Hi dear,
Would you help me to finish this assignment with good quality and be on time please?
responses to the Exam essay questions with complete details in solid 2-3 paragraphs.
You’ll find the attachment below . Let me know please if you’re not able to open the files.
Essay Questions Exam
1.Describe the Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction. Start your description from events occurring at the neuromuscular junction. Be as complete as possible in your sketches and descriptions.
2.Compare and contrast the basic muscle fiber types (Type I and Type II). Give insight as to how they differ in structure and function. Discuss the types of athletes that may be more replete with one type as opposed to the other. In your answer also define and discuss the concepts recruitment and the motor unit. If you fail to do so you will not receive full credit.
3.Identify how ATP is produced/stored in the mitochondria and sarcoplasm of skeletal muscle. Be sure to describe this process in three scenarios: resting muscle, moderate activity, and during peak activity.
4.Identify the origin, insertion and action of any six skeletal muscles. These six muscles cannot be from the same muscle region and must be from various parts of the body. Your answer must include a sketch of the muscle and its bony attachments.
Thank you!
51
Muscle Tissue
Objectives
• Describe the organization of muscle and the characteristics of skeletal muscle cells.
• Identify the structural components of the sarcomere.
• Summarize the events at the neuromuscular junction.
• Explain the key concepts involved in skeletal muscle contraction.
• Describe how muscle fibers obtain energy for contraction.
• Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic contraction, muscle fiber types, and muscle
performance.
• Identify the differences between skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
Three types of muscle
• Skeletal—attached to bone
• Cardiac—found in the heart
• Smooth—lines hollow organs
Characteristics of muscle
Excitability Receive & respond to stimuli. Nervous impulse
Contractility Actively generate force to shorten. Passively lengthens
Extensibility Ability to be stretched by antagonist or gravity.
Elasticity Ability to return to originial shape after stretch/contraction
Skeletal muscle functions
• Produce skeletal movement
• Maintain posture and body position
• Support soft tissues
• Guard entrances and exits
• Maintain body temperature
Organization of connective tissues
• Epimysium surrounds muscle
• Perimysium sheathes bundles of muscle fibers
• Endomysium covers individual muscle fibers
• Tendons or aponeuroses attach muscle to bone or muscle
Skeletal Muscle Histology
Skeletal muscle fibers
• Sarcolemma – cell membrane
• Sarcoplasm – muscle cell cytoplasm
52
• Sarcoplasmic reticulum (modified ER) – sequester Ca++ and form Terminal Cisternae
• T-tubules – invaginations of Sarcolemma, and form Triads with Terminal Cisternae
• Sarcomeres—regular arrangement of myofibrils – BE ABLE TO DRAW!
• Mitochondria – generate ATP
Myofibrils
• Comprised of thick and thin filaments
Thin filaments
• Actin – active site for binding with myosin (thick filament)
• Tropomyosin – covers active sites on actin
• Troponin – binds to Ca++ during contraction to expose active sites
• Other thin filaments: Nebulin
Thick filaments
• Bundles of myosin fibers around titan core
• Myosin molecule heads form cross-bridges with actin during contraction
Sliding filament theory
• Begins at the Neuromuscular Junction:
• Action potential along motor neuron reaches the synaptic terminal (end bulb)
• Influx of Ca++ into neuron causes release of ACh into synaptic cleft
• ACh binds to receptors in the motor end plate – action potential propagates
along sarcolemma
• AChE removes ACh
• Action potential propagates along sarcolemma and dips into cell interior vi T-tubles
• Action potential reaches triad, and causes terminal cisternae of SR to relase Ca++ into
sarcoplasm
• Calcium binds to troponin of thin filament
• Troponin moves, moving tropomyosin and exposing actin active site
• Myosin head forms cross bridge and bends toward H zone via energy from ATP
• Sarcomere shortens – muscle contracts
• New ATP allows release of cross bridge
• Cross bridge cycling continues as long as there is action potential, Ca++, ACh, and ATP
• Relaxation normally occurs due to lack of action potential, so Ca++ is uptaken by SR,
and troponin/tropomyosin cover binding sites
Tension production by muscle fibers
• All or none principle
• Amount of tension depends on number of cross bridges formed
53
• Twitch
• Cycle of contraction, relaxation produced by a single stimulus
• Treppe
• Repeated stimulation after relaxation phase has been completed
Summation
• Repeated stimulation before relaxation phase has been completed
• Wave summation = one twitch is added to another
• Incomplete tetanus = muscle never relaxes completely
• Complete tetanus = relaxation phase is eliminated
• Motor units
• All the muscle fibers innervated by one motor neuron
• Precise control of movement determined by number and size of motor unit
• Motor units are progressively recruited to gradually increase tension.
