This is past due by some days, instructor is letting me make up in 36 hours. I just need about 8 pages so I can pass this class. PLease help.. DUE IN 36 HOURS
Biopsychological Analysis of a Neuropsychological Disorder
[WLOs: 3] [CLOs: 1, 2, 3, 4]
Prior to beginning work on this assignment, review your completed Week 1 Selection of Final Project Topic written assignment, Week 2 Final Project Annotated Bibliography written assignment, and your Week 3 Final Project Annotated Outline written assignment.
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In your Final Project, you will synthesize an overview of the major theories relating to the pathology of a disorder, as well as provide a detailed discussion of the etiology (causes) and clinical interventions, using research to support your analysis. Your topic will be the same neuropsychological disorder that was selected and approved by the instructor in your Week 1 written assignment, and for which you provided an annotated bibliography in your Week 2 written assignment, and an annotated outline in your Week 3 written assignment.
For your Week 5 Final Project, you will expand on the subject content from your previous assignments. Be sure to include all the information covered in the Week 3 outline. In keeping with the focus of this class, the emphasis of your paper will be on the neuroscience aspects of the disorder, to include the following:
- Explain the theories of etiology (causes) of the disorder with a focus on the neurobiology of the disorder.
- Explain associated factors in development of the disorder (genetic, environmental, familial, lifestyle).
- Describe the pathology of the disorder with an emphasis on the abnormalities of nervous system structure and function (brain structures, neural pathways, neurotransmitter/receptor systems), including any genetic and biochemical aspects.
- Give examples of treatment options including both drug (pharmacological) and non-drug (pharmacological treatments), with rationales for use of these treatments based on current understanding of the neurobiology of the disorder.
- Summarize diagnostic and research technologies employed in clinical diagnosis, clinical and behavioral health care, and basic science research.
Your research will include the references you identified in your Week 1, Week 2, and Week 3 assignments, with additional references as needed. Your references should include a minimum of six to eight peer-reviewed and/or scholarly sources, which provide evidence-based information regarding the biological and psychological features of the disorder and were published within the last five years. At least four of your references should be peer-reviewed publications of original research studies. For further information, please review the
Original Research Study Tipsheet (Links to an external site.)
. To justify your assertions, provide in-text citations for all factual statements taken from your research, with corresponding references drawn from scholarly sources. All citations and sources are to be documented according to APA style, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center, and should support and enhance your analysis of the selected disorder. Sources may include review articles, original research articles, information from governmental agencies (e.g., National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control, Food and Drug Administration, Drug Enforcement Administration) and/or professional societies (e.g., professional society position papers or clinical practice guidelines). With the exception of the DSM-5, you may cite and reference course materials such as the textbook, required or recommended reading, or multimedia, but these will not fulfill the source requirement.
The Biopsychological Analysis of a Neuropsychological Disorder final project
For further assistance with the formatting and the title page, refer to
APA Formatting for Word 2013 (Links to an external site.)
.
- Must utilize academic voice. See the Academic Voice (Links to an external site.) resource for additional guidance.
- Must include an introduction and conclusion paragraph. Your introduction paragraph needs to end with a clear thesis statement that indicates the purpose of your paper.
For assistance on writing Introductions & Conclusions (Links to an external site.) as well as Writing a Thesis Statement (Links to an external site.), refer to the Ashford Writing Center resources.
- Must use at least six to eight scholarly or peer-reviewed sources.
The Scholarly, Peer-Reviewed, and Other Credible Sources (Links to an external site.) table offers additional guidance on appropriate source types and the Ashford University Quick ‘n’ Dirty (Links to an external site.) video provides library search tips. If you have questions about whether a specific source is appropriate for this assignment, please contact your instructor. Your instructor has the final say about the appropriateness of a specific source for a particular assignment.
- Must document any information used from sources in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center’s Citing Within Your Paper (Links to an external site.)
- Must include a separate reference page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. See the Formatting Your References List (Links to an external site.) resource in the Ashford Writing Center for specifications.
