Anatomy

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Essay Questions Exam 

 1.Describe the Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction. Start your description from events occurring at the neuromuscular junction.  Be as complete as possible in your sketches and descriptions. 

2.Compare and contrast the basic muscle fiber types (Type I and Type II). Give insight as to how they differ in structure and function. Discuss the types of athletes that may be more replete with one type as opposed to the other. In your answer also define and discuss the concepts recruitment and the motor unit. If you fail to do so you will not receive full credit. 

3.Identify how ATP is produced/stored in the mitochondria and sarcoplasm of skeletal muscle. Be sure to describe this process in three scenarios: resting muscle, moderate activity, and during peak activity. 

4.Identify the origin, insertion and action of any six skeletal muscles. These six muscles cannot be from the same muscle region and must be from various parts of the body. Your answer must include a sketch of the muscle and its bony attachments.

Thank you!

51

Muscle Tissue

Objectives
• Describe the organization of muscle and the characteristics of skeletal muscle cells.
• Identify the structural components of the sarcomere.
• Summarize the events at the neuromuscular junction.
• Explain the key concepts involved in skeletal muscle contraction.
• Describe how muscle fibers obtain energy for contraction.
• Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic contraction, muscle fiber types, and muscle

performance.
• Identify the differences between skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

Three types of muscle
• Skeletal—attached to bone
• Cardiac—found in the heart
• Smooth—lines hollow organs
Characteristics of muscle

Excitability Receive & respond to stimuli. Nervous impulse

Contractility Actively generate force to shorten. Passively lengthens

Extensibility Ability to be stretched by antagonist or gravity.

Elasticity Ability to return to originial shape after stretch/contraction

Skeletal muscle functions
• Produce skeletal movement
• Maintain posture and body position
• Support soft tissues
• Guard entrances and exits
• Maintain body temperature

Organization of connective tissues
• Epimysium surrounds muscle
• Perimysium sheathes bundles of muscle fibers
• Endomysium covers individual muscle fibers
• Tendons or aponeuroses attach muscle to bone or muscle

Skeletal Muscle Histology

Skeletal muscle fibers
• Sarcolemma – cell membrane
• Sarcoplasm – muscle cell cytoplasm

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• Sarcoplasmic reticulum (modified ER) – sequester Ca++ and form Terminal Cisternae
• T-tubules – invaginations of Sarcolemma, and form Triads with Terminal Cisternae
• Sarcomeres—regular arrangement of myofibrils – BE ABLE TO DRAW!
• Mitochondria – generate ATP

Myofibrils
• Comprised of thick and thin filaments
Thin filaments
• Actin – active site for binding with myosin (thick filament)
• Tropomyosin – covers active sites on actin
• Troponin – binds to Ca++ during contraction to expose active sites
• Other thin filaments: Nebulin

Thick filaments
• Bundles of myosin fibers around titan core
• Myosin molecule heads form cross-bridges with actin during contraction

Sliding filament theory
• Begins at the Neuromuscular Junction:

• Action potential along motor neuron reaches the synaptic terminal (end bulb)
• Influx of Ca++ into neuron causes release of ACh into synaptic cleft
• ACh binds to receptors in the motor end plate – action potential propagates

along sarcolemma
• AChE removes ACh

• Action potential propagates along sarcolemma and dips into cell interior vi T-tubles
• Action potential reaches triad, and causes terminal cisternae of SR to relase Ca++ into

sarcoplasm
• Calcium binds to troponin of thin filament
• Troponin moves, moving tropomyosin and exposing actin active site
• Myosin head forms cross bridge and bends toward H zone via energy from ATP
• Sarcomere shortens – muscle contracts
• New ATP allows release of cross bridge
• Cross bridge cycling continues as long as there is action potential, Ca++, ACh, and ATP
• Relaxation normally occurs due to lack of action potential, so Ca++ is uptaken by SR,

and troponin/tropomyosin cover binding sites

Tension production by muscle fibers
• All or none principle
• Amount of tension depends on number of cross bridges formed

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• Twitch
• Cycle of contraction, relaxation produced by a single stimulus

• Treppe
• Repeated stimulation after relaxation phase has been completed

Summation
• Repeated stimulation before relaxation phase has been completed

• Wave summation = one twitch is added to another
• Incomplete tetanus = muscle never relaxes completely
• Complete tetanus = relaxation phase is eliminated

• Motor units
• All the muscle fibers innervated by one motor neuron
• Precise control of movement determined by number and size of motor unit
• Motor units are progressively recruited to gradually increase tension.