Contractions
• Isometric
• Tension rises, length of muscle remains constant = no change in joint angle
• Isotonic
• Tension rises, length of muscle changes = change in joint angle
• Concentric contractions = muscle shortening – overcoming gravity
• Eccentric contractions = muscle lengthening – lowering to ground
Muscle Contraction requires large amounts of energy
• Creatine phosphate (CP) releases stored energy to convert ADP to ATP
• Aerobic metabolism provides most ATP needed for contraction
• At peak activity, anaerobic glycolysis needed to generate ATP
Energy use and level of muscular activity
• Energy production and use patterns mirror muscle activity
• Fatigued muscle no longer contracts
• Build up of lactic acid
• Exhaustion of energy resources
Recovery period
• Begins immediately after activity ends
• Oxygen debt (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption)
• Amount of oxygen required during resting period to restore muscle to normal
conditions
Types of skeletal muscle fibers
• Fast fibers
• Slow fibers
• Intermediate fibers
54
Slow Fibers – Type I – Red
• Half the diameter of fast fibers
• Take three times as long to contract after stimulation
• Abundant mitochondria
• Extensive capillary supply
• High concentrations of myoglobin resulting in red appearance
• Can contract for long periods of time- fatigue resistant
Fast fibers – Type II – White
• Large in diameter
• Contain densely packed myofibrils
• Large glycogen reserves
• Relatively few mitochondria
• Produce rapid, powerful contractions of short duration – fatigue quickly
Intermediate fibers
• Similar to fast fibers, yet somewhat greater resistance to fatigue
Fiber type varies between muscles and vary from person to person
Consider sprinters vs. marathoners, domestic fowl vs. migratory fowl
Muscles contain a mixture of fiber types:
Soleus (postural) 87% slow Orbicularis Oculi 15% slow
All fibers w/n a motor unit (motor neuron & fibers it serves) are the same
Great variability through genetics. Athletes made or born?
Leg muscles:
Avg. adult = 45% slow
Distance runner = 80% slow
Sprinters = 23% slow
Muscle performance and the distribution of muscle fibers
• Pale muscles dominated by fast fibers are called white muscles
• Dark muscles dominated by slow fibers and myoglobin are called red muscles
• Training can lead to hypertrophy of stimulated muscle
Physical conditioning
• Anaerobic endurance
• Time over which muscular contractions are sustained by glycolysis and ATP/CP
reserves
• Aerobic endurance
• Time over which muscle can continue to contract while supported by mitochondrial
activities
55
Changes in Muscular Size
Muscular Atrophy
Decrease in number of myofibrils & overall diameter form disuse
Disuse Atrophy cast, bedridden, sedentary
Denervation Atrophy cut nerve supply
1/4 original size from 6 mos to 2 yrs
Fibers replaced w/ fibrous tissue
Irreversible
Muscular Hypertrophy
Increase in muscle size from increase in number of myofibrils
Not from increase in cell number. This is fixed genetically.