36 hours
SCHIZOPHRENIA 1
SCHIZOPHRENIA 4
Schizophrenia
VernessaCombs
PSY 350: Physiological Psychology
Instructor Swisher
December 16, 2019
Schizophrenia
Farrell, M. S., Werge, T., Sklar, P., Owen, M. J., Ophoff, R. A., O’Donovan, M. C., … & Sullivan, P. F. (2015). Evaluating historical candidate genes for schizophrenia. Molecular psychiatry, 20(5), 555.
https://www.nature.com/articles/mp201516
Farell, Werge, Sklar, Owen, Ophoff, and Sullivan evaluate the genes associated with schizophrenia in this article. They sufficiently analyze the candidate gene literature and the results of the largest genomic study. The genes evaluate the common hypothesis of schizophrenia. The authors conclude that historical gene literature failed to yield clear insights on the genetic basis of schizophrenia. The article can, however, be used to show the relation of genes and the schizophrenia condition. “The considerable efforts embodied in these early studies unquestionably set the stage for current successes in genomic approaches to schizophrenia” (Farrell et al, 2015). I think the article provides more information on how genes may be the cause of schizophrenia well. I will use it to explain the relationship between genes and schizophrenia.
Iritani, S. (2017). Neuropathology of schizophrenia: a mini-review. Neuropathology, 27(6), 604-608.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1440-1789.2007.00798.x
Iritani argues that the neuropathology of schizophrenia is obscure since the condition may affect various parts of the brain. He explains the methods that have been used to analyze the functional abnormalities in the brains of schizophrenia patients. “Reports of neuropathological abnormalities in the post mortem schizophrenic brain indicated they were found in almost all areas of the brain, but more reports are describing the temporal lobe and frontal lobe compared to those describing other areas of the brain” (Iritani, 2017). The methods that have been used include advanced functional brain image technology such as single-photon emission, CT or MRI. This article can be used to describe the pathology of schizophrenia and methods of testing for the condition. I will, therefore, use it to explain the methods that could be used to test for schizophrenia and its pathology.
Levinson, D. F. (2016). Pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia. Clinical therapeutics, 13(3), 326-352.
https://europepmc.org/article/med/1683269
Levinson’s article provides an honest evaluation of the effects of drugs used to treat schizophrenia. He argues that neuroleptics are effective in the treatment of schizophrenia and explains that a drug is chose based on patient response and adverse effects. Levinson also explains the effectiveness of other drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia. “All clinically active antipsychotic drugs share the ability to block postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the central nervous system. Their potencies vary, chlorpromazine and thioridazine being the least potent and fluphenazine and haloperidol the most potent” (Levinson, 2016). He explains that neuroleptics are effective in the exacerbations of schizophrenia. The article is useful in the research on treatment options of schizophrenia. I will use to explain various drugs that may be used in the treatment of schizophrenia, their effectiveness, and side effects.
Misiak, B., Stramecki, F., Gawęda, Ł., Prochwicz, K., Sąsiadek, M. M., Moustafa, A. A., & Frydecka, D. (2018). Interactions between variation in candidate genes and environmental factors in the etiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a systematic review. Molecular neurobiology, 55(6), 5075-5100.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12035-017-0708-y
Misiak’s article focuses on the etiology of schizophrenia. The article explains the contribution of genetic factors and environmental interactions in schizophrenia. A systematic review of studies that investigate gene and environmental interactions in schizophrenia has been conducted in the article. The authors present a detailed analysis of the causes of schizophrenia and the role played by genes. They name several environmental factors that may cause schizophrenia such as early life stress, stressful life events, prenatal infections, and urban upbringing. The article can, therefore, be used to analyze the causes of schizophrenia. I will use the article to compare the different factors that lead to schizophrenia and to determine which factor is the leading cause of the disease.
Rajarajan, P., Jiang, Y., Kassim, B. S., & Akbarian, S. (2018). Chromosomal conformations and epigenomic regulation in schizophrenia. In Progress in molecular biology and translational science (Vol. 157, pp. 21-40). Academic Press.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877117317302004
Rajaram, Jiang, Kassim, and Akbarian offer a sufficient explanation of the pathology of schizophrenia. They argue that schizophrenia’s pathology includes chromosomal formations that are associated with regulation of gene expression and transcriptional dysregulation at various brain regions such as the cerebral cortex. Alterations in the high-order chromatin could be an effect of schizophrenia. The role of high-order chromatin in the neurobiology and pathology of schizophrenia is sufficiently explained in the article. It also explains its role in the treatment avenues for the schizophrenia disease. I will use the article to explain various parts of the brain affected by schizophrenia, its neurobiology and the effects of high-order chromatin.
