I have attached documents needed to do this correctly

Purpose: The purpose of this assignment is to revise the introduction and literature review of your academic argumentative research paper, which you created a draft of in Unit IV.

Description: In this assignment, you will revise the introduction and literature review that you wrote for the Unit IV assignment. Revisions must be substantive and should be made in accordance with the professor’s instructions. The following parts of the assignment must be revised:

• Introduction (9-12 well-developed      sentences/approximately 350 words): For more details about what is      expected for each of the following sentences, please see “Lesson 4:      The Introduction.” You may also want to review the “Example      Introduction and Literature Review (with comments).” The following      components must be included in the introduction (in the following order).

  Sentence 1: Introduce       the general topic
  Sentence 2: Pro side       (general)
  Sentence 3: Con side       (general)
  Sentence 4: Narrow the       scope (1)
  Sentence 5: Examples of       the narrowed topic
  Sentence 6: Narrow the       scope (2)
  Sentence 7: Specific       controversy
  Sentence 8: Pro side       (specific)
  Sentence 9: Con side       (specific)
  Sentence 10: The thesis

• Literature Review      (800-900 words): For details about the structure of the literature review,      you will want to review “Lesson 3: The Literature Review: The      Process.” You may also want to review the “Example Introduction      and Literature Review (with comments).” The link is below.

  Literature review       preface: This paragraph acts as a guide to what the reader can expect in       the literature review.
  Literature review body:       This section includes three to four body paragraphs that discuss the       history, terminology, and both sides of the controversy (pro and con).
  Literature review       conclusion: The conclusion signals that the literature review is ending,       but it also acts as a kind of preface for the body of the paper by       restating the thesis statement and establishing your argument once again.

• Demonstrate the      avoidance of plagiarism through proper use of APA citations and references      for all paraphrased and quoted material.
• Implement techniques of      editing and revising.

Running head: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 1

Artificial Intelligence

English Composition II (EH 1020)

February 25, 2021

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2

Artificial Intelligence in Fighting Cyber Crime

Cyber insecurity has led to different methods evolving to help curb it, including artificial

intelligence. Those in support of this new technology believe that it can work beyond human

capacities, hence detecting threats and stopping them faster. Those opposed to it see it as a platform

the attackers are using to diversify their attacks. However, these discussions are all based on the

need to secure the business environment and free it from cybercrime. Artificial intelligence has

increased visibility in the attack environment for businesses to take the right precautions in

preventing it. For example, the system flags the anomalies making the security analyst work on

them and save time and save the business costs (Anwar & Hassan, 2017). The experts also suggest

using intelligent systems in accurately detecting and remediating the attacks in real-time in the

future. Artificial intelligence can also solve difficult situations that humans have no answer for but

have some information on what to be expected. Artificial intelligence is a tool that enables

companies to remain visibly aware of the evolving threats. This ensures that the security analysts

take a right to measures and quickly respond to the business’s issues. However, artificial

intelligence has opened up a new wave of threats that negatively impact businesses’ operations. The

poisoning attacks are capable of manipulating the input and giving out output that is similar to the

attacker’s goals. Therefore, although artificial intelligence is an essential technology for combating

cybersecurity threats, it is essential to consider the dangers it poses to the business environment

because it is capable of changing the business operations if, in any case, it becomes a pathway of

attacks.

Literature Review

Amanda Laroche
Good thesis statement! You want to be sure the reasons you state in your thesis statement become the topic of your body paragraphs in units VI & VII.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 3

The issue of artificial intelligence in fighting cybercrime can be understood by first looking

into cybercrime and the failure of the different methods adopted. This will be followed by an

analysis of the two sides of the controversy, the pro, and the con. The pro side supports artificial

intelligence in curbing cybercrime, whereas the con side is against this method, especially in

businesses.

Brief Summary of Cyber Crime

The issue of malware and cybercrime can be traced back to connected computing days

because it coincides with the evolution of the internet. The internet grew, allowing for the crimes to

become more complicated, with a significant wave of attacks happening in the 1980s using emails’

proliferation. The Nigerian Prince Scam is one of the earliest forms of cyber-attacks delivered to

several inboxes requesting money to set up a transfer and later to share it. However, the growth of

cybercrime was seen in the 2000s when social media came into life (Taddeo, McCutcheon

&Floridi, 2019). People started putting all information in profile databases, and this led to identity

theft. The cyber attackers were now interested in accessing bank accounts and accessing personal

information for their benefit. Cybercrime has grown into an industry that is totaling nearly half a

trillion dollars yearly. The hackers have gone on a spree with several incidences, such as the

Russian hackers’ attack on the Ukrainian energy company. The attacks have led to organizations

changing the approaches they give to cybersecurity. Attention is on preventing them before they

occur. The reason businesses are struggling to deal with cybercrime is due to the economic losses;

in 2020, the loss was predicted to be over $3 trillion, with 74% of businesses being hacked

(Mosteanu, 2020).