More forceful contractions
Controlled by genetics & hGH (childhood/puberty), testosterone,
& training (weight lifting)
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Structural characteristics of cardiac muscle
• Located only in heart
• Cardiac muscle cells are small
• One centrally located nucleus
• Short broad T-tubules
• Dependent on aerobic metabolism
• Intercalated discs where membranes contact one another
Functional characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue
• Automaticity
• Contractions last longer than skeletal muscle
• No tetanic contractions possible
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Structural characteristics of smooth muscle
• Nonstriated
• Lack sarcomeres
• Thin filaments anchored to dense bodies
• Involuntary
Functional characteristics of smooth muscle
• Contract when calcium ions interact with calmodulin
• Activates myosin light chain kinase
• Functions over a wide range of lengths
• Plasticity
• Multi-unit smooth muscle cells are innervated by more than one motor neuron
• Visceral smooth muscle cells are not always innervated by motor neurons
• Neurons that innervate smooth muscle are not under voluntary control
58
List of Muscles and Function
Region View Muscle Function
Facial Anterior/Oblique Occipitofrontalis front belly Raises eyebrows
Orbicularis oculi Closes eye
Orbicularis oris Purses lips
Zygomaticus minor/major Elevates & retracts lip and mouth
Buccinator Compresses cheeks
Depressor anguli oris Depress corner of mouth
Facial Lateral Masseter Elevate mandible/close jaw
Principle masticator
Temporalis Elevates jaw, masticator
Neck Anterior Platysma Depress mandible, tense neck
Sternocleidomastoid Flex neck together
Rotate head to opposite side alone
Anterior Omohyoid Depress hyoid & larynx
deep section
Sternohyoid Depress hyoid & larynx
Abdomen Anterior Rectus abdominis Vertebral flexion/compression
External oblique Vertebral flexion/rotation/comp
deep section Internal oblique Vertebral flexion/rotation/comp
deep section Transversus abdominis Compress abdomen
deep section Diaphragm Quiet respiration
Shoulder Posterior Trapezius Elev/depress/adduct/up.rotation
Girdle Serratus anterior Abduction, upward rotation
Rhomboid major/minor Adduction, downward rotation
Anterior deep section Pectoralis minor Abduction, downward rotation
Shoulder Posterior Latissimus dorsi Adduct, inward rotation, extension
Joint Teres major Adduct, inward rotation, extension
*Supraspinatus Abduction and stabilization
*Infraspinatus Adduction, outward rotation
*Teres minor Adduction, outward rotation
Anterior ribs removed *Subscapularis Adduction, inward rotation
*Above four comprise the Rotator Cuff
Anterior Pectoralis major Flexion, inward rotation,
Coracobrachialis Adduction, flexion
Biceps brachii Flexion
Triceps brachii long head Extension
Post/Lat/Ant Deltoid all fibers Abduct, ant. fibers in.rot/flex post. fibers outrot/flex
Elbow Joint Anterior Biceps brachii Flexion, supination of hand
Brachialis Flexion
Brachioradialis Flexion. Pro/supination to midpos.
Posterior Triceps brachii Extension
59
Region View Muscle Function
Wrist & Hand Anterior
Long Flexors
Flexor carpi radialis Flexion of wrist and hand
Palmaris longus Flexion of wrist and hand
Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexion of wrist and hand
Posterior
Long Extensors
Extensor carpi radialis long. Extension of wrist and hand
Extensor digitorum Extension of wrist and hand
Extensor carpi ulnaris Extension of wrist and hand
Hip Joint Anterior
Iliopsoas
deep section Iliacus Flexion, outward rotation
Psoas major Flexion, outward rotation
Quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris only Flexion
Sartorius Flexion, outward rotation
Medial Gracilis Adduction
Pectineus Flexion, adduction
Adductor longus Adduction, flexion
Posterior Gluteus maximus Extension, lateral rotation
Hamstrings
Semitendinosus Extension
Semimembranosus Extension
Biceps femoris long head Extension
Lateral Tensor fasciae latae Iliotibial tract Flexion, stabilizes knee
Gluteus medius Abduction
Knee Joint Anterior Quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris Extension