Van de Leemput, J., Hess, J. L., Glatt, S. J., & Tsuang, M. T. (2016). Genetics of schizophrenia: Historical insights and prevailing evidence. In Advances in genetics (Vol. 96, pp. 99-141). Academic Press.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065266016300529
Leemput, Hess, Glatt, and Tsuang adequately review the risk factors for schizophrenia and the existing hypotheses. They argue that is has been difficult to identify specific genes that cause schizophrenia. Their article, however, presents various factors that may cause schizophrenia including environmental influences, gene expression regulation, epigenetic marks, and genetic variants. They argue that the interactions between these factors are complex. The authors also present limitations on schizophrenia that have not been overcome. They review the genetic literature of schizophrenia sufficiently. I will use the article to explain the role of genes in the schizophrenia condition.
Running head: FINAL PROJECT OUTLINE
2
2
Final Project Annotated Outline
Vernessa Combs
PSY350: Physiological Psychology
December 23, 2019
Introduction
A. The area of psychology has offered development in the sector of scrutinizing a person’s behaviors, effects as well as the causes of the behaviors. Neuroscience has delivered to the world an entirely different realm; specialists now have the capability to examine along with diagnosing various disorders, which have a negative impact on the brain. Currently, there is a method to establish what sources of the illnesses, what their effect s are as well as the treatment plan, which is most suitable for the illness. Schizophrenia is a spartan and advances mental ailment, which affects numerous persons, even though the known reason for the disorder is not yet known. However, medication has been helpful.
B. The ailment of schizophrenia is a neuropsychological illness, which disturbs a majority of the populace; it varies from early grounds to more spartan situations.
C. The diagnostic criteria
To establish a person to be schizophrenic, one ought to show symptoms of two or more of the signs, they consist of apathy, blunted mood, disorganized behavior or speech, hallucinations as well as delusions. Moreover, the indications of schizophrenia are detached emotions, words, and thoughts, along with disorganizations of associations.
D. Even though I have no individual correlation with schizophrenia, this subject appeals to me. Schizophrenia illness affects numerous people; therefore, understanding about schizophrenia, the treatments along with the symptoms, can develop to be valuable. With the disorder comes several signs, and the diverse methods persons are affected and this fascinates me.
E. Epidemiology
The schizophrenia disorder sees economic background, ethnicity or even race; it affects many individuals from African Americans to Caucasians or young to elders. Schizophrenia could be found in an estimate of 1.2% of the populace of the world, notwithstanding of economic background, ethnic and race (SARDAA, 2014). Conferring to National Statistics, four million individuals are detected to be suffering from schizophrenia and three-quarters of the people suffering from the illness are between the age of sixteen and twenty-five. Women and men are equally distressed by schizophrenia but then again, the illness is vented contrarily between the genders.
II. Discussion
A thorough description Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia comprises of a decrease in the performance and any of the two signs: apathy, blunted mood, disorganized behavior or speech, hallucinations as well as delusions (Wilson,
2013).
People could have various symptoms unlike any other another individual likewise identified with schizophrenia.
Even though there is no research, which backs up the diverse kinds of schizophrenia, it can additionally be catalogued in two dissimilar groups; negative and positive signs. The positive symptom is the behaviors detected in people with schizophrenia, which a majority of people naturally do not possess. The negative symptoms; signify the reduced functioning (Miyamoto et al., 2013).
B. A comprehensive account of the history of Schizophrenia
If the illness is left with no medical attention, it may result in a quality of life that is devastating that could denote substance addiction, financial ruin, and homelessness. It many cases if schizophrenia is left untreated it develops to be excess pain for people to manage and it advances and results to suicide.
C. Procedures used to manage, evaluate, and diagnose Schizophrenia
In order to diagnose an individual to be schizophrenic medical practitioners begin with a physical examination that then outcomes in psychological assessment or blood work. Persons are offered treatment and always seek medication for schizophrenia; treatment is done regularly.
D. The risk factors
Schizophrenia matures in persons who possess suitable genetic contextual and specific exposures of the environment, which make them vulnerable to the disease (Wilson, 2013). Diathesis is another reason of schizophrenia; it is a biological debility. Having diathesis may signify that individuals are more susceptible to stress, and it could result in a person being more inclined to have schizophrenia.
