 -9.441 -9.703
2012-01-01 0.009 -8.613 -8.028
2013-01-01 0.040 -7.911 -4.564
2014-01-01 0.580 -5.636 -4.034
2015-01-01 0.943 -3.807 -3.566
2016-01-01 1.184 -3.694 -4.269
2017-01-01 1.242 -3.168 -4.471
2018-01-01 1.867 -5.682

FRED Graph

W055RC1Q027SBEA GDITAXES W025RC1Q027SBEA W008RC1Q027SBEA

29.319

0.084

0.084

0.084

0.096

0.196

0.180

0.180

0.192

0.196

0.212

0.216

0.240

0.240

0.248

0.380

0.364

0.356

0.364

0.364

0.384

0.408

0.400

0.388

0.384

0.368

0.364

0.368

0.400

0.708

0.724

1.536

1.320

1.504

1.228

1.328

1.228

1.336

1.848

1.584

1.748

2.688

3.600

4.836

5.580

7.587

7.988

14.011

FRED Graph Observations
Federal Reserve Economic Data
Link: https://fred.stlouisfed.org
Help: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/help-faq
Economic Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W055RC1Q027SBEA Personal current taxes, Billions of Dollars, Quarterly, Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate
GDITAXES Gross Domestic Income: Taxes on Production and Imports, Billions of Dollars, Quarterly, Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate
W025RC1Q027SBEA Government current tax receipts: Taxes on corporate income, Billions of Dollars, Quarterly, Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate
W008RC1Q027SBEA Government current tax receipts: Taxes from the rest of the world, Billions of Dollars, Quarterly, Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate
Frequency: Quarterly
observation_date
1947-01-01 19.165 17.679 11.496
1947-04-01 19.475 17.740 10.880
1947-07-01 19.721 18.031 1

0.724
1947-10-01 20.799 18.974 11.672
1948-01-01 21.198 18.963 12.008
1948-04-01 18.949 19.665 12.648
1948-07-01 18.245 20.006 12.408
1948-10-01 18.428 20.270 11.952
1949-01-01 17.803 20.369 10.836
1949-04-01 16.998 20.822 9.520
1949-07-01 16.303 21.253 9.936
1949-10-01 15.828 21.172 9.748
1950-01-01 16.622 21.554 13.440
1950-04-01 17.599 22.462 16.108
1950-07-01 18.915 24.380 19.724
1950-10-01 22.512 23.404 21.640
1951-01-01 24.425 25.094 26.048
1951-04-01 26.372 24.069 22.004
1951-07-01 27.791 24.481 19.888
1951-10-01 29.632 25.336 21.276
1952-01-01 30.876 26.087 19.528
1952-04-01 31.813 26.918 18.372
1952-07-01 32.274 27.334 18.308
1952-10-01 33.057 28.145 20.220
1953-01-01 33.411 28.746 21.284
1953-04-01 33.439 29.178 21.376
1953-07-01 33.187 29.319 20.876
1953-10-01 32.931 29.161 16.240
1954-01-01 3

 0.196 28.681 16.096
1954-04-01 29.977 28.812 16.612
1954-07-01 30.005 28.744 17.660
1954-10-01 30.462 19.024
1955-01-01 31.412 3

0.248 21.132
1955-04-01 32.429 3

 1.228 21.380
1955-07-01 33.364 31.941 21.888
1955-10-01 34.231 32.451 22.756
1956-01-01 35.367 33.031 21.684
1956-04-01 36.239 33.596 22.096
1956-07-01 36.901 34.597 20.728
1956-10-01 37.857 35.724 21.856
1957-01-01 38.578 36.144 22.344
1957-04-01 38.965 36.561 21.356
1957-07-01 39.197 37.012 20.864
1957-10-01 38.804 36.746 18.956
1958-01-01 38.178 36.823 16.328
1958-04-01 37.696 37.331 16.676
1958-07-01 38.945 37.795 18.908
1958-10-01 39.376 38.929 2

1.848
1959-01-01 40.758 39.770 22.720 0.084
1959-04-01 41.986 40.292 24.876
1959-07-01 42.679 41.722 22.024
1959-10-01 43.733 42.424 2

1.320
1960-01-01 45.292 43.696 24.084 0.088
1960-04-01 46.028 44.347 22.036 0.100
1960-07-01 46.528 44.861 21.048 0.096
1960-10-01 46.424 45.284 20.028
1961-01-01 46.511 45.776 19.856 0.104
1961-04-01 46.944 46.463 21.316 0.108
1961-07-01 47.402 47.256 22.608 0.112
1961-10-01 48.143 48.377 24.596 0.124
1962-01-01 49.402 49.396 23.024 0.128
1962-04-01 50.924 49.906 22.740 0.144
1962-07-01 52.319 50.888 23.432 0.148
1962-10-01 53.575 51.338 23.496 0.160
1963-01-01 54.101 52.005 23.588 0.176
1963-04-01 54.311 52.938 25.272 0.192
1963-07-01 54.593 53.919 25.980
1963-10-01 55.203 54.682 26.564 0.188
1964-01-01 53.755 55.671 26.236 0.180
1964-04-01 49.723 56.746 26.232
1964-07-01 51.575 57.881 26.812
1964-10-01 53.223 58.778 26.332
1965-01-01 56.964 60.184 28.160
1965-04-01 58.415 60.340 29.044 0.204
1965-07-01 57.005 60.516 29.576 0.212
1965-10-01 58.272 61.796 3

1.536
1966-01-01 61.526 61.365 32.500 0.216
1966-04-01 65.567 62.827 32.408
1966-07-01 67.854 63.748 31.932 0.240
1966-10-01 70.565 64.904 31.196
1967-01-01 71.175 65.564 3

0.388 0.236
1967-04-01 70.942 66.832 30.096
1967-07-01 73.833 68.746 3

 0.364
1967-10-01 75.894 70.606 32.128 0.268
1968-01-01 78.564 73.367 36.200 0.284
1968-04-01 81.665 75.424 36.808 0.304
1968-07-01 91.861 77.693 36.848 0.332
1968-10-01 95.858 79.144 37.748 0.356
1969-01-01 102.602 80.589 38.424 0.380
1969-04-01 105.660 82.901 37.176 0.392
1969-07-01 104.139 85.217 35.760 0.404
1969-10-01 105.623 86.717 35.260 0.400
1970-01-01 104.573 88.466 3

