Lab3 Mitosis and Meiosis BIO201L
Student Name:
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Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit):
Pre-Lab Questions
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1.
What are chromosomes made of?”
”2. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. ”
”3. Cancer is a disease related to uncontrolled cell division. Investigate two known causes for these rapidly dividing cells and use this knowledge to invent a drug that would inhibit the growth of cancer cells. ”
Experiment 1: Observation of Mitosis in a Plant Cell
Table 1: Mitosis Predictions
Predictions
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Supporting Evidence
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Table 2: Mitosis Data
Chosen Image
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Stage
Number of Cells in Stage
Total Number of Cells
Calculated % of Time Spent in Stage
Interphase
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Prophase
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Metaphase
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Anaphase
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Telophase
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Cytokinesis
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Table 3: Stage Drawings
Cell Stage
Drawing
REMEMBER: Your drawings should have your name and access code handwritten in the background.
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Post-Lab Questions
”1. Label the arrows in the slide image below with the appropriate stage of the cell cycle. ”
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”2. What stage were most of the onion root tip cells in? Why does this make sense? ”
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”3. As a cell grows, what happens to its surface area : volume ratio? (Think of a balloon being blown up). How is this changing ratio related to cell division? ”
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”4. What is the function of mitosis in a cell that is about to divide? ”
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”5. What would happen if mitosis were uncontrolled? ”
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”6. How accurate were your time predictions for each stage of the cell cycle? ”
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”7. Discuss one observation that you found interesting while looking at the onion root tip cells.”
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Experiment 2: Tracking Chromosomes Through Mitosis
Once you have completed the digital exercise, select the “Results Table” button at the bottom right-hand corner of the screen and select the “Generate PDF” button at the top of the following screen. Insert your download into this document by selecting the Insert > Object > Text from file. Resize if necessary.
Post-Lab Questions
1. How many chromosomes were present before mitosis?
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1. How many chromosomes did each of the daughter cells contain after mitosis?
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1. Cite an example of a type of cell that undergoes mitosis. Why is it important for each daughter cell to contain information identical to the parent cell?
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1.
Human skin cells divide at a higher rate than neurons (nerve cells). Hypothesize why this may be.
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1. Hypothesize what would happen if the sister chromatids did not split equally during anaphase of mitosis.
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Experiment 3: Following Chromosomal DNA Movement through Meiosis
Part 1: Once you have completed the digital exercises, take screenshots and insert them below. Resize if necessary.
Table 5a (Meiosis I):
Table 5b (Meiosis II):
Parts 2, 3, and 4: Once you have completed the digital exercise, select the “View Data Table” button at the bottom left-hand corner of the home screen. Review your table. If you would like to make any changes, select the “Return” button in the bottom right-hand corner. If you are satisfied with your answers, take a screenshot and insert it below. Resize if necessary:
Post-Lab Questions
How did crossing over affect the genetic content in the gametes? Use your results to support your answer.
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What is the ploidy of the daughter cells at the end of meiosis I? What about at the end of meiosis II?
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List two differences between meiosis I and meiosis II.
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Based on your observations in the digital exercise, what can you conclude about the severity of nondisjunction that occurs in meiosis I as opposed to meiosis II?
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Why is it necessary to reduce the number of chromosomes in gametes, but not in other cells?
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Blue whales have 44 chromosomes in every cell. Determine how many chromosomes you would expect to find in the following: ”
”Sperm Cell: ” Click here to enter text.
”Egg Cell: ” Click here to enter text.
”Daughter Cell from Mitosis: ” Click here to enter text.
”Daughter Cell from Meiosis II: ” Click here to enter text.
Experiment 4: The Importance of Cell Cycle Control
Data:
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Post-Lab Questions
”1. Record your hypothesis from Step 1 in the Procedure section here. ”
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”2. What do your results indicate about cell cycle control? ”
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”3. Suppose a person developed a mutation in a somatic cell which diminishes the performance of the body’s natural cell cycle control proteins. This mutation resulted in cancer yet, but was effectively treated with a cocktail of cancer-fighting techniques. Is it possible for this person’s future children to inherit this cancer-causing mutation? Be specific when you explain why or why not. ”
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”4. Why do cells which lack cell cycle control exhibit karyotypes which look physically different than cells with normal cell cycle. ”
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”5. What are HeLa cells? Why are HeLa cells appropriate for this experiment? ”
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”6. Research the function of the protein called p53. What does this function do? Explain how it can affect cell cycle control. ”
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”7. What is the Philadelphia chromosome? How is this chromosome related to cancer? Identify how this chromosome appears physically different on a karyotype than it appears on a karyotype of normal chromosomes. ”
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Lab 4 Diffusion and Osmosis BIO201L
Student Name:
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Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): Click here to enter text.