Vastus lateralis Extension
Vastus medialis Extension
deep section Vastus intermedius Extension
Posterior Hamstrings
Semitendinosus Flexion
Semimembranosus Flexion
Biceps femoris both heads Flexion
Sartorius Flexion
Gracilis Flexion
Gastrocmenius Flexion
Ankle Joint Anterior Tibialis anterior Dorsiflexion
Lateral Fibularis longus Eversion
Posterior Gastrocnemius Plantarflexion
Soleus Plantarflexion
Be able to identify all of the above muscles on charts and models
60
Be able to identify actions for all of the above muscles
Be able to also list the attachments (origin and insertion) for Bolded Muscles
Attachments are listed below
Principle Skeletal Muscles
Thoracic Muscles
Rectus Abdominus
Origin: Pubis & Symphysis Pubis
Insertion: Ribs & Sternum
Action: Compresses abdomen, flexes
vertebral column
External Obliques
Origin: Lateral Ribs
Insertion: Ilium & linea alba
Action: Compress abdomen, rotates & laterally flexes
vertebral column
Internal Obliques
Origin: Ilium & inguinal ligament
Insertion: Lower ribs
Action: Compresses abdomen, rotates & laterally flexes
vertebral column
Transverse Abdominus
Origin: Ilium & lower ribs
Insertion: Sternum, Linea alba, pubis
Action: Compresses Abdomen for: forced experation,
micturition, defecation, emesis, & parturition
Diaphragm
Origin: Dome shaped sheet, vertebrae, ribs & sternum
Insertion: Central tendon
Action: Floor of thoracic cavity
Resperation: contracts & flattens=inspiration
Relaxes & rises=exhalation
Shoulder Girdle Muscles
Trapezius Flat sheet of muscle on upper back. Four muscles
Origin: Occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, C7-T12 spinous processes
Insertion: Outer clavicle, spine & acromion of scapula
Action: Elevation, Depression, Adduction & Up. Rot. of Scap.
Pectoralis Minor Small anterior, upper chest deep to pec major
Origin: Ribs 3-5 near costal cartilage
Insertion: Coracoid process of scapula
Action: Depression, Abduction & Downward Rotation
Serratus Anterior Sawtoothed insertion
Origin: Lateral ribs 1-8/9
Insertion: Entire anterior, medial border of scapula
Action: Abduct & upward rotation of scapula
61
Shoulder Joint Muscles
Deltoid
Origin: Acromion & spine of scapula, clavicle
Insertion: Detloid tuberosity of humerus
Action: Abducts, flexes, extends (horiz.) rotates (in. & out.)
Supraspinatus
Origin: Supraspinous fossa of scapula
Insertion: Top of greater tubercle of humerus
Action: Abduction of shoulder joint <90°, prevents
dislocation
Infraspinatus
Origin: Infraspinus fossa of scapula
Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus
Action: Outward rotation, extension (horiz), adduction
Teres Minor
Origin: Inferior lateral border of scapula
Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus (w/ infraspinatus)
Action: Outward rotation, extension (horiz), adduction
Subscapularis
Origin: Subscapular fossa of scapula
Insertion: Lesser tubercle of humerus
Action : Inward rotation
********** Above four muscles Rotator Cuff **********
Latissimus Dorsi
Origin: T7-L5 spinous processes, Post. iliac crest & sacrum,
Insertion: Medial border of intertubercular groove of humerus
Action: Adduction, extension, inward rotation
Pectoralis Major
Origin: Clavicle, Sternum, Costal cartilages of ribs 2 – 6
Insertion: Lateral border of intertubercular groove of humerus
Action: Adduction, Extension
Horizontal Flexion
Teres Major
Origin: Lateral border to inferior angle of scapula
Insertion: Medial border of intertubercular groove of humerus
Action: Adduction, Inward rotation, Extension
Elbow Joint Muscles
Biceps Brachii Actions at 3 joints
Origin: Long Head: Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Short Head: Coracoid process of scapula
Insertion: Radial tuberosity ** Display changes in length**
Action: Flexes elbow, supinates hand,
Flexes shoulder joint (Long Head)
62
Brachialis “Upper Arm Muscle”
Origin: Inferior, anterior humerus
Insertion: Below coronoid process on the tuberosity of ulna
Action: Flexion of elbow (workhorse of flexors)
Brachioradialis
Origin: Lateral inferior humerus
Inserton: Styloid process of radius
Action: Elbow flexion (strongest at midposition)