0.708 0.384
1970-04-01 105.512 90.535 30.760
1970-07-01 100.657 92.512 31.736 0.368
1970-10-01 101.538 94.139 30.244
1971-01-01 98.331 97.652 33.960
1971-04-01 100.714 98.947 34.896
1971-07-01 102.307 101.674 34.124
1971-10-01 105.468 103.699 34.552
1972-01-01 119.785 104.560 36.752 0.396
1972-04-01 123.370 106.786 37.052 0.408
1972-07-01 124.277 108.862 38.344
1972-10-01 127.128 11

1.504 42.364
1973-01-01 126.399 114.600 45.324
1973-04-01 129.181 116.185 45.428
1973-07-01 134.089 118.397 43.444
1973-10-01 139.959 119.698 45.592 0.372
1974-01-01 142.792 120.806 43.700 0.360
1974-04-01 148.902 124.068 45.928
1974-07-01 154.911 127.054 50.776
1974-10-01 15

7.587 127.680 44.572 0.376
1975-01-01 15

7.988 128.821 37.592
1975-04-01 121.068 133.011 40.820 0.432
1975-07-01 152.831 138.199 51.360 0.488
1975-10-01 158.541 141.137 52.324 0.564
1976-01-01 162.503 141.674 59.564 0.656
1976-04-01 169.337 144.856 58.584 0.720
1976-07-01 176.128 147.693 58.148 0.744
1976-10-01 182.716 151.329 57.076 0.736
1977-01-01 188.798 15

4.836 61.516
1977-04-01 195.691 158.028 67.100 0.696
1977-07-01 198.551 161.532 69.724
1977-10-01 208.476 164.260 70.088 0.780
1978-01-01 211.996 166.912 64.960 0.868
1978-04-01 223.084 173.059 78.576 0.940
1978-07-01 236.298 169.711 79.148 0.988
1978-10-01 247.218 173.910 83.316 1.020
1979-01-01 253.625 176.441 80.328 1.028
1979-04-01 261.998 178.493 80.324 1.080
1979-07-01 274.827 180.902 78.888 1.176
1979-10-01 285.202 184.568 75.328 1.308
1980-01-01 284.825 189.513 83.072 1.480
1980-04-01 292.174 196.896 62.588 1.600
1980-07-01 302.195 204.294 69.904 1.656
1980-10-01 318.854 210.617 76.752 1.652
1981-01-01 330.898 230.842 75.352 1.584
1981-04-01 342.672 235.496 65.872
1981-07-01 356.887 237.466 68.356 1.492
1981-10-01 352.663 238.772 58.896 1.456
1982-01-01 352.515 237.401 47.624 1.336
1982-04-01 359.735 238.262 49.004 1.328
1982-07-01 350.149 241.777 49.804
1982-10-01 356.573 246.292 45.072
1983-01-01 350.873 250.664 47.056 1.152
1983-04-01 359.553 261.239 61.920 1.244
1983-07-01 345.432 267.494 70.704 1.220
1983-10-01 355.658 273.727 72.368
1984-01-01 361.174 281.644 84.884 1.324
1984-04-01 370.444 287.748 83.660
1984-07-01 384.110 292.172 71.320
1984-10-01 395.936 297.528 72.068
1985-01-01 432.285 301.047 77.700 1.416
1985-04-01 388.524 305.701 75.960
1985-07-01 421.527 311.851 8

1.748 2.176
1985-10-01 428.916 313.933 79.456 2.316
1986-01-01 426.304 317.495 84.392 1.468
1986-04-01 429.417 319.475 85.480
1986-07-01 439.467 326.155 86.936
1986-10-01 456.036 330.367 97.924 2.052
1987-01-01 450.732 336.035 98.714 1.860
1987-04-01 511.671 344.369 111.786 2.000
1987-07-01 488.976 352.378 116.172 1.924
1987-10-01 506.969 357.398 110.728 2.376
1988-01-01 502.070 365.220 107.959 2.124
1988-04-01 497.805 372.500 115.270 2.748
1988-07-01 506.668 377.526 125.068 2.392
1988-10-01 517.213 382.612 130.879 2.232
1989-01-01 552.879 391.008 132.699 3.000
1989-04-01 566.694 397.485 118.684 2.464
1989-07-01 571.581 403.939 114.378 2.736
1989-10-01 579.785 403.033 113.467 2.760
1990-01-01 582.523 419.548 112.469 2.688
1990-04-01 594.611 419.450 116.771 2.888
1990-07-01 600.726 426.751 119.935 3.040
1990-10-01 600.814 434.210 118.817 3.504
1991-01-01 580.772 444.009 115.281 2.664
1991-04-01 585.925 451.552 110.888
1991-07-01 590.237 461.270 111.900 2.564
1991-10-01 598.671 471.532 113.131 2.492
1992-01-01 588.897 476.405 125.009 2.652
1992-04-01 607.169 481.220 126.767 2.604
1992-07-01 616.201 485.976 122.098 2.592
1992-10-01 638.942 489.897 131.623 2.704
1993-01-01 617.005 489.749 136.367 2.844
1993-04-01 643.507 497.551 148.669 2.640
1993-07-01 659.210 504.893 140.650 2.708
1993-10-01 675.296 520.314 171.866 2.768
1994-01-01 673.667 531.463 149.467 2.956
1994-04-01 697.839 544.395 158.008 3.188
1994-07-01 695.382 550.510 173.818 3.176
1994-10-01 705.402 554.622 18