Pre-Lab Questions:
”1. Compare and contrast diffusion and osmosis.”
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”2. What is the water potential of an open beaker containing pure water? ”
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”3. Why don’t red blood cells swell or shrink in blood? ”
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Experiment 1: Diffusion through a Liquid
Table 1: Rate of Diffusion in Corn Syrup
Time (sec)
Blue Dye
Red Dye
10
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20
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30
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40
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50
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60
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70
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80
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90
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100
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110
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120
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Table 2: Speed of Diffusion of Different Molecular Weight Dyes
Structure
Molecular Weight
Total Distance
Traveled (mm)
Speed of Diffusion (mm/hr)*
Blue Dye
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Red Dye
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*To get the hourly diffusion rate, multiply the total distance diffused by 30.
Post-Lab Questions
” 1. Examine the plot below. How well does it match the data you took in Table 1? ”
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”2. Which dye diffused the fastest? ”
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”3. How does the rate of diffusion correspond with the molecular weight of the dye? ”
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”4. Does the rate of diffusion change over time? Why or why not? ”
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Experiment 2: Diffusion – Concentration Gradients and Membrane Permeability
Table 3: Indicator Reagent Data
Indicator
Starch Positive
Control (Color)
Starch Negative
Control (Color)
Glucose Positive
Control (Color)
Glucose Negative
Control (Color)
Glucose Test Strip
n/a
n/a
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IKI
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n/a
n/a
Table 4: Diffusion of Starch and Glucose Over Time
Indicator
Dialysis Bag After 1 Hour
Beaker Water After 1 Hour
Glucose Test Strip
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IKI
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Post-Lab Questions
”1. Why is it necessary to have positive and negative controls in this experiment? ”
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”2. Which substance(s) crossed the dialysis membrane? Support your response with data-based evidence. ”
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”3. Which molecules remained inside of the dialysis bag? ”
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”4. Did all of the molecules diffuse out of the bag into the beaker? Why or why not? ”
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Experiment 3: Osmosis – Direction and Concentration Gradients
”Hypothesis: ” Click here to enter text.
Table 6: Sucrose Concentration vs. Tubing Permeability
Band Color
Sucrose %
Initial Volume (mL)
Final Volume (mL)
Net Displacement (mL)
Yellow
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Red
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Blue
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Green
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Post-Lab Questions
”1. For each of the tubing pieces, identify whether the solution inside was hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic in comparison to the beaker solution it was placed in. ”
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”2. Which tubing increased the most in volume? Why? ”
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”3. What does this tell you about the relative tonicity between the contents of the tubing and the solution in the beaker? ”
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”4. What would happen if the tubing with the yellow band was placed in a beaker of distilled water? ”
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”5. Osmosis is how excess salts that accumulate in cells are transferred to the blood stream so they can be removed from the body. Explain how this process works in terms of tonicity. ”
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”6. How is this experiment similar to the way a cell membrane works in the body? How is it different? Be specific with your response. ”
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”7. If you wanted water to flow out of a tubing piece filled with a 50% solution, what would the minimum concentration of the beaker solution need to be? Explain your answer using scientific evidence. ”
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Experiment 4: Osmosis – Tonicity and the Plant Cell
Table 7: Water Displacement per Potato Sample
Potato
Potato Type and
Observations
Sample
Initial Displacement (mL)
Final Displacement (mL)
Net Displacement (mL)
1
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1A
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1
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1B
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2
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2A
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2
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2B
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Post-Lab Questions
”1. How did the physical characteristics of the potato vary before and after the experiment? Did it vary by potato type? ”
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”2. What does the net change in the potato sample indicate? ”
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”3. Different types of potatoes have varying natural sugar concentrations. Explain how this may influence the water potential of each type of potato. ”
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”4. Based on the data from this experiment, hypothesize which potato has the highest natural sugar concentration. Explain your reasoning. ”
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”5. Did water flow in or out of the plant cells (potato cells) in each of the samples examined? How do you know this? ”
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”6. Would this experiment work with other plant cells? What about with animal cells? Why or why not? ”
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”7. From what you know of tonicity, what can you say about the plant cells and the solutions in the test tubes? ”
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”8. What do your results show about the concentration of the cytoplasm in the potato cells at the start of the experiment? ”
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”9. If the potato is allowed to dehydrate by sitting in open air, would the potato cells be more likely to absorb more or less water? Explain.
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Lab 5 Tissues and Skin BIO201L
Student Name:
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Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): Click here to enter text.
Pre-Lab Questions:
”1. What is a tissue?”