Pronation & Supination to midposition
Triceps Brachii
Origin: Long Head: Infraglenoid tubercle of humerus
Lateral & Medial Head: Post humerus
Insertion: Olecranon of unla
Action: Elbow extension
Extension of shoulder joint (long head)
Muscles of Forearm of Wrist
Long Flexors
Origin: Anterior medial epicondyle of humerus
Inserion: Palmar surface of wrist & hand
Action: Flexion of wrist & fingers
Long Extensors
Origin: Posterior, lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Dorsal surface of wrist & hand
Action: Extension of wrist & fingers
Hip Joint Muscles
Iliopsoas
Origin: Iliac fossa, sides of bodies T12-L5 vertebrae
Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur
Action: Flexion & outward rotation of hip joint
Extension of lumbar vertebrae
Gluteus Maximus
Origin: Posterior ilum, sacrum & cocyx
Insertion: Lateral femur
Action: Flexion & outward rotation of hip joint
Adductors
Origin: Pubis
Insertion: Medial & posterior femur
Action: Adduction & outward rotation
Hamstrings – Biceps Femoris, Semimembranosus &Semitendinosus
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Biceps Femoris: Head of fibula & lateral tibia
Semimembranosus &Semitendinosus: Medial tibia
Action: Extension of hip & flexion of knee
63
Sartorius (Longest) Tailor’s
Origin: ASIS
Insertion: Medial tibial tuberosity
Action: Flexes hip & knee
Gracilis
Origin: Symphysis pubis & pubis
Inserton: Medial tibia
Action: Adduction of hip
Knee Joint Muscles
Quadriceps
Origin: Rectus Femoris: AIIS
Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Intermedius: Femur
Insertion: Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Action: Extension of knee (RF Hip Flex.)
Hamstrings
Action: Flexion of knee
Ankle Joint Muscles
Gastrocnemius
Origin: Posterior femoral epicondyles
Inserton: Calcaneus via Achille’s Tendon
Action: Plantarflexion
, knee flexion
Soleus
Origin: Posterior tibia & fibula
Insertion; Calcaneus via Achille’s Tendon
Action: Plantarflexion
56
The Muscular System
Objectives
• Describe the arrangement of fascicles in various muscle types
• Describe the classes of levers and how they relate to muscle function
• Predict the actions of muscles based on their origins and insertions
• Explain how muscles interact to produce or oppose movement
• Explain how the muscle name can help identify its location, appearance, or function
• Identify origin, insertion and action of selected skeletal muscles
Muscular system
• Includes all skeletal muscle tissue that can be controlled voluntarily
Organization of skeletal muscle fibers
• Parallel muscle
• Convergent muscle
• Pennate muscle
• Unipennate
• Bipennate
• Multipennate
• Circular muscle (sphincter)
Levers
• Rigid structure that moves on a fixed point called the fulcrum
• Changes direction and strength of applied force
• Changes distance and speed of movement
• Three classes
• First class
• Second class
• Third class
• Most common in the body
57
Muscle Terminology
Origins and insertions
• Muscles can be identified by origin, insertion, and action
• Origin = stationary end
• Insertion = movable end
Actions
• Muscles can be classified by action
• Agonist (prime mover)
• Antagonist
• Synergist
• Fixator
Names of skeletal muscles
• Names give clues to muscle characteristics
• Location
• Fascicle organization
• Relative position
• Structure
• Size
• Shape
• Origin and insertion
• Action
Axial and appendicular muscles
• Axial musculature arises on axial
skeleton
• Positions head and spinal column and moves the rib cage
• Appendicular musculature moves and stabilizes components of the appendicular
skeleton
58
List of Muscles and Function
Region View Muscle Function
Facial Anterior/Oblique Occipitofrontalis front belly Raises eyebrows
Orbicularis oculi Closes eye
Orbicularis oris Purses lips
Zygomaticus minor/major Elevates & retracts lip and mouth
Buccinator Compresses cheeks
Depressor anguli oris Depress corner of mouth
Facial Lateral Masseter Elevate mandible/close jaw
Principle masticator
Temporalis Elevates jaw, masticator
Neck Anterior Platysma Depress mandible, tense neck
Sternocleidomastoid Flex neck together
Rotate head to opposite side alone