Contractions
• Isometric

• Tension rises, length of muscle remains constant = no change in joint angle
• Isotonic

• Tension rises, length of muscle changes = change in joint angle
• Concentric contractions = muscle shortening – overcoming gravity
• Eccentric contractions = muscle lengthening – lowering to ground

Muscle Contraction requires large amounts of energy
• Creatine phosphate (CP) releases stored energy to convert ADP to ATP
• Aerobic metabolism provides most ATP needed for contraction
• At peak activity, anaerobic glycolysis needed to generate ATP

Energy use and level of muscular activity
• Energy production and use patterns mirror muscle activity
• Fatigued muscle no longer contracts

• Build up of lactic acid
• Exhaustion of energy resources

Recovery period
• Begins immediately after activity ends
• Oxygen debt (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption)

• Amount of oxygen required during resting period to restore muscle to normal
conditions

Types of skeletal muscle fibers
• Fast fibers
• Slow fibers
• Intermediate fibers

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Slow Fibers – Type I – Red
• Half the diameter of fast fibers
• Take three times as long to contract after stimulation
• Abundant mitochondria
• Extensive capillary supply
• High concentrations of myoglobin resulting in red appearance
• Can contract for long periods of time- fatigue resistant

Fast fibers – Type II – White
• Large in diameter
• Contain densely packed myofibrils
• Large glycogen reserves
• Relatively few mitochondria
• Produce rapid, powerful contractions of short duration – fatigue quickly

Intermediate fibers
• Similar to fast fibers, yet somewhat greater resistance to fatigue

Fiber type varies between muscles and vary from person to person
Consider sprinters vs. marathoners, domestic fowl vs. migratory fowl

Muscles contain a mixture of fiber types:
Soleus (postural) 87% slow Orbicularis Oculi 15% slow

All fibers w/n a motor unit (motor neuron & fibers it serves) are the same

Great variability through genetics. Athletes made or born?
Leg muscles:
Avg. adult = 45% slow
Distance runner = 80% slow
Sprinters = 23% slow

Muscle performance and the distribution of muscle fibers
• Pale muscles dominated by fast fibers are called white muscles
• Dark muscles dominated by slow fibers and myoglobin are called red muscles
• Training can lead to hypertrophy of stimulated muscle

Physical conditioning
• Anaerobic endurance

• Time over which muscular contractions are sustained by glycolysis and ATP/CP
reserves

• Aerobic endurance
• Time over which muscle can continue to contract while supported by mitochondrial

activities

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Changes in Muscular Size
Muscular Atrophy

Decrease in number of myofibrils & overall diameter form disuse
Disuse Atrophy cast, bedridden, sedentary
Denervation Atrophy cut nerve supply

1/4 original size from 6 mos to 2 yrs
Fibers replaced w/ fibrous tissue
Irreversible

Muscular Hypertrophy
Increase in muscle size from increase in number of myofibrils
Not from increase in cell number. This is fixed genetically.
More forceful contractions
Controlled by genetics & hGH (childhood/puberty), testosterone,

& training (weight lifting)

Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Structural characteristics of cardiac muscle
• Located only in heart
• Cardiac muscle cells are small

• One centrally located nucleus
• Short broad T-tubules
• Dependent on aerobic metabolism
• Intercalated discs where membranes contact one another

Functional characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue
• Automaticity
• Contractions last longer than skeletal muscle
• No tetanic contractions possible

