Economic

Read the posted articles (“20 Best Ways to Finance a Business Startup” and “You Can Bootstrap Your Startup From an Excel Spreadsheet” and answer the following questions in 4-5 pages

1.  What are the strengths and weaknesses of crowdfunding a startup?

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2.  What is the most “controllable” means of funding a startup?

3.  Would you personally choose peer-to-peer lending to fund your startup? Why or why not?

4.  What is “Agile Financing” and, in your opinion, could it work for you as an entrepreneurial engineer?

20Best Ways To Finance A Business Start-Up

May 6, 2019 Chris Motola

When launching a business, the essential components of your success are the quality of your ideas and your willingness to put in the work required to see those ideas come to life. In the milk of capitalist meritocracy, the cream rises to the top. With gumption, know-how, and a little steely-eyed grit, there’s nothing stopping you from turning all that money currently languishing in your trust fund into a thriving business enterprise. Go ahead, make your mark on an opportunity-laden world!

Wait, what’s that you say? You don’t have a fat trust fund to draw from? In that case, looks like you’ll have to raise some capital. According to the Small Business Administration, the average cost of launching a start-up in 2009 was estimated (by the Kauffmann Foundation) to be $30,000. Obviously, different kinds of businesses have different funding requirements, but in the years since 2009, start-up costs certainly haven’t gone down.

The prospect of going, hat in hand, to beg for money from the holders of capital isn’t one that appeals to most entrepreneurs. It probably wasn’t the aspect of building a business that occupied your fever dreams growing up. Nonetheless, for those of us without inherited wealth, borrowing money to start a business is a necessity.

Let’s explore the ways you can get your mitts on some start-up capital for your new business venture.

Personal Assets

1. Your Own Assets

Self-funding may not be realistic for many entrepreneurs. Yet the fact remains that (according to the nonprofit association SCORE) 57 percent of start-up business owners use their personal savings for start-up capital. It may not be the most appealing prospect — it’s always more fun to spend someone else’s money — but sometimes, entrepreneurship entails sacrifice.

You might not be flush with cash, but you can always try doing things to change that. You could sell your car and just use Lyft, or the bus, to get around. Sell your house and rent an apartment above a restaurant. Or keep the house and get a home equity loan or line of credit. Just be sure to make the payments, or else you’ll be wishing you got that apartment when you had the chance.

You can even borrow money from your 401(k) or your IRA savings account. These are obviously not risk-free options and should not be your first resort. But if you were looking for a life of minimized risk, you’d have chosen a more staid line of work. So be careful, but know that these options are available to you.  In fact, your business might be seen as a more worthwhile investment if investors see that you have a personal stake in its success.

If you’re thinking about tapping your retirement accounts, you may want to look into 

Rollovers as Business Startups (ROBS)

. For a fee, a ROBS funder will allow you to tap your retirement funds tax-free and use them to finance a new business or acquire an existing one. Keep in mind, this is still a risky practice that can jeopardize your retirement savings, and the fees can be significant.

2. Friends and Family

Another less-than-ideal funding solution involves hitting up your friends and family for money. It’s certainly a tempting route to go. Banks and investors will likely demand a more thorough accounting of your business structure and creditworthiness than will your Nana. She’s probably not going to charge you the same level of interest, either.

However, it’s one thing to imperil your own finances with the inherently risky activity of starting a business. It’s quite another to put your close personal relationships in jeopardy. Consider the risk to which you’re subjecting your loved ones. Also consider the fact that having your family and friends’ money involved may drive you to stick with a losing proposition longer than is rational, should your business start to tank (as so many do).

If you do decide to seek business funding from friends and family, do yourself a favor: go through all the proper legal channels and have the paperwork professionally prepared. You should also make sure to request a loan, not equity investment. Ask for the latter, and your friends/family will have the legal right to be involved in major decisions involving your business. Do you really want Uncle Earl playing a role in running your company? He still uses AOL, for heaven’s sake.

3. Personal Loans

When you’re launching a start-up, business loans can be quite hard to obtain, mostly due to your lack of existing business revenue. It’s a classic “chicken and egg” problem. This is where personal loans can become a solution. Whereas getting a business loan is dependent on characteristics like the health and creditworthiness of your business, getting a personal loan is entirely dependent on your characteristics. Expect lenders to closely scrutinize your credit score (640 is typically the bare minimum), source of income, debt-to-income ratio, and proposed use of the loan.