E. The leading reason of schizophrenia is not yet established, and many researchers trust that environmental factors and genetic issues have a part in acquiring schizophrenia. The imbalance of chemical involves the dopamine along with the neurotransmitter (Nuckols et al.,
2013).
F. There are spartan disruptions to several systems of neurotransmitters in the CNS of focuses on schizophrenia such as the GABAergic, glutamatergic, cholinergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic systems.
G. The systems of the neurotransmitter can be discovered in the thalamus, hippocampus, as well as the frontal cortex where they get affected.
H. The present options of treatment
The medication for Schizophrenia can be complex, even if specialists insinuate that there is a capable path in integrating computational neuroscience. This offers a way to ratify trial and, in turn, create hypothetical estimates for succeeding researches. This form of the multilevel method has the probability of getting the intricacy of schizophrenia (Anticevic et al., 2015). Additional likely medication for schizophrenia is neuroleptic medicines like dopamine adversaries.
I. The future sections of research
The forthcoming treatment, which is of notice is the therapy of Electroconvulsive, similarly referred to as the shock therapy. Moreover, when it is utilized in combination with medicine, it causes enduring development of schizophrenia (Kendler, 2018). Initial intervention and recognition can offer good results with healing schizophrenia. This procedure is continuing and will need a mixture of methods like brain nursing at initial stages and when a person is at genetic danger.
III. Conclusion
Conclusively, neuroscience permits people to see past behaviors, and investigate the brain, to establish and heal mental illnesses like schizophrenia. It is a severe mental disease, which affects numerous persons. With info showed with developments in technology, it shows the world is one step closer to knowing the factors, which result in the progress of this illness.
References
Anticevic, A., Murray, J. D., & Barch, D. M. (2015). Bridging levels of understanding in schizophrenia through computational modelling. Clinical Psychological Science, 3(3), 433-459. doi:10.1177/2167702614562041
Kendler, K. S. (2018). Familial aggregation of schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Evaluation of conflicting results. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45(4), 377-383.
Nuckols, C. C., & Nuckols, C. C. (2013). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (DSM-5). Philadelphia: American Psychiatric Association.
Miyamoto, S., LaMantia, A. S., Duncan, G. E., Sullivan, P., Gilmore, J. H., & Lieberman, J. A. (2013). Recent advances in the neurobiology of schizophrenia. Molecular interventions, 3(1), 27.
Pearlson, G. D. (2015). Neurobiology of schizophrenia. Annals of Neurology: Official Journal of the American Neurological Association and the Child Neurology Society, 48(4), 556-566.
Schizophrenia and Related Disorders Alliance of America (2014), About Schizophrenia, retrieved from http://www.sardaa.org/resources/about-schizophrenia/
Wilson, J. F. (2013). Biological basis of behavior. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.
Running Head: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR 1
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR 3
Title: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR
Student’s Name:
Institution:
Ultrasound is one type of imaging technology which is the most powerful for examining the relationship between biology and behavior. The ultrasound method is effective for basic research, initial diagnosis of a clinical condition and ongoing patient management as it ensure that the issues experienced by the people are evaluated in the best way possible. Moreover, this method can be used in studying muscles and tendons hence ensuring that the manner in which they function is studied. Moreover, the ultrasound is used to study different behavior health in different people. Some of the behavior health studied using the ultrasound method include the contraction and relaxation of the body muscles, heartbeat and blood vessel dilation (Bookheimer, 2007).
On the other hand, the knowledge of neuroscience investigational methods would assist someone in a career that uses a degree in psychology by ensuring that the right guidance and counseling is provided to the people. The knowledge can again be used in studying the behavior health of different people therefore ensuring that the people are provided with the right healthcare. Again, the knowledge of neuroscience investigational methods would assist someone in a career that uses a degree in psychology by ensuring that the members of the public are educated on the importance of keeping healthy lives. However, the education provided as a result of the knowledge will enable the members of the public to understand the developmental milestones of the children in different families (Wilson, 2013).
References
Bookheimer, S. (Writer), Harrigan, J. (Director), & Crosstown Productions, Davidson Films (Producers). (2007).
Discovering the human brain: New pathways to neuroscience, with Susan Bookheimer, Ph.D
[Streaming video].