3.600 3.248
1995-01-01 724.613 555.321 187.793
1995-04-01 746.808 553.593 184.424 3.708
1995-07-01 752.216 558.946 191.007 4.168
1995-10-01 769.990 563.750 187.125 4.188
1996-01-01 801.731 570.417 194.291 4.604
1996-04-01 839.564 577.683 205.452 4.840
1996-07-01 843.542 581.754 205.860 5.384
1996-10-01 863.498 593.156 208.645 5.792
1997-01-01 902.112 595.715 210.014
1997-04-01 916.234 610.396 214.030 4.912
1997-07-01 941.108 616.580 226.002 5.056
1997-10-01 967.830 623.765 215.878 5.580
1998-01-01 996.132 629.053 213.455 4.764
1998-04-01 1022.352 635.519 209.941 5.096
1998-07-01 1043.209 643.027 215.798
1998-10-01 1067.989 650.290 211.267 7.280
1999-01-01 1077.946 657.528 222.280 5.566
1999-04-01 1095.155 667.068 219.882 6.189
1999-07-01 1120.589 679.003 223.266 6.531
1999-10-01 1153.951 690.739 227.984 6.211
2000-01-01 1208.753 698.550 239.394 7.146
2000-04-01 1230.156 707.315 237.599 7.911
2000-07-01 1247.701 711.260 219.048 7.432
2000-10-01 1258.684 717.097 221.267 7.788
2001-01-01 1301.896 724.180 185.054 8.010
2001-04-01 1308.857 724.146 179.041 7.248
2001-07-01 1113.604 725.338 159.256 8.009
2001-10-01 1231.775 737.095 142.385 8.509
2002-01-01 1075.139 744.027 143.824
2002-04-01 1050.968 751.292 150.029
2002-07-01 1044.100 768.491 157.960 8.091
2002-10-01 1038.418 776.312 175.496 8.676
2003-01-01 1021.323 788.612 196.050 7.828
2003-04-01 1020.769 799.992 192.632 10.786
2003-07-01 950.638 812.991 213.867 8.348
2003-10-01 1021.311 820.869 236.571 10.120
2004-01-01 1012.221 847.323 246.990 9.655
2004-04-01 1026.722 859.899 266.759 9.086
2004-07-01 1064.343 871.332 288.345 8.536
2004-10-01 1091.539 893.838 293.556 13.316
2005-01-01 1172.241 915.058 370.593 10.909
2005-04-01 1196.255 937.317 359.036 9.999
2005-07-01 1225.436 952.103 365.223 13.162
2005-10-01 1255.734 965.273 402.882 12.908
2006-01-01 1320.332 981.844 416.854 10.794
2006-04-01 1351.035 991.688 427.581 11.214
2006-07-01 1358.452 1004.103 446.571 11.972
2006-10-01 1397.307 1010.524 409.794 21.636
2007-01-01 1466.312 1025.854 413.646 12.377
2007-04-01 1495.642 1033.080 407.173 13.986
2007-07-01 1498.570 1035.797 370.913 13.278
2007-10-01 1508.323 1052.587 352.745 17.030
2008-01-01 1534.818 1045.747 291.925 15.015
2008-04-01 1552.127 1054.692 278.733 14.836
2008-07-01 1497.221 1058.493 264.368 15.628
2008-10-01 1444.593 1040.028 162.552 23.512
2009-01-01 1202.078 1015.911 166.475 13.836
2009-04-01 1130.761 1017.311 188.567 14.087
2009-07-01 1134.962 1028.752 200.681 11.679
2009-10-01 1140.391 1045.296 234.162 12.787
2010-01-01 1191.474 1044.644 249.772 12.552
2010-04-01 1212.911 1062.139 255.593 13.936
2010-07-01 1255.934 1069.076 272.561 12.992
2010-10-01 1288.756 1076.435 283.996 17.374
2011-01-01 1426.111 1091.504 277.285 14.011
2011-04-01 1445.357 1105.483 276.915
2011-07-01 1470.880 1103.879 248.153 16.948
2011-10-01 1470.386 1114.029 286.997 17.325
2012-01-01 1467.752 1130.877 310.714 15.965
2012-04-01 1487.130 1133.897 325.041 16.647
2012-07-01 1509.481 1131.325 332.877 16.972
2012-10-01 1571.414 1148.361 332.829 19.498
2013-01-01 1649.349 1174.626 350.793 17.770
2013-04-01 1681.852 1180.836 347.251 17.752
2013-07-01 1674.474 1195.039 354.288 18.951
2013-10-01 1697.656 1204.149 356.933 20.188
2014-01-01 1744.403 1220.520 392.776 22.233
2014-04-01 1757.779 1237.477 415.054 20.561
2014-07-01 1797.945 1248.360 387.056 20.755
2014-10-01 1835.843 1256.977 389.827 20.338
2015-01-01 1903.962 1263.765 407.923 22.671
2015-04-01 1940.774 1274.993 408.747 22.636
2015-07-01 1946.748 1277.780 377.372 24.102
2015-10-01 1959.596 1291.887 347.139 22.533
2016-01-01 1921.975 1297.074 361.685 24.990
2016-04-01 1945.295 1301.200 361.479 24.134
2016-07-01 1969.632 1322.263 379.329 24.036
2016-10-01 1987.448 1330.492 358.975 25.042
2017-01-01 2001.531 1340.752 310.222 24.944
2017-04-01 2016.009 1355.145 301.745 25.573
2017-07-01 2049.768 1371.392 319.656 26.003
2017-10-01 2115.778 1390.566 292.291 26.913
2018-01-01 2074.939 1415.754 193.973 26.876
2018-04-01 2071.711 1433.886 208.970 27.739
2018-07-01 2086.484 1442.348 216.283 27.195
2018-10-01 2077.420 1475.167 203.872 28.852
2019-01-01 2156.907 1472.314 200.947 27.995
2019-04-01 2200.135 1479.255 212.599 28.586
2019-07-01 2175.308 1507.618 196.669 28.498
2019-10-01 2193.755 1518.378 29.295