Personal loans generally top out at $35K, though a few lenders cap it at $50K or higher. This is but a fraction of the amount you can borrow with a business loan, which can be $1M or more. Simply put, start-ups are inherently risky ventures, so the amount of capital lenders are willing to lend you is going to be strictly limited.

Business Financing

4. Credit Cards

Credit cards can always help you out of a jam in your personal life. The same applies to financing your start-up.

Small business credit cards can have limits as high as $50,000. Considering that this is funding you can use without having your business plans scrutinized by some grand poobah, credit cards may be one of the most convenient means of financing a budding business. Of course, with this convenience comes high interest rates. You don’t want to let your credit card debt linger with the interest piling up, so plan to pay it back as soon as possible, within the 

no-interest grace period if possible

.

5. Grants

Free money: what better way could there be to fund your start-up? Unfortunately, obtaining a grant to fund your young business isn’t easy. That’s why you don’t hear about it happening too often. However, grant programs do, in fact, exist. There are federal grant programs, state and local government grant programs, and some private grant organizations as well.

You can find

 grant programs

 tailored to specific types of businesses, as well as certain segments of the population. There are small business grant programs for veterans, 

women

, single mothers, and other groups. Be prepared to write an extensive and detailed proposal if you want any hope of landing a grant, however. Competition for grants is tight, and only the most compelling pleas are heard.

Grant programs can offer amounts as small as a few hundred dollars to recipients, so don’t expect to ride a wave of free money to business success. However, if you find a program that you match up well with and have a particularly poignant story to tell (and the time to tell it), you have nothing to lose by giving it a shot.

6. Bank Loans

Entrepreneurs trying to launch their first business venture are more likely to secure just about any of the above types of loans than a bank loan. Banks tend to want to see a history of profit before they’ll let you sniff their money — an obvious problem for a new start-up.

Nonetheless, if you have a significant amount of collateral (and yes, that’s a big if) and excellent credit, don’t count out bank loans as a possible source of capital. A commercial loan from a bank can resemble a mortgage: there’s a fixed interest rate, fixed monthly/quarterly payments and a maturity date.

Equity Financing

7. Angel Investors

Angel investors are wealthy business people who finance startups that have the potential to make them even wealthier. Angel investors don’t offer loans; instead, they offer equity investments, which buy them a share of the ownership of your company. As it turns out, “angel investors” aren’t motivated by angelic altruism, but by the same profit motives that drive you and me! (If you’re familiar with any of the insufferable high rollers on the show Shark Tank, you know what I’m talking about.)

According to Entrepreneur.com, angel investments often amount to around $600,000, so we’re not talking chump change here. It’s a very tempting funding avenue to pursue if you’ve got more potential than cash on hand. But beware — you’ll also be giving up between 10 and 50 percent of your business.

There’s also the chance that your angel investor(s) might take exception to your management abilities and engineer a palace coup to depose your entrepreneurial butt right out of your own company. We’re talking Wolf of Wall Street stuff here. Experience this, and you probably won’t be thinking of them as “angels” anymore!

Nonetheless, if you think you can make it work, angel investors are quite a tempting source of capital, considering you won’t have to make payments with interest on the investment.

The Angel Capital Association (ACA) has a directory of angel groups and platforms. It’s a good place to begin your quest for angel investments.

Crowdfunding

Crowdfunding takes the traditional approach to raising start-up capital and turns it on its head. Instead of bringing your sales pitch to investors and institutions hoping to be heard, you get a platform on which to lay out your plans and your needs for your budding business. Utilizing the advantages of the internet and giving investors the chance to come to you is a much more efficient means of pitching woo to your potential funders. Different

crowdfunding

websites have somewhat different ways of operating. Let’s go through some of the more popular options.

8. Kickstarter

By far the most popular crowdfunding platform in existence, Kickstarter has become synonymous with crowdfunding. On their website, Kickstarter boasts:

Since our launch, on April 28, 2009, 13 million people have backed a project, $2.9 billion has been pledged, and 122,080 projects have been successfully funded.

Kickstarter is what’s known as a rewards-based fundraising platform. Rather than invest in the pursuit of financial or equity return, investors typically get a “reward” for their generosity in the form of getting to use the end product or service in advance of everyone else.

Kickstarter is a fine option for the entrepreneur with a compelling pitch to make, but keep in mind that Kickstarter releases the funds donated to your business only after your campaign reaches its funding goal. Only about 36% of Kickstarter campaigns reach their funding goal. The rest fall short, in which case the campaigner gets nothing.

9. Indiegogo

Indiego started as a fundraising platform for independent films but has since expanded to become a general purpose crowdfunder, offering opportunities in even more business categories than does Kickstarter.