The argument for Adopting Artificial Intelligence in Businesses

Amanda Laroche
Needs in-text citation.

Amanda Laroche
Need to define what this means.

Amanda Laroche

Amanda Laroche

Amanda Laroche
Find alternative ways to say “pro” and “con” to help improve the formal tone of your assignment.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 4

As the threat of cyber insecurity is continually evolving, businesses must adapt survival

measures. Artificial Intelligence is centrally placed because it can detect threats irrespective of their

shape in attack and defense. This is a multifaceted tool capable of collecting data, organizing it, and

protecting it against outside forces’ access. AI increases data security systems’ efficiency by

spotting the potential threats early enough before they come to fruition. It also squashes the

incoming attacks at speeds that are above human capabilities. According to Mosteanu, the benefits

of AI go beyond anticipating the attacks (2020). It makes organizations ready for the proper

response at all times since cybercriminals keep intensifying their attacks.

Artificial Intelligence Downside against Fighting Cybercrime

Those opposed to using AI in preventing cybercrime state various reasons why it is

detrimental to businesses. Terrorists in the 21st century no longer need bombs and sophisticated

weapons but rather the ability to hack into the company or government systems. Through this, they

can bring the operations of critical infrastructure to their knees and acquire a ransom. AI is prone to

manipulations that are aimed at causing malfunction. According to Li and Zhang, the attacks can be

input or poisoning attacks. The input attacks are fed to the AI system to alter the output (2017).

This is because the AI System has a machine at its core responsible for manipulating the input to

give an output. When the attackers alter the input, then the output is corrupted. The poisoning

attacks are manifested by corrupting the process, causing a malfunction desired by the attacker.

This can include poisoning the data used in a process. These attacks are capable of causing great

harm to the business and affecting the efficiency of operation.

Artificial intelligence was designed to ensure that the system takes the attacks before they

cause harm to the business database. However, cybercrime has evolved, and the AI attacks are

Amanda Laroche
If this is the conclusion, you need a section header.

Amanda Laroche

Amanda Laroche
What does this mean?

Amanda Laroche
Reword: 21st century terrorists

Amanda Laroche
What is “it”? Be specific.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 5

different from the traditional attacks it was designed to detect. The attacks are enabled by the

limitations in the algorithms that cannot be fixed. This means that various methods can be used to

execute attacks, including physical objects. For example, the attackers can transform a stop sign

into green light using an AI attack by using pieces of tape on the sign (Anwar & Hassan, 2017). At

the same time, it is possible to weaponize data, requiring the collection, storage, and use of data to

be reviewed. AI attacks are affecting the most critical parts of society. This includes the military,

law enforcement, and civil society. This poses a threat to the privacy of these institutions, mostly

because they deal with critical information. According to Soni, AI security compliance programs

must be introduced to protect against this new version of attacks (2020). This approach will reduce

the risk of successful attacks and lower the impact when they occur. The Regulators should also

ensure the government and institutions at high risk of AI attacks have adhered to the compliance

set. This is especially in areas that would have a severe impact on society. This is because AI

technologies have brought many high-end attacks, such as Capital One, that compromised the data

of more than 100 million Americans (Mosteanu, 2020). This shows that irrespective of the

approach used to mitigate the attacks, they persist.

Amanda Laroche
Choppy sentences. Revise and combine.

Amanda Laroche
Choppy sentences. Revise and combine.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 6

References

Anwar, A., & Hassan, S. I. (2017). Applying Artificial Intelligence Techniques to Prevent Cyber

Assaults. International Journal of Computational Intelligence Research, 13(5), 883-889.

Li, X., & Zhang, T. (2017, April). An exploration on artificial intelligence application: From

security, privacy and ethic perspective. In 2017 IEEE 2nd International Conference on

Cloud Computing and Big Data Analysis (ICCCBDA) (pp. 416-420). IEEE.

Mosteanu, N. R. (2020). Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Security–A Shield against Cyberattack as

a Risk Business Management Tool–Case of European Countries. Quality-Access to

Success, 21(175).

Mosteanu, N. R. (2020). Artificial Intelligence And Cyber Security–Face To Face With Cyber

Attack–A Maltese Case Of Risk Management Approach. Eco forum Journal, 9(2).