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2. What is the function of epithelial tissue? ”
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3. What is the function of connective tissue? ”
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4. What is the function of muscular tissue? ”
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5. What is the function of nervous tissue? ”
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6. Describe sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hairs with regard to the function of the skin. ”
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7. What is the function of melanin? ”
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8. List the similarities and differences of the layers of the epidermis. ”
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Experiment 1: Microscopic Slide Examination of Tissue
”Identify the following tissue slides: ”
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A) Epithelial Tissue Type
B) Epithelial Tissue Type
Connective Tissue
C) Connective Tissue Type
D) Connective Tissue Type
E) Connective Tissue Type
F) Muscular Tissue Type
G) Muscular Tissue Type
H) Unidentified Tissue Type
Post-Lab Questions
”1. What is the difference between simple, stratified and pseudostratified epithelial tissue? ”
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2. Describe the cell shape of squamous, cuboidal and columnar epithelial cells. ”
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3. Does the number of cell layers or the cell shape play a role in the function of the epithelial tissue? Provide three examples. ”
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”4. List and describe the different types of connective tissue. What similarities and differences did you notice when viewing the prepared slides? ”
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”5. What are the three components of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue? ”
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”6. What are the three types of cartilage? What are their similarities and differences? ”
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”7. What are the three types of muscular tissue? For each, describe the cell shape, the type of control (voluntary or involuntary) and the presence or absence of striations. ”
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”8. Looking at the nervous tissue, state the cell processes visible (i.e., axon) on the prepared slide. For each process, state the function. ”
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”9. What is the difference between multipolar, bipolar and unipolar neurons? ”
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Experiment 2: Microscopic Slide Examination—Skin
”1. Label the arrows in the following slide image: ”
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”2. Determine whether the following statements pertain to the epidermis or dermis. ”
Statement
Epidermis or Dermis
”This layer consists of the papillary layer and the reticular layer”
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”Composed of keratinized stratified Squamous epithelium”
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”Langerhans cell and Merkel cell reside in this layer”
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”Composed of dense irregular connective tissue”
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”The fingerprint pattern, unique to each individual, is created in this layer”
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”Outermost layer of skin”
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”This layer has laminated granules and keratohyalin granules within the stratum granulosum”
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”The dense supply of blood allows this layer to play a part in body temperature regulation”
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”3. List the five layers of the epidermis from most internal to most external and describe their function. ”
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”4. List the two layers of the dermis from most internal to most external and describe their function. ”
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Experiment 3: Sweat Gland Distribution
Table 2: Sweat Gland Distribution
Body Region
Sweat Glands/cm2
Right Anterior Forearm
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Right Palm
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Right Anterior Thigh
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Right Anterior Foot
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Post-Lab Questions
”1. What area of the body had the greatest density of sweat glands, based on your experimental results? What area had the lowest? Why do you think this is? ”
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”2. What is the purpose of sweat glands? ”
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”3. If you were to perform this same test on a friend, do you believe their results would be similar or different to yours? Why or why not? ”
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Experiment 4: Skin Receptors
Table 3: Two-Point Discrimination Test Results
Body Region
Left-Side Caliper Measurement
Right-Side Caliper Measurement
Scalp
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Forehead
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Lips
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Front of Neck
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Back of Neck
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Shoulder
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Upper Arm
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Elbow
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Forearm
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Wrist
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Back of Hand
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Palm of Hand
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Tip of Thumb
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Tip of Index Finger
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Tip of Middle Finger
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Tip of Ring Finger
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Tip of Pinkie
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Post-Lab Questions
”1. Which region was most sensitive to this test? Which was least sensitive? ”
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”2. Can you think of an advantage to having a greater distribution of touch receptors in the area that you found to be most sensitive? ”
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”3. Was there a difference between the measurements of the left and right side of the body? Why or why not? ”
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Experiment 5: Introduction to the Fetal Pig
Table 4: External Observation of the Fetal Pig
Area
Observations
Skin
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Head Region
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Neck Region
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Trunk Region
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Tail Region (including sex of pig)
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Insert photo of pig in dissection tray with your name and access code clearly visible in the background:”
Lab
7 The Muscular System BIO201L
Student Name:
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Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): Click here to enter text.
Pre-Lab Questions
”1. How do banding patterns change when a muscle contracts?”
