• Review this week’s media presentation on the gastrointestinal system.
• Review Chapter 35 in the Huether and McCance text.  Identify the normal pathophysiology of gastric acid stimulation and  production.
• Review Chapter 37 in the Huether and McCance text.  Consider the pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD),  peptic ulcer disease (PUD), and gastritis. Think about how these  disorders are similar and different.
• Select a patient factor different from the one you  selected in this week’s Discussion: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or  behavior. Consider how the factor you selected might impact the  pathophysiology of GERD, PUD, and gastritis. Reflect on how you would  diagnose and prescribe treatment of these disorders for a patient based  on this factor.
• Review the “Mind Maps—Dementia, Endocarditis, and  Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)” media in the Week 2 Learning  Resources. Use the examples in the media as a guide to construct a mind  map for gastritis. Consider the epidemiology and clinical presentation  of gastritis.

To Complete

Write a 2- to 3-page paper that addresses the following:

• Describe the normal pathophysiology of gastric acid  stimulation and production. Explain the changes that occur to gastric  acid stimulation and production with GERD, PUD, and gastritis disorders.
• Explain how the factor you selected might impact the  pathophysiology of GERD, PUD, and gastritis. Describe how you would  diagnose and prescribe treatment of these disorders for a patient based  on the factor you selected.
• Construct a mind map for gastritis. Include the  epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation, as well as the  diagnosis and treatment you explained in your paper.

Running head: DISORDERS OF THE VEINS AND ARTERIES 1

DISORDERS OF THE VEINS AND ARTERIES 4

Disorders of the Veins and Arteries

Student’s name

Instructor

Course

Date

Introduction

It is the role of health care provider to identify the symptoms and signs of various diseases and understanding human anatomy in order to distinguish groups of ailments and symptoms to make accurate diagnosis and treatment therapies. Particularly in the venous system, different conditions exist in the human circulatory system. Therefore, this primer aims to delve into the pathophysiology and genetic influences of CVI and DVT, recognizer major differences and illustrating each venous disorder with a mind map.

Compare the pathophysiology of chronic venous insufficiency and deep venous thrombosis. Describe how venous thrombosis is different from arterial thrombosis.

A clear understanding of CVI pathogenesis has not yet fully been documented. However, according to Burnand & Wadoodi (2019), CVI is believed to occur when the incompetent valves contract leading to venous hypertension, a condition that mostly occurs in lower extremities, with associated risk factors of trauma, gender, genetics, and pregnancy. Clogging of blood which inhibits proper flow of blood to the veins leads to inflammation which serves as a pivotal cause of ulceration and stasis dermatitis (Huether & McCance, 2017). Bacterial colonization complicates ulcers present which disrupts the normal wound healing process.

DVT pathophysiology, on the other hand, is a condition that affects mostly the aging population that occurs when deep veins block due to blood clotting (Comerota, 2019). The condition manifests in legs but other studies show it can happen anywhere in the muscles of the body. Once the blood is strained, veins lack sufficient flow of blood causing swelling and pain.

One common difference that exists between venous and arterial thrombosis is that venous thrombosis develops under low shear flow and in most cases around the intact endothelial wall (Burnand & Wadoodi, 2019). Venous thrombosis is characterized by carrying a large number of platelets, fibrin rich with high red blood cells. On the other hand, arterial thrombosis occurs under high shear flow because there is the formation of platelet-rich thrombi around damaged endothelium and ruptured atherosclerotic plaques (Comerota, 2019).

Explain how the patient factor you selected might impact the pathophysiology of CVI and DVT. Describe how you would diagnose and prescribe treatment of these disorders for a patient based on the factor you selected.

Genetic risk factors play a significant role during the diagnosis of CVI and DVT. Genetic risk factor helps advanced practice nurse to distinguish the multiple clinical factors that influence the treatment of both conditions. The gene-gene and gene-environment are prerequisite factors for thrombosis for determining appropriate management and treatment of CVI and DVT (Burnand & Wadoodi, 2019).

DVT is treated when the affected large vein in the foot or ankle is injected with a dye. An X-ray looks for clotted veins. Although, DVT diagnosis can be confirmed by other invasive methods such as ultrasound, MRI, and CT scans. CVI treatment and diagnosis is different from DVT as the patient’s legs with CVI are raised to reduce the pressure. To help the blood flow in the legs the client is provided with compressor stocking to apply pressure on the legs. Legs are left uncrossed when the patient is sitting and must do regular exercises (Huether & McCance, 2017).

Construct two mind maps—one for chronic venous insufficiency and one for deep venous thrombosis. Include the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation, as well as the diagnosis and treatment you explained in your paper.

DVT mind map

DIAGNOSIS

Ultrasound

MRI and CT scans

D-dimer

Physical examination

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

Swollen legs
Bruise discoloration
Tenderness
Unexplained fever

TREATMENT
Blood thinners

DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS

EPIDEMIOLOGY
Venous blood obstruction
Imbalance in tissue homeostasis
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Impaired venous return
Endothelial injury or dysfunction
Hypercoagulability

CVI mind map
DIAGNOSIS
Vascular ultrasound
Medical history
Physical exam

TREATMENT
Improving blood flow in your leg veins
Sclerotherapy
Surgery
Endovenous laser ablation

CHRONIC VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY

EPIDEMIOLOGY
Venous ulcer
Reduced mobility
Venous reflux
Elderly

Stasis ulcers
Dry, rough skin

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Muscle pump failure
Venous obstruction
Venous valvular incompetence

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
Discomfort
Swelling
Varicose veins and
Skin changes or ulceration

In Summary

Summary
This primer discussed the pathophysiology of DVT and CVI and elaborated on how the female gender influences disease development. In summary advanced nurse practitioners need to understand the prevalence of both DVT and CVI as well as how the diseases of the venous system impair the return of blood flow to the heart.
References
Burnand, K. G., & Wadoodi, A. (2019, July). The physiology and hemodynamics of chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limb. In Handbook of venous disorders: Guidelines of the American Venous Forum (pp. 72-80). CRC Press.
Comerota, A. J. (2019). Quality-of-life improvement using thrombolytic therapy for iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis. Reviews in cardiovascular medicine, 3(S2), 61-67.
Hammer, G. G. & McPhee, S. (2014). Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine. (7th ed.) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.