Soni, V. D. (2020). Challenges and Solution for Artificial Intelligence in Cybersecurity of the

USA. Available at SSRN 3624487.

Taddeo, M., McCutcheon, T., &Floridi, L. (2019). Trusting artificial intelligence in cybersecurity is

a double-edged sword. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1(12), 557-560.

1

Safety First: Open Carry Firearms on Higher Education Campuses in Arizona

Student Name

Columbia Southern University

EH 1020 English Composition II

Instructor Name

Due Date

Full title of the paper with the

major words beginning with a

capital letter

Top of page, plai

n

number on right of

header

Student’s first and last

name

Name of the institution

will always be

“Columbia Southern

University.”

Unit IV Color Key:

• Blue: APA document formatting

• Red: Example common mistakes in APA style

• Brown: Paragraph number and label

• Green: Sentence-level number and

explanation

Please note that the margins are a little wider than standard on

this example paper so as to make room for the comment bubbles.

2

Safety First: Open Carry Firearms on Higher Education Campuses in Arizona

Much has been made in the past few years about gun restrictions in the U.S.

Proponents of gun regulation are in a constant state of lobbying for state and federal bills

that restrict access to firearms, whether that takes the form of more extensive background

checks on potential gun owners or longer waiting periods before guns may be sold to

individuals. On the other side, the National Rifle Association (NRA) and other like-

minded individuals advocate for looser restrictions on the sale and carrying of firearms.

For these supporters of pro-gun legislation, owning and carrying guns is a fundamental

right—even a civil right. While this national debate continues to loom over the hot topic

of guns, there are breaking news stories, especially within the last few months, that bring

this fundamental debate to the threshold of our nations’ colleges, high schools, even

elementary schools. Seung-Hui Cho’s massacre at Virginia Tech (April 16, 2007) is

perhaps one of the more infamous school shootings, but there are others that are perhaps

more difficult to remember, like the deaths of 27 killed at Sandy Hook Elementary

School in Newton, Connecticut (December 14, 2012) (CNN, 2015). Shootings like these

in educational settings have drawn attention from both anti-gun proponents and pro-gun

lobbyists, and the State of Arizona is no exception to this firestorm. The Arizona State

legislature has proposed SB 1474, a gun bill that will allow students and faculty to carry

guns on the campus grounds of its three state-funded universities. Supporters of the bill

claim that Arizona is an open carry state, and those rights should not be restricted simply

because the carrier crosses the border of a college campus. Those against the bill assert

that guns have no place in education and that those who support the bill are only after

their own election-year agendas. While the Second Amendment should be upheld, the

Full title presented again at the top of the page.

Para 1:

Introductio

n

Sentence 1
(S1): Amanda
introduces
the main
topic (gun
control) in a
generalized
manner; this
sentence also
introduces
the con

side

of the
controversy.

S2 & S3:
Follows S1
by
introducing
the position
of the pro
side; again,
Amanda is
general,
focusing on
the larger
controversy.

S4: Amanda
begins to

narrow the
scope of the
project by
pointing

towards a
specific

debate within
the

controversy
of gun

control: gun
control in

educational
settings.

S5: Specific
examples
from the
news. Note
that these are
examples of
school
shootings
with which
most people
are familiar.
This grounds
the project to
what is at
stake in
making
arguments
about this
topic.

S6: Amanda
again
narrows the
scope of the
project by
moving from
gun control
in
educational
settings to
this debate
as it takes
place in a
specific
location:
Arizona.

S7: In this
sentence, the
writer
introduces
the specific
topic of the
project: the
controversy
around
SB1474.

S8 & 9:
Following the
same order
from above
(con first,
then pro),
Amanda
presents the
sides of the
controversy
by
introducing
each specific
position.

3

educational learning environment should be protected; therefore, SB 1474 is a

detrimental and dangerous bill that has the potential to change the university campus

culture in Arizona state universities.

The

Literature Review

In order to better understanding the origins of SB1474 and the controversy that

surrounds it, the history of gun violence in school settings must be taken into account;

therefore, a brief look at some of the events of the past few decades is presented. Further,

this review will examine in greater detail the positions of the two sides of the

controversy, beginning with the pro-SB1474 side, which is in favor of allowing open

carry on all Arizona state-funded campuses. Then the position of those against SB1474

will be presented; again, this con side is arguing for Arizona campuses to remain as they

are now: a place without firearms.