Anterior Omohyoid Depress hyoid & larynx
deep section
Sternohyoid Depress hyoid & larynx
Abdomen Anterior Rectus abdominis Vertebral flexion/compression
External oblique Vertebral flexion/rotation/comp
deep section Internal oblique Vertebral flexion/rotation/comp
deep section Transversus abdominis Compress abdomen
deep section Diaphragm Quiet respiration
Shoulder Posterior Trapezius Elev/depress/adduct/up.rotation
Girdle Serratus anterior Abduction, upward rotation
Rhomboid major/minor Adduction, downward rotation
Anterior deep section Pectoralis minor Abduction, downward rotation
Shoulder Posterior Latissimus dorsi Adduct, inward rotation, extension
Joint Teres major Adduct, inward rotation, extension
*Supraspinatus Abduction and stabilization
*Infraspinatus Adduction, outward rotation
*Teres minor Adduction, outward rotation
Anterior ribs removed *Subscapularis Adduction, inward rotation
*Above four comprise the Rotator Cuff
Anterior Pectoralis major Flexion, inward rotation,
Coracobrachialis Adduction, flexion
Biceps brachii Flexion
Triceps brachii long head Extension
Post/Lat/Ant Deltoid all fibers Abduct, ant. fibers in.rot/flex post. fibers outrot/flex
Elbow Joint Anterior Biceps brachii Flexion, supination of hand
Brachialis Flexion
Brachioradialis Flexion. Pro/supination to midpos.
Posterior Triceps brachii Extension
59
Region View Muscle Function
Wrist & Hand Anterior Long Flexors
Flexor carpi radialis Flexion of wrist and hand
Palmaris longus Flexion of wrist and hand
Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexion of wrist and hand
Posterior Long Extensors
Extensor carpi radialis long. Extension of wrist and hand
Extensor digitorum Extension of wrist and hand
Extensor carpi ulnaris Extension of wrist and hand
Hip Joint Anterior Iliopsoas
deep section Iliacus Flexion, outward rotation
Psoas major Flexion, outward rotation
Quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris only Flexion
Sartorius Flexion, outward rotation
Medial Gracilis Adduction
Pectineus Flexion, adduction
Adductor longus Adduction, flexion
Posterior Gluteus maximus Extension, lateral rotation
Hamstrings
Semitendinosus Extension
Semimembranosus Extension
Biceps femoris long head Extension
Lateral Tensor fasciae latae Iliotibial tract Flexion, stabilizes knee
Gluteus medius Abduction
Knee Joint Anterior Quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris Extension
Vastus lateralis Extension
Vastus medialis Extension
deep section Vastus intermedius Extension
Posterior Hamstrings
Semitendinosus Flexion
Semimembranosus Flexion
Biceps femoris both heads Flexion
Sartorius Flexion
Gracilis Flexion
Gastrocmenius Flexion
Ankle Joint Anterior Tibialis anterior Dorsiflexion
Lateral Fibularis longus Eversion
Posterior Gastrocnemius Plantarflexion
Soleus Plantarflexion
Be able to identify all of the above muscles on charts and models
60
Be able to identify actions for all of the above muscles
Be able to also list the attachments (origin and insertion) for Bolded Muscles
Attachments are listed below
Principle Skeletal Muscles
Thoracic Muscles
Rectus Abdominus
Origin: Pubis & Symphysis Pubis
Insertion: Ribs & Sternum
Action: Compresses abdomen, flexes
vertebral column
External Obliques
Origin: Lateral Ribs
Insertion: Ilium & linea alba
Action: Compress abdomen, rotates & laterally flexes
vertebral column
Internal Obliques
Origin: Ilium & inguinal ligament
Insertion: Lower ribs
Action: Compresses abdomen, rotates & laterally flexes
vertebral column
Transverse Abdominus
Origin: Ilium & lower ribs
Insertion: Sternum, Linea alba, pubis
Action: Compresses Abdomen for: forced experation,
micturition, defecation, emesis, & parturition
Diaphragm
Origin: Dome shaped sheet, vertebrae, ribs & sternum
Insertion: Central tendon
Action: Floor of thoracic cavity
Resperation: contracts & flattens=inspiration
Relaxes & rises=exhalation
Shoulder Girdle Muscles
Trapezius Flat sheet of muscle on upper back. Four muscles
Origin: Occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, C7-T12 spinous processes
Insertion: Outer clavicle, spine & acromion of scapula
Action: Elevation, Depression, Adduction & Up. Rot. of Scap.