Smooth Muscle Tissue
Structural characteristics of smooth muscle
• Nonstriated

• Lack sarcomeres
• Thin filaments anchored to dense bodies

• Involuntary

Functional characteristics of smooth muscle
• Contract when calcium ions interact with calmodulin

• Activates myosin light chain kinase
• Functions over a wide range of lengths

• Plasticity
• Multi-unit smooth muscle cells are innervated by more than one motor neuron
• Visceral smooth muscle cells are not always innervated by motor neurons
• Neurons that innervate smooth muscle are not under voluntary control

58

List of Muscles and Function

Region View Muscle Function

Facial Anterior/Oblique Occipitofrontalis front belly Raises eyebrows

Orbicularis oculi Closes eye

Orbicularis oris Purses lips

Zygomaticus minor/major Elevates & retracts lip and mouth

Buccinator Compresses cheeks

Depressor anguli oris Depress corner of mouth

Facial Lateral Masseter Elevate mandible/close jaw

Principle masticator

Temporalis Elevates jaw, masticator

Neck Anterior Platysma Depress mandible, tense neck

Sternocleidomastoid Flex neck together

Rotate head to opposite side alone

Anterior Omohyoid Depress hyoid & larynx
deep section

Sternohyoid Depress hyoid & larynx

Abdomen Anterior Rectus abdominis Vertebral flexion/compression

External oblique Vertebral flexion/rotation/comp

deep section Internal oblique Vertebral flexion/rotation/comp

deep section Transversus abdominis Compress abdomen

deep section Diaphragm Quiet respiration

Shoulder Posterior Trapezius Elev/depress/adduct/up.rotation

Girdle Serratus anterior Abduction, upward rotation

Rhomboid major/minor Adduction, downward rotation

Anterior deep section Pectoralis minor Abduction, downward rotation

Shoulder Posterior Latissimus dorsi Adduct, inward rotation, extension

Joint Teres major Adduct, inward rotation, extension

*Supraspinatus Abduction and stabilization

*Infraspinatus Adduction, outward rotation

*Teres minor Adduction, outward rotation

Anterior ribs removed *Subscapularis Adduction, inward rotation

*Above four comprise the Rotator Cuff

Anterior Pectoralis major Flexion, inward rotation,

Coracobrachialis Adduction, flexion

Biceps brachii Flexion

Triceps brachii long head Extension

Post/Lat/Ant Deltoid all fibers Abduct, ant. fibers in.rot/flex post. fibers outrot/flex

Elbow Joint Anterior Biceps brachii Flexion, supination of hand

Brachialis Flexion

Brachioradialis Flexion. Pro/supination to midpos.