Though they don’t get the same degree of media attention Kickstarter gets, Indiegogo actually has more live campaigns going at any one time than does Kickstarter. That may be because, unlike their better-known competitors, Indiegogo crowdfunding campaigns don’t necessarily have to meet their fundraising goal to receive their funds. All-or-nothing funding campaigns are offered by Indiegogo, though, as many backers may find that a more attractive proposition.

One important note: unlike Kickstarter donations, Indiegogo investments are not refundable.

10. GoFundMe

GoFundMe is a crowdfunding platform most often used for personal causes and unfortunate life events, though you could certainly attempt to raise start-up funds through the site. It’s not linked to an existing community of investors, though, so donations are most likely to come from those in your own personal network, as well as those to whom you can get the word out. To this end, GoFundMe is optimized for social sharing.

With GoFundMe, there is no all-or-nothing funding requirement, though you will have to pay the same fees regardless of whether your campaign raises $2000 or $20. If your start-up is related to some kind of personal or social cause, GoFundMe is a crowdfunding avenue worth pursuing. Just don’t expect a tremendous windfall.

11. Funding Contests

Funding contests are a very non-traditional means of raising money for a business start-up, but then again, tradition is overrated. Programs like the Amazon Web Services Start-Up Challenge and the MIT $100K Entrepreneurship Competition offers start-ups the chance to compete for thousands of dollars in funding every year. These contests receive an overwhelming number of applicants, as you can imagine. Make sure to present your pitch in a unique and compelling way. Your ideas need to stand out in a sea of thirsty funding seekers.

12. Peer-to-Peer Lending

Peer-to-Peer Lending, sometimes known as social lending or crowdlending, takes the crowdfunding model of Kickstarter and combines it with more traditional lending practices. P2P services are essentially matchmaking services, only instead of pairing up lonely singles desperate for some semblance of human connection, P2P companies match lenders with borrowers.

P2P loans have two primary advantages over traditional loans. The first is that the application process is simpler and more convenient. You don’t have to meet with some stuffed suit or open your business premises for inspection. The entire process can be done at home, in your bedclothes (like most of the truly important things in life). The second advantage is that the process for getting approved and receiving funds is much faster than with traditional lending.

The downside is that P2P lenders tend to be particularly risk-averse when it comes to lending to those with iffy credit.

Microloans

Microloans exist for the benefit of borrowers who fall short of the collateral and cash flow requirements necessary to acquire traditional bank loans.

Microloans are typically defined as very small, short-term loans with a low-interest rate, extended to self-employed individuals, new startups with very low capital requirements, or small businesses with only a few employees.

Microloans can be facilitated both by the federal government and private entities.

13. SBA Microloans

As part of the SBA Small Business Loan Advantage program, SBA lenders are encouraged to make smaller business loans with lower interest rates (between 6 and 8 percent annually) to qualified businesses with good credit. Childcare-related nonprofits are particularly likely to be eligible for such loans. According to the SBA, the average such loan size is $13,000, and the maximum length of an SBA microloan is six years.

SBA microloans

 must be used for the following specified purposes:

· Working capital

· Inventory or supplies

· Furniture or fixtures

· Machinery or equipment

An SBA microloan cannot be used to pay off existing debts or to purchase real estate.

14. Kiva Microloans

Kiva is a nonprofit microlender that offers loans with 0% interest and no collateral. Pretty sweet, huh? Kiva offers a maximum possible borrowing amount of $10K, so their loans are decidedly micro, Plus, the application process is long and arduous. On the other hand, 0% interest and no collateral!

Kiva is known for treating its users with a personal touch, which is decidedly not the norm in this field. In an industry rife with predatory practices, Kiva strives to be a positive community force, and that’s something I can get behind.

15. Accion Microloans

Accion is another private nonprofit microlender. Unlike Kiva, their loans do come with interest (8% – 22%) and can involve collateral requirements. However, Accion loans can be as much as $50K.

Not only does Accion offer microloans, but they also provide financial education, holding workshops and events around the country geared towards getting emerging small businesses on their feet. They also enjoy a reputation for transparency and excellent customer service.

SBA Loans (aside from microloans)

Microloans aren’t the only types of loans available to start-ups offered by the SBA.

16. 7(a) Loans

7(a) loan

 is a loan partially guaranteed by the SBA in which the lender agrees not to exceed certain limits on interest rates and other loan terms. The program is designed to help borrowers who would be unlikely to qualify for a commercial loan from a bank.