FRED Graph

A955RC1Q027SBEA A084RC1Q027SBEA A180RC1Q027SBEA

13.604

11.117

FRED Graph Observations
Federal Reserve Economic Data
Link: https://fred.stlouisfed.org
Help: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/help-faq
Economic Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A955RC1Q027SBEA Government consumption expenditures, Billions of Dollars, Quarterly, Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate
A084RC1Q027SBEA Government current transfer payments, Billions of Dollars, Quarterly, Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate
A180RC1Q027SBEA Government current expenditures: Interest payments, Billions of Dollars, Quarterly, Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate
Frequency: Quarterly
observation_date
1947-01-01 35.326 11.076 5.901
1947-04-01 35.020 11.096 5.915
1947-07-01 33.269 15.180 5.917
1947-10-01 32.949 12.220 6.011
1948-01-01 33.338 13.324 6.066
1948-04-01 34.638 13.040 6.118
1948-07-01 35.881 14.600 6.175
1948-10-01 37.237 13.952 6.318
1949-01-01 38.333 15.268 6.447
1949-04-01 39.086 16.092 6.536
1949-07-01 38.432 16.508 6.617
1949-10-01 38.121 16.080 6.729
1950-01-01 38.276 23.684 6.837
1950-04-01 38.553 17.040 6.939
1950-07-01 38.013 13.352 7.054
1950-10-01 41.394 13.924 7.143
1951-01-01 47.138 13.340 7.233
1951-04-01 51.618 13.672 7.270
1951-07-01 56.906 13.864 7.372
1951-10-01 59.225 13.904 7.539
1952-01-01 60.921 12.308 7.634
1952-04-01 64.723 13.112 7.704
1952-07-01 66.087 14.016 7.831
1952-10-01 68.119 13.216 7.971
1953-01-01 69.217 13.604 8.100
1953-04-01 70.767 8.186
1953-07-01 69.592 13.648 8.335
1953-10-01 70.818 14.112 8.478
1954-01-01 68.418 14.656 8.657
1954-04-01 66.591 15.100 8.806
1954-07-01 66.415 15.992 8.948
1954-10-01 66.859 16.752 9.051
1955-01-01 67.728 17.196 9.098
1955-04-01 67.777 16.816 9.123
1955-07-01 69.834 16.840 9.397
1955-10-01 69.063 16.804 9.693
1956-01-01 69.274 17.056 9.789
1956-04-01 71.663 17.416 10.165
1956-07-01 70.518 17.812 10.473
1956-10-01 72.680 18.088 11.117
1957-01-01 75.585 18.672
1957-04-01 76.106 20.208 11.490
1957-07-01 76.806 20.084 11.742
1957-10-01 79.236 21.320 12.184
1958-01-01 78.576 22.636 11.701
1958-04-01 81.642 24.592 11.703
1958-07-01 82.168 25.020 11.997
1958-10-01 83.676 24.520 12.477
1959-01-01 80.978 26.844 13.548
1959-04-01 82.377 26.908 13.253
1959-07-01 83.354 26.412 13.918
1959-10-01 83.669 27.508 14.462
1960-01-01 81.850 26.816 17.526
1960-04-01 83.186 28.228 17.624
1960-07-01 85.579 27.932 17.386
1960-10-01 87.451 29.572 17.275
1961-01-01 86.591 31.096 17.302
1961-04-01 88.743 32.844 17.618
1961-07-01 90.111 31.704 18.045
1961-10-01 91.914 31.804 18.435
1962-01-01 95.155 32.540 18.949
1962-04-01 96.572 33.008 19.450
1962-07-01 98.939 32.140 19.959
1962-10-01 100.093 33.364 20.284
1963-01-01 100.470 34.792 20.573
1963-04-01 100.580 34.908 20.960
1963-07-01 104.110 33.264 21.457
1963-10-01 105.858 34.108 22.029
1964-01-01 106.778 35.004 22.416
1964-04-01 107.813 35.628 22.857
1964-07-01 109.465 34.492 23.051
1964-10-01 109.430 35.128 23.364
1965-01-01 110.829 36.352 23.827
1965-04-01 112.899 37.680 24.351
1965-07-01 117.893 39.396 24.587
1965-10-01 123.140 38.392 25.077
1966-01-01 125.112 39.788 25.639
1966-04-01 129.716 41.452 26.340
1966-07-01 135.288 41.268 27.053
1966-10-01 137.392 45.308 27.750
1967-01-01 144.699 48.584 28.119
1967-04-01 147.248 49.800 28.392
1967-07-01 150.458 50.948 29.267
1967-10-01 154.992 51.892 30.582
1968-01-01 161.395 54.404 31.344
1968-04-01 164.107 58.160 32.461
1968-07-01 167.823 59.628 33.321
1968-10-01 171.796 61.444 34.026
1969-01-01 172.180 61.388 34.316
1969-04-01 177.150 64.072 35.626
1969-07-01 182.606 64.196 37.147
1969-10-01 185.815 66.760 39.448
1970-01-01 188.878 67.860 41.780
1970-04-01 190.308 78.780 43.647
1970-07-01 194.343 79.348 45.583
1970-10-01 197.612 83.116 46.523
1971-01-01 203.856 85.804 47.304
1971-04-01 207.792 93.620 47.847
1971-07-01 210.611 93.256 49.058
1971-10-01 213.579 96.260 50.274
1972-01-01 222.233 100.140 51.373
1972-04-01 225.543 99.452 52.665
1972-07-01 225.102 101.728 54.043
1972-10-01 229.115 110.480 55.774
1973-01-01 233.395 111.520 58.577
1973-04-01 237.173 115.332 60.994
1973-07-01 239.548 116.180 63.243
1973-10-01 246.385 117.676 65.106
1974-01-01 253.627 123.148 66.569
1974-04-01 258.921 135.220 68.488
1974-07-01 268.513 139.064 70.766
1974-10-01 279.758 146.060 72.281
1975-01-01 287.098 158.664 73.983
1975-04-01 294.242 175.656 76.028
1975-07-01 299.868 173.328 78.406
1975-10-01 305.691 177.376 81.196
1976-01-01 308.389 180.523 83.691
1976-04-01 312.013 179.451 85.592
1976-07-01 314.804 189.931 87.610
1976-10-01 322.825 188.763 90.004
1977-01-01 329.794 191.820 91.504
1977-04-01 337.145 193.588 93.906
1977-07-01 344.386 198.892 96.604
1977-10-01 353.352 200.932 100.996
1978-01-01 359.085 205.228 106.142
1978-04-01 367.337 206.712 110.234
1978-07-01 374.547 214.872 114.636
1978-10-01 382.109 217.832 118.773
1979-01-01 392.092 223.019 123.097
1979-04-01 399.582 227.835 126.419
1979-07-01 407.726 243.483 129.766
1979-10-01 419.421 250.579 134.556
1980-01-01 433.070 262.349 141.745
1980-04-01 453.855 265.377 147.855
1980-07-01 457.798 298.061 149.844
1980-10-01 469.876 303.697 155.579
1981-01-01 486.948 306.331 170.445
1981-04-01 503.408 309.423 175.393
1981-07-01 512.068 328.747 183.132
1981-10-01 525.741 330.535 191.402
1982-01-01 537.870 336.473 197.490
1982-04-01 546.706 344.369 203.396
1982-07-01 559.943 361.305 210.314