Posterior Triceps brachii Extension

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Region View Muscle Function

Wrist & Hand Anterior

Long Flexors

Flexor carpi radialis Flexion of wrist and hand

Palmaris longus Flexion of wrist and hand

Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexion of wrist and hand

Posterior

Long Extensors

Extensor carpi radialis long. Extension of wrist and hand

Extensor digitorum Extension of wrist and hand

Extensor carpi ulnaris Extension of wrist and hand

Hip Joint Anterior

Iliopsoas

deep section Iliacus Flexion, outward rotation

Psoas major Flexion, outward rotation

Quadriceps femoris

Rectus femoris only Flexion

Sartorius Flexion, outward rotation

Medial Gracilis Adduction

Pectineus Flexion, adduction

Adductor longus Adduction, flexion

Posterior Gluteus maximus Extension, lateral rotation

Hamstrings

Semitendinosus Extension

Semimembranosus Extension

Biceps femoris long head Extension

Lateral Tensor fasciae latae Iliotibial tract Flexion, stabilizes knee

Gluteus medius Abduction

Knee Joint Anterior Quadriceps femoris

Rectus femoris Extension

Vastus lateralis Extension

Vastus medialis Extension

deep section Vastus intermedius Extension

Posterior Hamstrings

Semitendinosus Flexion

Semimembranosus Flexion

Biceps femoris both heads Flexion

Sartorius Flexion

Gracilis Flexion

Gastrocmenius Flexion

Ankle Joint Anterior Tibialis anterior Dorsiflexion

Lateral Fibularis longus Eversion

Posterior Gastrocnemius Plantarflexion

Soleus Plantarflexion

Be able to identify all of the above muscles on charts and models

60

Be able to identify actions for all of the above muscles

Be able to also list the attachments (origin and insertion) for Bolded Muscles

Attachments are listed below

Principle Skeletal Muscles

Thoracic Muscles

Rectus Abdominus

Origin: Pubis & Symphysis Pubis

Insertion: Ribs & Sternum

Action: Compresses abdomen, flexes

vertebral column

External Obliques

Origin: Lateral Ribs

Insertion: Ilium & linea alba

Action: Compress abdomen, rotates & laterally flexes

vertebral column

Internal Obliques

Origin: Ilium & inguinal ligament

Insertion: Lower ribs

Action: Compresses abdomen, rotates & laterally flexes

vertebral column

Transverse Abdominus

Origin: Ilium & lower ribs

Insertion: Sternum, Linea alba, pubis

Action: Compresses Abdomen for: forced experation,

micturition, defecation, emesis, & parturition

Diaphragm

Origin: Dome shaped sheet, vertebrae, ribs & sternum

Insertion: Central tendon

Action: Floor of thoracic cavity

Resperation: contracts & flattens=inspiration

Relaxes & rises=exhalation

Shoulder Girdle Muscles

Trapezius Flat sheet of muscle on upper back. Four muscles

Origin: Occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, C7-T12 spinous processes

Insertion: Outer clavicle, spine & acromion of scapula

Action: Elevation, Depression, Adduction & Up. Rot. of Scap.

Pectoralis Minor Small anterior, upper chest deep to pec major

Origin: Ribs 3-5 near costal cartilage

Insertion: Coracoid process of scapula

Action: Depression, Abduction & Downward Rotation

Serratus Anterior Sawtoothed insertion

Origin: Lateral ribs 1-8/9

Insertion: Entire anterior, medial border of scapula

Action: Abduct & upward rotation of scapula

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Shoulder Joint Muscles

Deltoid

Origin: Acromion & spine of scapula, clavicle

Insertion: Detloid tuberosity of humerus

Action: Abducts, flexes, extends (horiz.) rotates (in. & out.)

Supraspinatus

Origin: Supraspinous fossa of scapula

Insertion: Top of greater tubercle of humerus

Action: Abduction of shoulder joint <90°, prevents

dislocation

Infraspinatus

Origin: Infraspinus fossa of scapula

Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus

Action: Outward rotation, extension (horiz), adduction

Teres Minor

Origin: Inferior lateral border of scapula

Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus (w/ infraspinatus)

Action: Outward rotation, extension (horiz), adduction

Subscapularis

Origin: Subscapular fossa of scapula

Insertion: Lesser tubercle of humerus

Action : Inward rotation

********** Above four muscles Rotator Cuff **********

Latissimus Dorsi

Origin: T7-L5 spinous processes, Post. iliac crest & sacrum,

Insertion: Medial border of intertubercular groove of humerus

Action: Adduction, extension, inward rotation

Pectoralis Major

Origin: Clavicle, Sternum, Costal cartilages of ribs 2 – 6

Insertion: Lateral border of intertubercular groove of humerus

Action: Adduction, Extension

Horizontal Flexion

Teres Major

Origin: Lateral border to inferior angle of scapula

Insertion: Medial border of intertubercular groove of humerus

Action: Adduction, Inward rotation, Extension

Elbow Joint Muscles

Biceps Brachii Actions at 3 joints

Origin: Long Head: Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

Short Head: Coracoid process of scapula

Insertion: Radial tuberosity ** Display changes in length**

Action: Flexes elbow, supinates hand,

Flexes shoulder joint (Long Head)

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Brachialis “Upper Arm Muscle”