A Brief Look at Gun Violence in Schools

The topic of gun control in educational environments exploded in 1999 when Eric

Harris and Dylan Klebold walked into a virtually unknown high school in Littleton, CO,

and killed twelve students and one teacher (Gibbs and Roche, 1999). Questions of how

such events could occur and concerns about the violence of which teens and young adults

are capable became the concern of pressured administrators and horrified parents in big

cities and small towns alike. A string of school gun-centered violence followed over the

next few years. Perhaps most striking though was the way in which this one incident

changed the culture of America: clear backpacks, more metal detectors, and (of course)

S10: Amanda
presents her
thesis
statement.
She responds
to the
controversy
by crafting a
thesis
statement
that
simultaneousl
y agrees and
disagrees.

Para 2: Preface of the

Literature Review

Para 3: Brief

History

This is a
second-level
heading. It is
left-hand
justified and
bold. All
major words
are
capitalized.
This tells the
reader that
this next
section is a
division of
the first-level
heading that
is directly
above.

First-level heading: All major sections of the paper will
be first-level, including The literature Review, Body, and
Conclusion. You may choose to mark the Introduction,
but it is typically not done because the title of the
paper stands for the heading level. Note that the title is
centered and bold with title-case capitalization.

Note how
Amanda
prefaces the
LR by giving
the reader an
idea of what
will be
included. You
might also
note that the
paragraph is
written in
passive voice
so that she
can avoid
using
personal
pronouns
such as “I.”

Amanda has made a mistake: Only
the ampersand (&) should be used in
a parenthetical citation.

This citation
is in APA. It
shows the
authors and
year of
publication.
This
sentence is a
paraphrase
of Gibbs and
Roche. The
reader can
look at the
references
page to find
the original
document.

4

fear. Cloud (1999) points out some of the extreme, “zero tolerance” actions taken by

schools shortly following the Columbine shootings:

A seven-year-old boy in Cahokia, Ill., is suspended for having a nail clipper at

school. A 10th-grader at Surry County High School in Virginia is booted for

having blue-dyed hair. A Minnesota high school nixes a yearbook photo of an

Army enlistee in the senior class because it shows her sitting atop a cannon

outside a Veterans of Foreign Wars post.

Far from the exception, these actions considered these many years later seem

unreasonable, even in a post-9/11 world filled with uncertainty.

The Argument for Open Carry Everywhere in Arizona

However, in Arizona, the newly proposed SB 1474 would not seek to disarm

students; on the contrary, the bill would allow students the right to concealed carry on

state-funded university campuses. Proponents of the bill assert that such a measure is

long over due. According to an NRA poster that were taped to message boards all over

The University of Arizona campus, “[s]elf-defense is one of the most fundamental rights

of every human being.” Further, the poster states that the NRA has worked diligently

over the past 25 years to expand the right of open carry: the NRA has been “working for

passage of fair Right-to-Carry laws, expansion of carry reciprocity between the states and

the elimination of many ‘no-carry’ zones that only affect the law-abiding.” For the NRA,

one of the major private-public backers of the SB 1474, the restriction of concealed carry

on college campuses is an infringement on these basic rights. The flyer goes on to state

the following:

Here is another
way to include a
parenthetical
citation. Amanda
has incorporated
the author’s
name into the
sentence. Note
that the year of
publication is
presented after
the author, but
there is no
citation at the
end of the
sentence
because the
information is
already
presented at the
beginning.

This quotation is called a
“block.” If a quotation is
over 40 words long, then
you must “block” it by
removing the quotation
marks and indenting the
entire quotation ½” from
the left-hand margin. If
this quotation would
have been from a print
text, then the page
number would have been
included at the end of
the sentence, but it was
an electronic source.

Para 4: Pro
side

There are three second-level headings in the

LR. Headings help you and the reader to see

the organization of your paper.

Amanda
presents a
closer look at
the pro side
before the con
side. Note that
she is not
engaging with
the
arguments,
only
presenting
them as fairly
as she can.
The LR is
about the
arguments of
others.
Amanda
knows she will
be able to
make her own
arguments in
the Body of
the paper.

5

Those who oppose campus carry [of firearms] argue that educational institutions

should be treated differently, based on emotional claims that places of higher

learning are somehow exempt from real-world violence. But the truth is, despite

current prohibitions on legally carrying on campuses, crimes already occur on

campus, and the right to self- defense from those violent acts should be respected.

(NRA, 2012)

The NRA is correct. In fact, given the number of school-related shootings in the past few

months alone, it would seem that a student’s chances of being shot on campus seem

greater than if that same student were walking the streets of the community. From larger

cities to small towns, it seems that the size of the community does not matter: the

violence of a shooting can occur anywhere. However, even with this fact floating in the

backs of students’ minds, students must still attend classes and while it would seem

obvious that lawmakers on both sides want student safety, they just see the means to that

safety from different sides of the same coin.