To qualify for an SBA 7(a) loan, you must demonstrate that the SBA wasn’t the first place you went looking for money. Perhaps the biggest buzzkill here is that your business must also have already generated over a million dollars in income. Clearly, this isn’t a funding route to pursue before you actually launch your start-up. But for young businesses with demonstrable potential, the 7(a) program may be worth considering.

17. CDC/504 Loans

Another SBA loan program, 

CDC/504 loans

 are tools with which the government helps certain businesses pursuant to specific public policy goals, such as energy efficiency or the promotion of minority-owned businesses.

According to the SBA, CDC/504 loans may be used for the following purposes:

· The purchase of land, including existing buildings

· The purchase of improvements, including grading, street improvements, utilities, parking lots and landscaping

· The construction of new facilities or modernizing, renovating or converting existing facilities

· The purchase of long-term machinery and equipment

Clearly, these aren’t the things most start-ups are looking to do, but if your new venture is involved with any of the above, and your business purpose is seen by the SBA as furthering their public policies, you may just want to investigate this program.

Miscellaneous

18. Trade Credit

Trade credit is the credit extended to you by suppliers who let you buy now and pay later. Any time you take delivery of materials, equipment or other valuables without paying cash on the spot, you’re using trade credit.

Since trade credit is trust-based, it’s not easy for a start-up to obtain. However, if you really have your stuff together, you can pitch this arrangement to your suppliers just as you would if you were applying for a bank loan. Present a detailed business plan and offer collateral.

For new businesses, trade credit is a definite long-shot, which is why it’s all the way down at number 18. Still, keep it in mind as a possibility.

19. Presales

This is another path to funding that’s difficult if you’re a start-up without an established reputation, but if you have the right kind of marketing skills, you just might be able to pull it off. Let’s say you’re in the process of creating a simple yet addictive video game. You show off a demo of the game on your popular YouTube channel and people go nuts for it. Even the YouTube comment trolls are impressed. If people like you enough, you might convince enough of them to pre-pay for the right to download the finished product on launch day. This way, there’s no middle-man involved, thus giving you direct access to the capital you need.

It’s so crazy that it just might work.

20.

PayPal Working Capital

You might not realize that PayPal offers loans, but yes, in fact, they do. PayPal Working Capital offers short-term business loans based on an existing business’s PayPal earnings–in short, it’s a funding option that requires a bit of business history. It’s not for the brand-new start-up with no earnings, but for more established businesses, PayPal loans can be an attractive option. They don’t even require a minimum credit score.

To apply, you need to fill out an application available through your PayPal account. You won’t need to provide any other information as PayPal is already your credit card processor in this scenario and they are aware o your financial situation.

Final Thoughts

The quest for start-up financing isn’t a game for the meek. It’s a full-contact sport, and you’ve got to be willing to get out there and fight for the merits of your ideas and the structural soundness of your business plan. You’ve also got to expect rejection when seeking business capital. That’s why it helps to be aware of as many paths to capital as possible. Given the plethora of funding opportunities out there, the odds are decent that you’ll find at least one path that’s navigable for you and your start-up–so long as you’ve done your entrepreneurial homework and applied a fresh coat of optimism to your face, that is.

Of course, you could have avoided all this if you had just chosen to be born with a trust fund, but we’ll let that slide.

Chris Motola is a writer, programmer, game designer, and product of NY. These days he’s mostly writing about financial products, but in a past life he wrote about health care and business. He’s a graduate of the University of Central Florida.

You Can Bootstrap Your Startup from an Excel Spreadsheet with This Founder’s ‘Agile Financing’ Model

By Jeff Haden

, Contributing editor, Inc.

Pini Yakuel

 is the co-founder of Optimove, an AI-driven relationship management platform that lets brands like 800-Flowers, Adore Me and Freshly divide their customer base into micro-segments and send them extremely personalized, emotionally intelligent communications at a huge scale. 

Sounds great, right? It is — but when they launched the company almost ten years ago, they kept their day jobs, bootstrapped Optimove, and created a simple Excel spreadsheet to handle accounting.

​And as you’ll see, even though they now have over 100 employees and offices on three continents, they used that same spreadsheet until last year.

Pini calls the approach agile financing. Want to know how you can use agile financing to grow your business without significant capital or outside investors?

Here’s Pini:

If you’ve started a self-sustaining business–one that prioritizes profitable growth–your financial situation is unique. You aren’t governed by an arbitrary valuation, nor do you need to report to investors. Your growth depends on chasing revenue. And if you’re a young company that’s growing quickly and constantly changing, you need to be nimble.