Origin: Inferior, anterior humerus

Insertion: Below coronoid process on the tuberosity of ulna

Action: Flexion of elbow (workhorse of flexors)

Brachioradialis

Origin: Lateral inferior humerus

Inserton: Styloid process of radius

Action: Elbow flexion (strongest at midposition)

Pronation & Supination to midposition

Triceps Brachii

Origin: Long Head: Infraglenoid tubercle of humerus

Lateral & Medial Head: Post humerus

Insertion: Olecranon of unla

Action: Elbow extension

Extension of shoulder joint (long head)

Muscles of Forearm of Wrist

Long Flexors

Origin: Anterior medial epicondyle of humerus

Inserion: Palmar surface of wrist & hand

Action: Flexion of wrist & fingers

Long Extensors

Origin: Posterior, lateral epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: Dorsal surface of wrist & hand

Action: Extension of wrist & fingers

Hip Joint Muscles

Iliopsoas

Origin: Iliac fossa, sides of bodies T12-L5 vertebrae

Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur

Action: Flexion & outward rotation of hip joint

Extension of lumbar vertebrae

Gluteus Maximus

Origin: Posterior ilum, sacrum & cocyx

Insertion: Lateral femur

Action: Flexion & outward rotation of hip joint

Adductors

Origin: Pubis

Insertion: Medial & posterior femur

Action: Adduction & outward rotation

Hamstrings – Biceps Femoris, Semimembranosus &Semitendinosus

Origin: Ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Biceps Femoris: Head of fibula & lateral tibia

Semimembranosus &Semitendinosus: Medial tibia

Action: Extension of hip & flexion of knee

63

Sartorius (Longest) Tailor’s

Origin: ASIS

Insertion: Medial tibial tuberosity

Action: Flexes hip & knee

Gracilis

Origin: Symphysis pubis & pubis

Inserton: Medial tibia

Action: Adduction of hip

Knee Joint Muscles

Quadriceps

Origin: Rectus Femoris: AIIS

Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Intermedius: Femur

Insertion: Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament

Action: Extension of knee (RF Hip Flex.)

Hamstrings

Action: Flexion of knee

Ankle Joint Muscles

Gastrocnemius

Origin: Posterior femoral epicondyles

Inserton: Calcaneus via Achille’s Tendon

Action: Plantarflexion

, knee flexion

Soleus

Origin: Posterior tibia & fibula

Insertion; Calcaneus via Achille’s Tendon

Action: Plantarflexion

56

The Muscular System

Objectives
• Describe the arrangement of fascicles in various muscle types
• Describe the classes of levers and how they relate to muscle function
• Predict the actions of muscles based on their origins and insertions
• Explain how muscles interact to produce or oppose movement
• Explain how the muscle name can help identify its location, appearance, or function
• Identify origin, insertion and action of selected skeletal muscles

Muscular system
• Includes all skeletal muscle tissue that can be controlled voluntarily

Organization of skeletal muscle fibers
• Parallel muscle
• Convergent muscle
• Pennate muscle

• Unipennate
• Bipennate
• Multipennate

• Circular muscle (sphincter)

Levers
• Rigid structure that moves on a fixed point called the fulcrum
• Changes direction and strength of applied force
• Changes distance and speed of movement
• Three classes

• First class
• Second class
• Third class

• Most common in the body

57

Muscle Terminology

Origins and insertions
• Muscles can be identified by origin, insertion, and action

• Origin = stationary end
• Insertion = movable end

Actions
• Muscles can be classified by action

• Agonist (prime mover)
• Antagonist
• Synergist
• Fixator

Names of skeletal muscles
• Names give clues to muscle characteristics

• Location
• Fascicle organization
• Relative position
• Structure
• Size
• Shape
• Origin and insertion
• Action

Axial and appendicular muscles
• Axial musculature arises on axial

skeleton

• Positions head and spinal column and moves the rib cage
• Appendicular musculature moves and stabilizes components of the appendicular

skeleton

58

List of Muscles and Function

Region View Muscle Function
Facial Anterior/Oblique Occipitofrontalis front belly Raises eyebrows