1982-10-01 573.599 379.145 213.460
1983-01-01 583.138 378.142 217.363
1983-04-01 594.009 384.898 223.458
1983-07-01 607.725 380.994 231.968
1983-10-01 596.700 388.186 239.070
1984-01-01 609.911 388.320 247.151
1984-04-01 629.661 391.444 253.956
1984-07-01 641.966 395.704 265.619
1984-10-01 657.373 407.724 273.530
1985-01-01 667.317 413.510 277.866
1985-04-01 682.132 417.310 284.336
1985-07-01 701.107 424.542 287.355
1985-10-01 712.004 428.266 293.560
1986-01-01 717.806 434.969 298.957
1986-04-01 733.076 445.337 302.191
1986-07-01 747.923 453.465 303.957
1986-10-01 753.151 455.041 305.627
1987-01-01 761.027 456.953 308.216
1987-04-01 771.763 463.277 311.162
1987-07-01 777.850 465.157 315.890
1987-10-01 796.931 474.245 323.369
1988-01-01 803.368 486.625 328.028
1988-04-01 812.228 488.541 329.475
1988-07-01 820.091 495.701 335.147
1988-10-01 846.130 507.685 342.259
1989-01-01 852.752 525.371 353.961
1989-04-01 878.573 531.195 361.618
1989-07-01 889.537 544.003 364.646
1989-10-01 904.853 558.427 368.164
1990-01-01 925.608 575.472 372.969
1990-04-01 942.405 591.328 378.083
1990-07-01 951.010 599.992 387.698
1990-10-01 973.721 610.676 394.541
1991-01-01 993.070 554.288 401.352
1991-04-01 1000.567 619.852 407.506
1991-07-01 1010.226 656.368 410.168
1991-10-01 1015.565 694.108 415.738
1992-01-01 1026.911 732.531 415.512
1992-04-01 1037.683 754.443 418.034
1992-07-01 1059.862 764.535 418.523
1992-10-01 1069.076 782.595 416.795
1993-01-01 1063.331 788.750 422.046
1993-04-01 1065.873 796.518 423.147
1993-07-01 1076.738 813.770 423.813
1993-10-01 1086.217 828.266 421.965
1994-01-01 1089.658 826.232 420.578
1994-04-01 1099.099 832.964 428.726
1994-07-01 1121.368 840.428 437.619
1994-10-01 1122.279 870.300 449.398
1995-01-01 1130.628 880.336 463.265
1995-04-01 1142.497 887.052 472.866
1995-07-01 1148.542 893.020 477.271
1995-10-01 1145.305 887.188 478.622
1996-01-01 1154.479 923.915 479.068
1996-04-01 1169.909 935.635 476.378
1996-07-01 1175.713 932.207 480.154
1996-10-01 1191.454 945.351 481.854
1997-01-01 1196.670 951.848 482.644
1997-04-01 1218.569 952.840 485.340
1997-07-01 1223.761 959.408 486.849
1997-10-01 1243.113 976.800 486.412
1998-01-01 1236.791 974.153 483.715
1998-04-01 1262.624 977.737 481.296
1998-07-01 1273.083 981.873 479.051
1998-10-01 1297.932 1002.597 473.092
1999-01-01 1312.331 1006.732 467.249
1999-04-01 1332.667 1010.520 466.994
1999-07-01 1364.471 1020.952 463.505
1999-10-01 1398.057 1039.603 464.827
2000-01-01 1401.561 1042.309 464.534
2000-04-01 1437.298 1069.108 465.057
2000-07-01 1446.128 1084.210 464.023
2000-10-01 1466.992 1108.032 465.708
2001-01-01 1504.536 1132.826 467.380
2001-04-01 1528.077 1164.412 462.661
2001-07-01 1549.224 1172.757 457.539
2001-10-01 1567.733 1224.101 451.410
2002-01-01 1604.227 1262.294 443.790
2002-04-01 1635.045 1275.970 448.171
2002-07-01 1653.366 1288.462 452.643
2002-10-01 1687.526 1309.291 464.127
2003-01-01 1715.249 1334.558 470.842
2003-04-01 1741.135 1353.025 472.360
2003-07-01 1752.142 1374.310 476.503
2003-10-01 1779.420 1376.913 482.535
2004-01-01 1813.017 1428.156 480.168
2004-04-01 1838.127 1438.091 472.227
2004-07-01 1867.060 1448.011 478.948
2004-10-01 1892.540 1469.282 491.181
2005-01-01 1925.344 1520.587 496.347
2005-04-01 1942.678 1528.686 517.176
2005-07-01 1977.768 1550.821 515.359
2005-10-01 2005.032 1571.847 557.043
2006-01-01 2041.015 1609.136 539.483
2006-04-01 2059.081 1632.535 562.768
2006-07-01 2080.573 1659.988 572.849
2006-10-01 2112.697 1660.058 568.157
2007-01-01 2144.873 1743.913 592.469
2007-04-01 2180.670 1725.446 608.928
2007-07-01 2213.057 1751.053 595.785
2007-10-01 2256.682 1791.328 602.435
2008-01-01 2297.618 1832.263 601.621
2008-04-01 2343.533 2173.032 582.065
2008-07-01 2389.804 1962.893 612.506
2008-10-01 2378.622 1951.265 572.637
2009-01-01 2379.608 2061.766 565.989
2009-04-01 2421.066 2213.232 622.378
2009-07-01 2444.048 2215.392 642.980
2009-10-01 2477.689 2215.215 654.624
2010-01-01 2498.705 2335.948 649.701
2010-04-01 2516.637 2333.586 636.305
2010-07-01 2508.496 2361.685 640.286
2010-10-01 2516.734 2374.364 667.183
2011-01-01 2516.632 2384.976 684.800
2011-04-01 2532.298 2393.720 700.122
2011-07-01 2502.381 2375.440 683.266
2011-10-01 2495.704 2384.973 696.440
2012-01-01 2517.825 2371.305 703.775
2012-04-01 2503.940 2395.055 711.305
2012-07-01 2520.198 2400.232 670.948
2012-10-01 2521.954 2416.709 728.953
2013-01-01 2526.358 2436.820 684.609
2013-04-01 2533.539 2450.962 687.584
2013-07-01 2530.878 2472.737 687.651
2013-10-01 2537.248 2474.036 689.847
2014-01-01 2548.690 2505.737 706.357
2014-04-01 2550.562 2554.949 710.424
2014-07-01 2584.438 2596.313 701.345
2014-10-01 2577.981 2626.769 690.988
2015-01-01 2583.649 2674.917 650.234
2015-04-01 2612.603 2698.635 715.202
2015-07-01 2630.113 2721.582 730.976
2015-10-01 2638.617 2729.185 699.357
2016-01-01 2636.341 2766.206 717.056
2016-04-01 2657.955 2774.567 733.594
2016-07-01 2686.085 2799.598 741.801
2016-10-01 2705.311 2820.399 750.660
2017-01-01 2722.464 2846.931 766.414
2017-04-01 2738.530 2851.625 741.971
2017-07-01 2761.476 2885.707 744.715
2017-10-01 2806.387 2913.399 794.004
2018-01-01 2848.730 2957.245 802.545
2018-04-01 2890.440 2997.932 809.404
2018-07-01 2928.667 3008.335 825.708
2018-10-01 2949.420 3035.192 835.156
2019-01-01 2967.967 3143.918 814.104
2019-04-01 3008.379 3177.333 875.443
2019-07-01 3034.239 3219.425 854.488
2019-10-01 3063.585 3249.952 848.684