My company, Optimove, now has 140 employees, more than 250 clients, and offices in three continents. An agile financing method helped us grow from a two-person startup to one with 140 employees and offices in three continents. It seems unreal that until a year ago, and for six years running, we managed our entire financial operation from a single Excel sheet.

Could “Agile Financing” Work for You?

This method worked for us because it kept us focused on staying profitable and investing in the highest priority areas of our business. From day one, my co-founder and I knew we weren’t going to take any funding until we were ready. We kept our day jobs as university lecturers and bootstrapped the business by taking on consulting work–analyzing and segmenting customer personas for companies that were sitting on a goldmine of data.

As the consulting money came in, we invested every available penny into the product, which would automate the work we were doing for our clients. By starting with a consulting model, we were able to get valuable customer feedback and build a client base while developing our SaaS product.

While we had a plan in place for making money, our business was growing and changing rapidly. Creating an annual forecast or measuring estimated vs. actual spend wouldn’t have told us much about our business.

What To Put In Your Model

We engineered an agile financing model based on the monthly economics of our business. Based on a snapshot of our net revenue in a given month, we made quick decisions about where to invest.

 We tracked four numbers:

· Monthly revenue (total booked across all signed contracts, averaged by month)

· Monthly costs (total spent on salaries, rent, equipment, travel, etc., averaged by month)

· Revenue gap (the difference between numbers one and two)

· Cash buffer (savings in the bank

Key to this approach was its real-time nature. We tracked all expenses as they happened; for instance, we would add a new hire’s salary to our calculation of monthly costs, even if their start date wasn’t for another 90 days.

Similarly, we added new client revenue as soon as the contract was signed. We could always see the amount we had available to invest back into the business. When this gap became substantial enough–for instance, after signing a new client–we would invest in the most immediate bottleneck, whether it was engineering talent, a bigger marketing budget, or customer support resources.

A monthly model worked well for us as a consulting-turned-SaaS business with recurring revenue (first in the form of consulting clients on retainer, then a monthly subscription for the product) and regular expenses (primarily payroll and rent). Our business was not yet mature enough to warrant hiring a controller and creating an annual budget or quarterly forecast.

In fact, we had no interest in the future or the past, estimates versus actuals, or projections of any kind. We kept our eyes on the business’ financials in the present.

When we first started the company, our cash buffer was about $100,000, saved from consulting, plus our own financing and a small loan. Our recurring costs were about $20,000 per month. Once we reached $25,000 in monthly revenue–a gap of $5,000–we began to take small salaries and rented an office.

Keep It Updated in Real Time

As we grew and had more revenue and expenses, we logged everything in that single Excel sheet. It saved us a great deal of time that would have been spent on forecasting and accounting. Even after we hired a CFO, we used the same method of agile financing. The CFO managed the finances and the two of us allocated monthly budgets to department heads. These budgets were accounted for as part of our recurring expenses; anything beyond this needed to be approved.

The only time our costs exceeded revenue was a period in 2009, just after the financial collapse. During this time we mostly broke even, but it proved the importance of having a cash buffer. We were judicious about where we invested, and our growth was a bit slower.

We used the same agile model until a year ago, when we took a $20 million growth investment. At this point we had a cash buffer of $3 million. Our product was well established in the industry, serving hundreds of clients and in its sixth version release. The fact that this financial model served us through years of growth attests to how well it embodied our M.O.: Iterate quickly, and invest every dollar back into the business.

It also served to maintain our ethos that businesses can grow without 

burning through VC cash

.

Conclusion

A few tips for agile financing:

1. Write down recurring costs as soon as you know them–even if one is set to start in 90 days.

2. In the beginning you may need to take a small loan to establish a cash buffer, and use your gap to pay off the loan.

3. Make every decision based on the gap at that particular moment–not based on optimistic forecasting or a yearly meeting in which you make financial decisions.

 And a couple of caveats:

· This approach doesn’t work for businesses with high churn rates or variable spending. Too much fluctuation becomes dangerous because your buffer may not be able to absorb a significant change from month to month.

· It also doesn’t work for businesses with outside investors who require reporting and transparency into the finances. It is a method for bootstrapped startups with recurring revenue and consistent spending, such as SaaS businesses.

As a startup, your ability to predict the future is limited. You are forced to react to what is happening in the moment, prioritize fiercely, iterate, and move forward. Your financing paradigm should represent this type of agile growth. 

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