Orbicularis oculi Closes eye
Orbicularis oris Purses lips
Zygomaticus minor/major Elevates & retracts lip and mouth
Buccinator Compresses cheeks
Depressor anguli oris Depress corner of mouth

Facial Lateral Masseter Elevate mandible/close jaw

Principle masticator
Temporalis Elevates jaw, masticator

Neck Anterior Platysma Depress mandible, tense neck

Sternocleidomastoid Flex neck together
Rotate head to opposite side alone

Anterior Omohyoid Depress hyoid & larynx
deep section

Sternohyoid Depress hyoid & larynx

Abdomen Anterior Rectus abdominis Vertebral flexion/compression

External oblique Vertebral flexion/rotation/comp
deep section Internal oblique Vertebral flexion/rotation/comp
deep section Transversus abdominis Compress abdomen
deep section Diaphragm Quiet respiration

Shoulder Posterior Trapezius Elev/depress/adduct/up.rotation
Girdle Serratus anterior Abduction, upward rotation

Rhomboid major/minor Adduction, downward rotation
Anterior deep section Pectoralis minor Abduction, downward rotation

Shoulder Posterior Latissimus dorsi Adduct, inward rotation, extension
Joint Teres major Adduct, inward rotation, extension

*Supraspinatus Abduction and stabilization
*Infraspinatus Adduction, outward rotation
*Teres minor Adduction, outward rotation

Anterior ribs removed *Subscapularis Adduction, inward rotation
*Above four comprise the Rotator Cuff

Anterior Pectoralis major Flexion, inward rotation,
Coracobrachialis Adduction, flexion
Biceps brachii Flexion
Triceps brachii long head Extension

Post/Lat/Ant Deltoid all fibers Abduct, ant. fibers in.rot/flex post. fibers outrot/flex

Elbow Joint Anterior Biceps brachii Flexion, supination of hand

Brachialis Flexion
Brachioradialis Flexion. Pro/supination to midpos.

Posterior Triceps brachii Extension

59

Region View Muscle Function
Wrist & Hand Anterior Long Flexors

Flexor carpi radialis Flexion of wrist and hand
Palmaris longus Flexion of wrist and hand
Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexion of wrist and hand

Posterior Long Extensors
Extensor carpi radialis long. Extension of wrist and hand
Extensor digitorum Extension of wrist and hand
Extensor carpi ulnaris Extension of wrist and hand

Hip Joint Anterior Iliopsoas

deep section Iliacus Flexion, outward rotation
Psoas major Flexion, outward rotation

Quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris only Flexion

Sartorius Flexion, outward rotation
Medial Gracilis Adduction

Pectineus Flexion, adduction
Adductor longus Adduction, flexion

Posterior Gluteus maximus Extension, lateral rotation
Hamstrings

Semitendinosus Extension
Semimembranosus Extension
Biceps femoris long head Extension

Lateral Tensor fasciae latae Iliotibial tract Flexion, stabilizes knee
Gluteus medius Abduction

Knee Joint Anterior Quadriceps femoris

Rectus femoris Extension
Vastus lateralis Extension
Vastus medialis Extension

deep section Vastus intermedius Extension
Posterior Hamstrings

Semitendinosus Flexion
Semimembranosus Flexion
Biceps femoris both heads Flexion

Sartorius Flexion
Gracilis Flexion
Gastrocmenius Flexion

Ankle Joint Anterior Tibialis anterior Dorsiflexion

Lateral Fibularis longus Eversion
Posterior Gastrocnemius Plantarflexion

Soleus Plantarflexion

Be able to identify all of the above muscles on charts and models

60

Be able to identify actions for all of the above muscles
Be able to also list the attachments (origin and insertion) for Bolded Muscles