FRED Graph

_FDHBPIN

FDHBFIN

FDHBFRBN

FDHBFIN

00

00

00

69.900

57.7

80.500

0000

00

65.5

00

94.400

84.7

87.9

119.5

136.6

160.1

166.3

224.8

383.900

FRED Graph Observations
Federal Reserve Economic Data
Link: https://fred.stlouisfed.org
Help: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/help-faq
Economic Research Division
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
FDHBFRBN Federal Debt Held by Federal Reserve Banks, Billions of Dollars, Quarterly, Not Seasonally Adjusted
FDHBFIN FDHBPIN-FDHBFIN, Bil. of $-Bil. of $, Quarterly, Not Seasonally Adjusted
Federal Debt Held by Foreign and International Investors, Billions of Dollars, Quarterly, Not Seasonally Adjusted
Frequency: Quarterly, End of Period
observation_date FDHBFIN_FDHBPIN
1970-01-01 55.800 212.60000 12.4
1970-04-01 57.7 203.20000 14.0
1970-07-01 60.000 205.80000 16.6
1970-10-01 62.100 209.40000 19.7
1971-01-01 64.200 203.30000 24.6
1971-04-01 65.5 197.10000 31.8
1971-07-01 67.600 195.90000 41.5
1971-10-01 70.200 201.00000 46.0
1972-01-01 69.900 202.10000 49.0
1972-04-01 71.400 1