The Case for Campuses as Unique

Eugene Sander (2012), the Interim President of the University of Arizona,

released the following statement about SB 1474: “I have been a gun owner for all my

adult life, and am fully supportive of the right to own a gun. However, having faculty,

staff or students bringing weapons into classrooms and other campus activities will do

nothing to make our campus safer.” While Sander does not go into detail about what this

newly proposed bill does have to do with, he makes his case on the basis that 50,000

students, staff, and faculty attend the campus daily, along with over 20,000 visitors

annually. For Sander (2015), the educational environment is a “unique atmosphere that is

Para 5: Con

side

This citation is correct. Amanda did not have to include
the author’s first name, but it is fine to do so the first
time that the author’s name is mentioned.

Amanda has
made a
mistake. Each
time an
author is
included, the
year of
publication
must follow.
So this
should read
as follows:
“While Sander
(2012)…”

Amanda
has made a
mistake.
The actual
year of the
publication
is 2012. Be
careful
about
editing for
errors like
this in your
own paper.

6

dependent on open and vigorous debate. Introducing guns into classrooms would

dramatically and negatively impact the ability to engage in constructive dialogue.” In

other words, even if the NRA does not believe that the university is a unique atmosphere,

as Sander and others do, then there is still a possibility that introducing the right to carry

concealed weapons on campus might lead to a change to the very culture of the

university.

While Arizona lawmakers continue to debate the merits of SB1474, the public

debate grows, as this issue concerns both public safety and citizens’ rights. Because the

three state universities in Arizona are publicly funded, the debate about allowing open

carry is very much a concern held by the communities in which these universities reside.

Those who are in favor of the change to an open carry status on university campuses wish

(a) for the open carry laws of the State of Arizona to be extended to all areas, which

includes all publicly funding institutions, such as the universities, and (b) for the open

carry of firearms to act as a deterrent to gun-related violence on college campuses. For

those who are against the passing of SB1474, many of whom occupy the space of the

university as professors, students, or administrators, the question of allowing the open

carry of firearms is no actual question at all: there is simply no need to involve weapons

in a space that is meant for open dialogue and debate. In as much as the Second

Amendment should be observed and upheld in the fashion adopted by the State of

Arizona in the form of open carry, the university setting is unique in that concerns about

open and free expression should be at the forefront—essentially making this bill a

potentially dangerous one that should be reconsidered or withdrawn completely.

Para 6: LR
Conclusion S1 & 2:

Amanda creates
a topic
sentence that
encapsulates
the concern of
the
controversy,
and she
includes a
second
sentence to
increase
understanding.

S3: Amanda
summarizes
the two main
arguments of
the pro side,
which favors
the passing
of SB1474.

S4: Amanda
summarizes the
main argument
of the con side,
those who are
against the
passing of
SB1474

S5: Amanda
reiterates her
own position by
reasserting her
thesis
statement. Note
that the thesis
statement is
slightly different
than the
original at the
end of the
Introduction
paragraph.

7

References

CNN Library. (2015, October 19). 28 deadliest mass shootings in U.S. history fast facts.

CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/16/us/20-deadliest-mass-shootings-in-u-s-

history-fast-facts/

Cloud, J. (1999, November 28). The Columbine effect. Time.

http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,35098,00.html

Gibbs, N. & Roche, T. (1999, December 20). The Columbine tapes. Time.

http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,992873,00.html

National Rifle Association. (2012). Arizona Self-Defense on Campus [Flyer]. NRA:

Author.

Sander, Eugene. (2012, March 20). UA President opposes campus guns bill. KGUN-TV.

http://www.kgun9.com

An APA list of references should be
labeled “References,” not “Works Cited”
or “Bibliograph.”

Titles in APA are presented in
sentence-case capitalization,
meaning that only the first word
or any proper noun should
begin with a capital letter.

Amanda has
made a
mistake. Only
the “A” in
Arizona
should be
capitalized in
this title.

Amanda has made
a mistake by
including the full
name of the author
here.

The last name
is presented
first; then the
first name and
middle (if
present) are
included as
initials. An
ampersand
(&) is used for
more than
one author.

http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/16/us/20-deadliest-mass-shootings-in-u-s-%20history-fast-facts/

http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/16/us/20-deadliest-mass-shootings-in-u-s-%20history-fast-facts/

http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,35098,00.html

http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,992873,00.html

http://www.kgun9.com/