Attachments are listed below

Principle Skeletal Muscles

Thoracic Muscles

Rectus Abdominus
Origin: Pubis & Symphysis Pubis
Insertion: Ribs & Sternum
Action: Compresses abdomen, flexes

vertebral column

External Obliques
Origin: Lateral Ribs
Insertion: Ilium & linea alba
Action: Compress abdomen, rotates & laterally flexes

vertebral column

Internal Obliques
Origin: Ilium & inguinal ligament
Insertion: Lower ribs
Action: Compresses abdomen, rotates & laterally flexes

vertebral column

Transverse Abdominus
Origin: Ilium & lower ribs
Insertion: Sternum, Linea alba, pubis
Action: Compresses Abdomen for: forced experation,

micturition, defecation, emesis, & parturition

Diaphragm
Origin: Dome shaped sheet, vertebrae, ribs & sternum
Insertion: Central tendon
Action: Floor of thoracic cavity

Resperation: contracts & flattens=inspiration
Relaxes & rises=exhalation

Shoulder Girdle Muscles

Trapezius Flat sheet of muscle on upper back. Four muscles
Origin: Occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, C7-T12 spinous processes
Insertion: Outer clavicle, spine & acromion of scapula
Action: Elevation, Depression, Adduction & Up. Rot. of Scap.

Pectoralis Minor Small anterior, upper chest deep to pec major
Origin: Ribs 3-5 near costal cartilage
Insertion: Coracoid process of scapula
Action: Depression, Abduction & Downward Rotation

Serratus Anterior Sawtoothed insertion
Origin: Lateral ribs 1-8/9
Insertion: Entire anterior, medial border of scapula
Action: Abduct & upward rotation of scapula

61

Shoulder Joint Muscles

Deltoid
Origin: Acromion & spine of scapula, clavicle
Insertion: Detloid tuberosity of humerus
Action: Abducts, flexes, extends (horiz.) rotates (in. & out.)

Supraspinatus
Origin: Supraspinous fossa of scapula
Insertion: Top of greater tubercle of humerus
Action: Abduction of shoulder joint <90°, prevents

dislocation
Infraspinatus

Origin: Infraspinus fossa of scapula
Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus
Action: Outward rotation, extension (horiz), adduction

Teres Minor
Origin: Inferior lateral border of scapula
Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus (w/ infraspinatus)
Action: Outward rotation, extension (horiz), adduction

Subscapularis
Origin: Subscapular fossa of scapula
Insertion: Lesser tubercle of humerus
Action : Inward rotation

********** Above four muscles Rotator Cuff **********

Latissimus Dorsi
Origin: T7-L5 spinous processes, Post. iliac crest & sacrum,
Insertion: Medial border of intertubercular groove of humerus
Action: Adduction, extension, inward rotation

Pectoralis Major
Origin: Clavicle, Sternum, Costal cartilages of ribs 2 – 6
Insertion: Lateral border of intertubercular groove of humerus
Action: Adduction, Extension

Horizontal Flexion

Teres Major
Origin: Lateral border to inferior angle of scapula
Insertion: Medial border of intertubercular groove of humerus
Action: Adduction, Inward rotation, Extension

Elbow Joint Muscles

Biceps Brachii Actions at 3 joints
Origin: Long Head: Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

Short Head: Coracoid process of scapula
Insertion: Radial tuberosity ** Display changes in length**
Action: Flexes elbow, supinates hand,

Flexes shoulder joint (Long Head)

62

Brachialis “Upper Arm Muscle”
Origin: Inferior, anterior humerus
Insertion: Below coronoid process on the tuberosity of ulna
Action: Flexion of elbow (workhorse of flexors)

Brachioradialis
Origin: Lateral inferior humerus
Inserton: Styloid process of radius
Action: Elbow flexion (strongest at midposition)

Pronation & Supination to midposition

Triceps Brachii
Origin: Long Head: Infraglenoid tubercle of humerus

Lateral & Medial Head: Post humerus
Insertion: Olecranon of unla
Action: Elbow extension