94.400 49.2
1972-07-01 69.700 195.30000 54.5
1972-10-01 207.30000 54.4
1973-01-01 74.300 203.40000 62.2
1973-04-01 75.000 199.50000 59.4
1973-07-01 76.200 198.90000
1973-10-01 78.500 206.20000 54.7
1974-01-01 79.500 208.90000 54.1
1974-04-01 80.500 198.70000 56.8
1974-07-01 81.000 204.10000 56.0
1974-10-01 212.20000 58.8
1975-01-01 81.400 224.8 65.0
1975-04-01 84.7 237.20000 66.0
1975-07-01 87.000 258.90000
1975-10-01 87.9 282.90000 66.5
1976-01-01 89.800 303.60000 68.1
1976-04-01 306.60000 69.8
1976-07-01 96.400 317.60000 74.6
1976-10-01 97.000 331.40000 78.1
1977-01-01 96.000 343.60000
1977-04-01 102.200 333.10000
1977-07-01 104.700 343.10000 95.5
1977-10-01 102.800 351.70000 109.6
1978-01-01 101.600 359.20000 124.5
1978-04-01 110.100 358.30000 119.5
1978-07-01 115.300 367.40000 120.9
1978-10-01 109.600 375.50000 133.1
1979-01-01 110.900 386.80000 132.8
1979-04-01 109.700 397.10000
1979-07-01 115.500 399.20000 124.2
1979-10-01 117.500 421.50000 119.0
1980-01-01 116.700 435.50000 125.0
1980-04-01 124.500 440.00000 118.2
1980-07-01 120.700 464.50000 124.7
1980-10-01 121.300 486.70000 129.7
1981-01-01 119.000 516.40000 138.2
1981-04-01 120.000 514.60000 136.6
1981-07-01 124.300 534.70000 130.7
1981-10-01 131.000 557.90000
1982-01-01 126.600 597.20000 136.1
1982-04-01 127.000 603.70000 137.2
1982-07-01 134.400 650.60000 140.6
1982-10-01 139.300 698.90000 149.5
1983-01-01 136.700 750.40000 156.2
1983-04-01 141.700 788.50000 160.1
1983-07-01 155.400 822.60000
1983-10-01 151.900 856.30000 166.3
1984-01-01 150.800 906.70000
1984-04-01 152.900 930.60000 171.6
1984-07-01 155.000 978.50000 175.6
1984-10-01 160.900 1019.60000 192.9
1985-01-01 161.000 1054.50000 199.6
1985-04-01 169.100 1078.20000 213.8
1985-07-01 169.700 1115.30000 222.9
1985-10-01 181.300 1192.40000
1986-01-01 184.800 1240.50000 232.6
1986-04-01 183.900 1251.80000 250.9
1986-07-01 190.800 1287.80000 265.5
1986-10-01 211.300 1338.60000 263.4
1987-01-01 196.400 1368.60000 272.8
1987-04-01 212.300 1377.00000 281.1
1987-07-01 211.900 1401.20000 279.5
1987-10-01 222.600 1431.70000 299.7
1988-01-01 217.500 1447.10000 332.5
1988-04-01 227.600 1441.30000 345.4
1988-07-01 229.200 1475.30000 345.9
1988-10-01 238.400 1496.30000 362.2
1989-01-01 228.600 1529.90000 373.5
1989-04-01 231.800 1542.70000 366.4
1989-07-01 221.100 1566.50000 391.8
1989-10-01 226.800 1591.30000 426.1
1990-01-01 217.900 1671.20000 445.4
1990-04-01 231.400 1689.00000 451.0
1990-07-01 234.400 1743.50000 463.8
1990-10-01 235.100 1818.20000 487.1
1991-01-01 241.000 1868.60000 492.0
1991-04-01 247.500 1896.90000 502.0
1991-07-01 258.600 1992.10000 506.3
1991-10-01 266.500 2057.60000 520.9
1992-01-01 265.800 2129.40000 536.4
1992-04-01 276.900 2154.20000 558.2
1992-07-01 279.700 2219.40000 562.8
1992-10-01 295.000 2270.60000 576.7
1993-01-01 298.500 2316.10000 585.9
1993-04-01 313.100 2354.60000 596.8
1993-07-01 319.400 2370.20000 619.1
1993-10-01 332.000 2409.30000 650.3
1994-01-01 337.300 2438.80000 661.1
1994-04-01 347.600 2438.40000 659.9
1994-07-01 353.000 2448.00000 682.0
1994-10-01 364.500 2510.30000 667.3
1995-01-01 363.700 2537.80000 707.0
1995-04-01 372.600 2498.80000 762.5
1995-07-01 367.700 2465.60000 820.4
1995-10-01 378.200 2472.50000 835.2
1996-01-01 377.100 2478.60000 908.1
1996-04-01 383.900 2424.70000 929.7
1996-07-01 2399.80000 993.4
1996-10-01 390.900 2329.10000 1102.1
1997-01-01 395.100 2294.60000 1157.6
1997-04-01 410.900 2194.60000 1182.7
1997-07-01 411.800 2171.10000 1230.5
1997-10-01 430.700 2173.00000 1241.6
1998-01-01 433.200 2187.00000 1250.5
1998-04-01 439.800 2093.30000 1256.0
1998-07-01 446.000 2089.00000 1224.2
1998-10-01 452.100 2055.30000 1278.7
1999-01-01 465.700 2055.20000 1272.3
1999-04-01 484.900 1940.40000 1258.8
1999-07-01 489.000 1894.00000 1281.4
1999-10-01 478.000 1965.20000 1268.7
2000-01-01 501.700 2097.80000 1085.0
2000-04-01 504.900 1926.60000 1060.7
2000-07-01 511.400 1897.50000 1038.8
2000-10-01 511.700 1865.20000 1015.2
2001-01-01 523.900 1880.30000 1012.5
2001-04-01 535.100 1739.30000 983.3
2001-07-01 534.100 1787.50000 992.2
2001-10-01 551.700 1779.40000 1040.1
2002-01-01 575.400 1792.00000 1057.2
2002-04-01 590.700 1726.70000 1123.1
2002-07-01 604.200 1736.20000 1188.6
2002-10-01 629.400 1782.90000 1235.6
2003-01-01 641.500 1794.80000 1275.2
2003-04-01 652.100 1792.80000 1371.9
2003-07-01 656.100 1824.60000 1443.3
2003-10-01 666.700 1854.80000 1523.1
2004-01-01 674.100 1832.80000 1670.0
2004-04-01 687.400 1796.10000 1735.4
2004-07-01 700.300 1812.60000 1794.5
2004-10-01 717.800 1841.20000 1849.3
2005-01-01 717.300 1903.00000 1952.0
2005-04-01 724.700 1925.00000 1878.0
2005-07-01 736.400 1935.00000 1930.0
2005-10-01 744.200 1937.00000 2034.0
2006-01-01 758.500 2031.90000 2082.1
2006-04-01 766.400 2053.00000 1977.8
2006-07-01 768.900 2048.90000 2025.3
2006-10-01 778.900 2019.00000 2103.1
2007-01-01 780.900 2078.30000 2194.8
2007-04-01 790.500 1960.60000 2192.0
2007-07-01 779.600 2034.40000 2235.3
2007-10-01 740.600 2042.50000 2353.2
2008-01-01 591.200 2236.60000 2506.3
2008-04-01 478.800 2218.80000 2587.4
2008-07-01 476.600 2529.60000 2802.4
2008-10-01 475.900 2816.20000 3077.2
2009-01-01 492.300 3076.00000 3265.7
2009-04-01 656.500 3057.70000 3460.8
2009-07-01 769.200 3212.10000 3570.6
2009-10-01 776.600 3349.30000 3685.1
2010-01-01 776.700 3635.40000 3877.9
2010-04-01 777.000 3786.70000 4070.0
2010-07-01 811.700 3886.90000 4324.2
2010-10-01 1021.500 3933.30000 4435.6
2011-01-01 1340.400 3829.70000 4481.4
2011-04-01 1619.500 3432.10000 4690.6
2011-07-01 1664.700 3550.30000 4912.1
2011-10-01 1663.400 3776.40000 5006.9
2012-01-01 1661.100 4040.00000 5145.1
2012-04-01 1659.900 4068.80000 5310.9
2012-07-01 1645.300 4143.30000 5476.1
2012-10-01 1666.100 4335.30000 5573.8
2013-01-01 1796.000 4389.80000 5725.0
2013-04-01 1936.600 4369.90000 5595.0
2013-07-01 2072.300 4251.20000 5652.8
2013-10-01 2208.800 4354.00000 5792.6
2014-01-01 2614.600 4351.40000 5948.3
2014-04-01 2705.900 4152.90000 6018.7
2014-07-01 2767.300 4264.00000 6069.2
2014-10-01 2793.400 4404.90000 6157.7
2015-01-01 2797.500 4458.20000 6172.6
2015-04-01 2798.500 4452.40000 6163.1
2015-07-01 2802.100 4556.00000 6105.9
2015-10-01 2810.100 5064.80000 6146.2
2016-01-01 2815.300 5179.20000 6284.4
2016-04-01 2819.100 5191.30000 6279.1
2016-07-01 2830.100 5554.00000 6155.9
2016-10-01 2843.700 5965.00000 6006.3
2017-01-01 2859.131 5830.00000 6075.3
2017-04-01 2864.091 5749.20000 6151.9
2017-07-01 2867.555 5906.10000 6301.9
2017-10-01 2858.136 6149.30000 6211.3
2018-01-01 2828.463 6779.90000 6223.4
2018-04-01 2772.949 6863.50000 6225.0
2018-07-01 2697.860 7222.00000 6225.9
2018-10-01 2594.652 7608.60000 6270.5
2019-01-01 2536.673 7554.00000 6474.9
2019-04-01 2452.784 7437.90000 6640.5
2019-07-01 2436.438 7916.60000 6779.2
2019-10-01 2637.320