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”2. What is the difference between a muscle organ, a muscle fiber, myofibril and a myofilament? ”
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”3. Outline the molecular mechanism for skeletal muscle contraction. At what point is ATP used and why? ”
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”4. Explain why rigor mortis occurs. ”
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Experiment 1: Tendons and Ligaments
Post-Lab Questions
”1. Label the arrows in the slide images below based on your observations from the experiment. ”
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B-
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”2. How does the extra cellular matrix of connective tissues contribute to its function? ”
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”3. Why are tendons and ligament tissues difficult to heal? ”
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”4. What difference do you see between the tendon – muscle insertion image and the tendon image? ”
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”5. What differences do you see between the tendon and ligament sections? ”
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Experiment 2: The Neuromuscular Junction
Post-Lab Questions
”1. Are there few or many nuclei at the end plate? ”
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”2. What is a motor unit? ”
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”3. How is a greater force generated (in terms or motor unit recruitment)? ”
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”4. What types of sensors are present within the muscle to identify how much force is generated? ”
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Experiment 3: Muscle Fatigue
Table 2: Experimental Counts
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Trial 4
Trial 5
Predicted Value
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Actual Value
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Post-Lab Questions
”1. How did the predicted results compare to the actual results? ”
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”2. Did you notice any changes in the number of repetitions you could perform, or how your hand felt after each of the trials? ”
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”3. Explain the actions that were occurring at the cellular level to produce this movement. Include sources of energy and any possible effect of muscle fatigue. ”
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”4. Hypothesize what would happen if blood flow was restricted to the hand when this experiment is performed. ”
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Experiment 4: Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System
Table 3: Gross Anatomy Data
Movement
Muscle(s) Activated
Action(s) of Muscle(s)
Forearm Extended (Step 1)
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Fingers Extended and Splayed (Step 1)
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Fingers Retracted (Step 1)
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Forearm Pressed Down Upon (Step 2)
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Elbow Bent (Step 3)
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Arm Raised to Side with Heavy Object (Step 4)
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Arm Extended Back with Heavy Object (Step 4)
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(lower limbs; student selects action…)
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(lower limbs; student selects action…)
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(lower limbs; student selects action…)
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(lower limbs; student selects action…)
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(lower limbs; student selects action…)
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(lower limbs; student selects action…)
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(lower limbs; student selects action…)
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Post-Lab Questions
Label the human muscle diagram.
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B – Click here to enter text.
C – Click here to enter text.
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F – Click here to enter text.
G – Click here to enter text.
H – Click here to enter text.
Which muscle(s) were used to extend your arms backward?
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Which muscle(s) were used to extend and splay your fingers outward?
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Experiment 5: ATP and Muscle Fatigue
Table 4: Muscle Fatigue Data
Trial
Time (seconds)
Trial 1
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Trial 2
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Trial 3
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Post-Lab Questions
”1. What happened to the time intervals between Trial 1 and Trial 3? What caused this change? ”
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”2. Identify three muscles which were engaged during the wall-sit. ”
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”3. Explain the biochemical reasoning behind muscle fatigue. ”
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Experiment 6: The Virtual Model – The Muscular System (Upper Body)
Insert screenshot of the latissimus dorsi muscle:
Insert screenshot of the greater pectoral muscle:
Insert screenshot of the brachial muscle:
Post-Lab Questions
”1. What is the scientific term for the muscles of the mouth? ”
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”2. What is the scientific name of the muscle that facilitates the raising of the lower lip? Is it on the ventral or dorsal side of the body?
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”3. Which muscle is deeper in the body: the internal oblique muscle or the transverse abdominal muscle?
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4. Is the trapezius muscle located in the abdomen, back, head, neck or thorax? ”
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”5. What muscle is more medial, the deltoid muscle or the greater pectoral muscle?
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Experiment 7: The Virtual Model – The Muscular System (Lower Body)
Insert screenshot of the semitendinous muscle:
Insert screenshot of the soleus muscle:
Insert screenshot of the gracilis muscle:
Post-Lab Questions
1. What is the role of the long extensor muscle of the toes? Which toes does it control?
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What is an adductor muscle? List three examples of adductor muscles here.
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Is the gracilis muscle located in the foot, hip, leg, or thigh muscle group?
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Relate the location of the semitendinous muscle and the greater gluteal muscle.
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Which muscle is most distal: the pectineal muscle, the soleus muscle, or the abductor muscle of the great toe?
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Experiment 8: Fetal Pig Dissection – Muscular System
Table 5: Experimental Data
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Movement
Pectoralis major
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Latissimus dorsi
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Deltoids
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Rectus abdominis
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Transverse abdominis
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Gluteus medius
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Post-Lab Questions
”1. Describe the tissue that covers muscles. ”
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”2. How many layers of abdominal muscle are there? ”
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”3. What direction do the muscle fibers of the external oblique run? ”
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”4. Why are muscle fibers considered excitable? ”
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”5. Why is it important to have both flexors and extensors? ”
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”6. How can muscle mass be influenced by training or age? ”
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”Insert image of pig with skin removed with your name and kit code clearly visible in the background: ”