Wilson, J. F. (2013).
Biological basis of behavior
. Retrieved from
https://content.ashford.edu
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Running head: SCHIZOPHRENIA
1
Schizophrenia
Vernessa Combs
PSY350: Physiological Psychology
December 10, 2019
Schizophrenia
The topic selected was schizophrenia. This is a severe and chronic mental disorder affecting the way humans think, feel and behave. Although this mental disorder is not very common, it has disabling symptoms.
Schizophrenia has continuously been viewed as a disorder that occurs in neurodevelopment. It is associated with a microdeletion syndrome of a chromosome. Neurons migrate to the pial surface from the brain’s ventricular zone. “Migration of the neuron cell body is mediated via microtubule-based transport organized by the centrosome. First, the centrosome moves up the microtubule, followed by the nucleus and the cell body” (Pearlson, 2015). Neuronal migrations are reportedly caused by Reelin.
The etiology of schizophrenia is unknown, however, several risk factors have been associated with its development. These include environmental and genetic factors. Genetic factors are, however, insufficient to account for the development of the disease. They must be accompanied by other factors for the disease to develop. “Because the concordance rate for monozygotic twins only approaches 50%, genetic makeup alone is not sufficient for the development of schizophrenia, and non-genetic or sporadic forms of the disorder must exist” (Miyamoto et al, 2013).
Environmental factors that play an important role in the etiology of schizophrenia include obstetric complications such as hypoxia, preeclampsia, and premature birth. Other environmental factors include maternal viral infections and stress occurring in neurodevelopment. Stress during neurodevelopment may be caused by other factors such as microbial infections.
The pathology of schizophrenia includes the transcriptional dysregulation at the cerebral cortex and chromosomal conformations. “Anatomic, neurotransmitter and immune system abnormalities have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia” (Miyamoto et al, 2013). Differences have been observed in the brains of people with schizophrenia compared to the brains of people without the disease in neuroimaging studies. The medial temporal areas of the brain have a decreased volume while the ventricles are larger. Structural abnormalities such as volume reductions and ventricular enlargements have been associated with the disease.
The dopaminergic system abnormalities are also associated with schizophrenia. The immune system is also disturbed in people with the disease. “Overactivation of the immune system (eg, from prenatal infection or postnatal stress) may result in overexpression of inflammatory cytokines and subsequent alteration of brain structure and function” (Nuckols et al, 2013). Anatomic abnormalities may also be observed in the hippocampus.
In the prefrontal cortex, there has been a reported increase in neuronal density. One of the areas of the prefrontal cortex, area 9, has been found to have a smaller size of neurons and increased density of the smaller neurons. “Patients with schizophrenia had a greater density of MAP2- immunoreactivity neurons in the superficial white matter compared to controls” (Kendler, 2018). Therefore, there might be structural changes in the brain that may need scanning to be noticed.
The treatment of schizophrenia involves antipsychotics, psychosocial treatments, and coordinated specialty care. Antipsychotic medications are taken regularly. The treatment of schizophrenia, however, requires the integration of psychological, psychosocial and medical inputs (Kendler, 2018). A multidisciplinary team is involved in treating a schizophrenic patient. The team may consist of a nurse, therapist and social worker. Treatment of schizophrenia is conducted on an outpatient basis since the patients do not need hospitalization.
The diagnostic and research technologies employed in clinical diagnosis include psychiatric evaluation and using DSM-IV. The doctor may check for the presence of hallucinations and delusions. Tests and screens may also be done such as a CT scan to determine whether the condition could have been caused by other diseases.
References
Kendler, K. S. (2018). Familial aggregation of schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Evaluation of conflicting results. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45(4), 377-383.
Nuckols, C. C., & Nuckols, C. C. (2013). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (DSM-5). Philadelphia: American Psychiatric Association.
Miyamoto, S., LaMantia, A. S., Duncan, G. E., Sullivan, P., Gilmore, J. H., & Lieberman, J. A. (2013). Recent advances in the neurobiology of schizophrenia. Molecular interventions, 3(1), 27.
Pearlson, G. D. (2015). Neurobiology of schizophrenia. Annals of Neurology: Official Journal of the American Neurological Association and the Child Neurology Society, 48(4), 556-566.