What Will You Get?

We provide professional writing services to help you score straight A’s by submitting custom written assignments that mirror your guidelines.

Premium Quality

Get result-oriented writing and never worry about grades anymore. We follow the highest quality standards to make sure that you get perfect assignments.

Experienced Writers

Our writers have experience in dealing with papers of every educational level. You can surely rely on the expertise of our qualified professionals.

On-Time Delivery

Your deadline is our threshold for success and we take it very seriously. We make sure you receive your papers before your predefined time.

24/7 Customer Support

Someone from our customer support team is always here to respond to your questions. So, hit us up if you have got any ambiguity or concern.

Complete Confidentiality

Sit back and relax while we help you out with writing your papers. We have an ultimate policy for keeping your personal and order-related details a secret.

Authentic Sources

We assure you that your document will be thoroughly checked for plagiarism and grammatical errors as we use highly authentic and licit sources.

Moneyback Guarantee

Still reluctant about placing an order? Our 100% Moneyback Guarantee backs you up on rare occasions where you aren’t satisfied with the writing.

Order Tracking

You don’t have to wait for an update for hours; you can track the progress of your order any time you want. We share the status after each step.

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Areas of Expertise

Although you can leverage our expertise for any writing task, we have a knack for creating flawless papers for the following document types.

Areas of Expertise

Although you can leverage our expertise for any writing task, we have a knack for creating flawless papers for the following document types.

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Trusted Partner of 9650+ Students for Writing

From brainstorming your paper's outline to perfecting its grammar, we perform every step carefully to make your paper worthy of A grade.

Preferred Writer

Hire your preferred writer anytime. Simply specify if you want your preferred expert to write your paper and we’ll make that happen.

Grammar Check Report

Get an elaborate and authentic grammar check report with your work to have the grammar goodness sealed in your document.

One Page Summary

You can purchase this feature if you want our writers to sum up your paper in the form of a concise and well-articulated summary.

Plagiarism Report

You don’t have to worry about plagiarism anymore. Get a plagiarism report to certify the uniqueness of your work.

Free Features $66FREE

  • Most Qualified Writer $10FREE
  • Plagiarism Scan Report $10FREE
  • Unlimited Revisions $08FREE
  • Paper Formatting $05FREE
  • Cover Page $05FREE
  • Referencing & Bibliography $10FREE
  • Dedicated User Area $08FREE
  • 24/7 Order Tracking $05FREE
  • Periodic Email Alerts $05FREE
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Our Services

Join us for the best experience while seeking writing assistance in your college life. A good grade is all you need to boost up your academic excellence and we are all about it.

  • On-time Delivery
  • 24/7 Order Tracking
  • Access to Authentic Sources
Academic Writing

We create perfect papers according to the guidelines.

Professional Editing

We seamlessly edit out errors from your papers.

Thorough Proofreading

We thoroughly read your final draft to identify errors.

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Delegate Your Challenging Writing Tasks to Experienced Professionals

Work with ultimate peace of mind because we ensure that your academic work is our responsibility and your grades are a top concern for us!

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Check Out Our Sample Work

Dedication. Quality. Commitment. Punctuality

Categories
All samples
Essay (any type)
Essay (any type)
The Value of a Nursing Degree
Undergrad. (yrs 3-4)
Nursing
2
View this sample

It May Not Be Much, but It’s Honest Work!

Here is what we have achieved so far. These numbers are evidence that we go the extra mile to make your college journey successful.

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Happy Clients

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Words Written This Week

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Ongoing Orders

0%

Customer Satisfaction Rate
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Process as Fine as Brewed Coffee

We have the most intuitive and minimalistic process so that you can easily place an order. Just follow a few steps to unlock success.

Call Us +1 (877) 657-8180 Discuss Order Details Now

See How We Helped 9000+ Students Achieve Success

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We Analyze Your Problem and Offer Customized Writing

We understand your guidelines first before delivering any writing service. You can discuss your writing needs and we will have them evaluated by our dedicated team.

  • Clear elicitation of your requirements.
  • Customized writing as per your needs.

We Mirror Your Guidelines to Deliver Quality Services

We write your papers in a standardized way. We complete your work in such a way that it turns out to be a perfect description of your guidelines.

  • Proactive analysis of your writing.
  • Active communication to understand requirements.
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We Handle Your Writing Tasks to Ensure Excellent Grades

We promise you excellent grades and academic excellence that you always longed for. Our writers stay in touch with you via email.

  • Thorough research and analysis for every order.
  • Deliverance of reliable writing service to improve your grades.
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