Extension of shoulder joint (long head)
Muscles of Forearm of Wrist

Long Flexors
Origin: Anterior medial epicondyle of humerus
Inserion: Palmar surface of wrist & hand
Action: Flexion of wrist & fingers

Long Extensors
Origin: Posterior, lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Dorsal surface of wrist & hand
Action: Extension of wrist & fingers

Hip Joint Muscles

Iliopsoas
Origin: Iliac fossa, sides of bodies T12-L5 vertebrae
Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur
Action: Flexion & outward rotation of hip joint

Extension of lumbar vertebrae

Gluteus Maximus
Origin: Posterior ilum, sacrum & cocyx
Insertion: Lateral femur
Action: Flexion & outward rotation of hip joint

Adductors
Origin: Pubis
Insertion: Medial & posterior femur
Action: Adduction & outward rotation

Hamstrings – Biceps Femoris, Semimembranosus &Semitendinosus
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Biceps Femoris: Head of fibula & lateral tibia

Semimembranosus &Semitendinosus: Medial tibia
Action: Extension of hip & flexion of knee

63

Sartorius (Longest) Tailor’s
Origin: ASIS
Insertion: Medial tibial tuberosity
Action: Flexes hip & knee

Gracilis

Origin: Symphysis pubis & pubis
Inserton: Medial tibia
Action: Adduction of hip

Knee Joint Muscles

Quadriceps
Origin: Rectus Femoris: AIIS

Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Intermedius: Femur
Insertion: Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Action: Extension of knee (RF Hip Flex.)

Hamstrings
Action: Flexion of knee

Ankle Joint Muscles

Gastrocnemius
Origin: Posterior femoral epicondyles
Inserton: Calcaneus via Achille’s Tendon
Action: Plantarflexion, knee flexion

Soleus
Origin: Posterior tibia & fibula
Insertion; Calcaneus via Achille’s Tendon
Action: Plantarflexion

Skeletal Muscle Tissue Luigi Galvani
1737-1798

Discoverer of
Electrophysiology

De viribus electrictricitatis in motu
musculari commentarius (1791)

Luigi Galvani’s First Experiment

Luigi Galvani’s First Experiment

• Connective tissues
– Epimysium

• Covers entire muscle

– Perimysium
• Segregates fascicles

– Endomysium
• Surrounds individual

muscle fibers (cells)

• Cori Cycle
– Lactate to

liver, glucose
back to
muscle

• Oxygen
Debt

– Amount of
O2 required
to restore
pre-exertion
conditions in
muscle

Muscle Fiber Type

The Muscular System

The Axial Muscles

The Appendicular Muscles

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Teres minor

Teres major

Triceps brachii
long head

Triceps brachii
lateral head

Sciatic nerve

Piriformis

Piriformis
Sciatic nerve
Sciatic nerve

Tibial nerve branch exiting from
beneath piriformis

Common fibular nerve branch
exiting from above piriformis

• Contusion of the pelvis
– iliac crest
– anterior superior iliac spine
– anterior inferior iliac spine
– greater trochanter of femur

• Hip joint and abdominal
muscles attach here

• Painful to flex hip joint and
rotate torso

• Avulsion fracture possible 113

Hip Pointer

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major
Triceps brachii
long head
Triceps brachii
lateral head

Liver disease including cancer
CV disease:
✓ Decreased HDL-C
✓ Increased total cholesterol
✓ Hypertension
Testicular atrophy
Reduced sperm count

Anabolic Steroids
Selected Adverse Side Effects

Irreversible clitoral hypertrophy
Irreversible deep hoarse voice
Menstrual irregularities
Male pattern baldness
Aggravates acne
Irreversible hirsutism (males and females)

Anabolic Steroids
Selected Adverse Side Effects

Retards growth in young
✓ Premature epiphyseal (growth plate) closure
Sex drive swings
✓ Increase and then decrease
Psychological disorders
✓ Aggression (‘Roid Rage)
✓ Paranoia and Lethargy
✓ Psychological addiction

Anabolic Steroids
Selected Adverse Side Effects

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