Pectoralis Minor Small anterior, upper chest deep to pec major
Origin: Ribs 3-5 near costal cartilage
Insertion: Coracoid process of scapula
Action: Depression, Abduction & Downward Rotation
Serratus Anterior Sawtoothed insertion
Origin: Lateral ribs 1-8/9
Insertion: Entire anterior, medial border of scapula
Action: Abduct & upward rotation of scapula
61
Shoulder Joint Muscles
Deltoid
Origin: Acromion & spine of scapula, clavicle
Insertion: Detloid tuberosity of humerus
Action: Abducts, flexes, extends (horiz.) rotates (in. & out.)
Supraspinatus
Origin: Supraspinous fossa of scapula
Insertion: Top of greater tubercle of humerus
Action: Abduction of shoulder joint <90°, prevents
dislocation
Infraspinatus
Origin: Infraspinus fossa of scapula
Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus
Action: Outward rotation, extension (horiz), adduction
Teres Minor
Origin: Inferior lateral border of scapula
Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus (w/ infraspinatus)
Action: Outward rotation, extension (horiz), adduction
Subscapularis
Origin: Subscapular fossa of scapula
Insertion: Lesser tubercle of humerus
Action : Inward rotation
********** Above four muscles Rotator Cuff **********
Latissimus Dorsi
Origin: T7-L5 spinous processes, Post. iliac crest & sacrum,
Insertion: Medial border of intertubercular groove of humerus
Action: Adduction, extension, inward rotation
Pectoralis Major
Origin: Clavicle, Sternum, Costal cartilages of ribs 2 – 6
Insertion: Lateral border of intertubercular groove of humerus
Action: Adduction, Extension
Horizontal Flexion
Teres Major
Origin: Lateral border to inferior angle of scapula
Insertion: Medial border of intertubercular groove of humerus
Action: Adduction, Inward rotation, Extension
Elbow Joint Muscles
Biceps Brachii Actions at 3 joints
Origin: Long Head: Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Short Head: Coracoid process of scapula
Insertion: Radial tuberosity ** Display changes in length**
Action: Flexes elbow, supinates hand,
Flexes shoulder joint (Long Head)
62
Brachialis “Upper Arm Muscle”
Origin: Inferior, anterior humerus
Insertion: Below coronoid process on the tuberosity of ulna
Action: Flexion of elbow (workhorse of flexors)
Brachioradialis
Origin: Lateral inferior humerus
Inserton: Styloid process of radius
Action: Elbow flexion (strongest at midposition)
Pronation & Supination to midposition
Triceps Brachii
Origin: Long Head: Infraglenoid tubercle of humerus
Lateral & Medial Head: Post humerus
Insertion: Olecranon of unla
Action: Elbow extension
Extension of shoulder joint (long head)
Muscles of Forearm of Wrist
Long Flexors
Origin: Anterior medial epicondyle of humerus
Inserion: Palmar surface of wrist & hand
Action: Flexion of wrist & fingers
Long Extensors
Origin: Posterior, lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Dorsal surface of wrist & hand
Action: Extension of wrist & fingers
Hip Joint Muscles
Iliopsoas
Origin: Iliac fossa, sides of bodies T12-L5 vertebrae
Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur
Action: Flexion & outward rotation of hip joint
Extension of lumbar vertebrae
Gluteus Maximus
Origin: Posterior ilum, sacrum & cocyx
Insertion: Lateral femur
Action: Flexion & outward rotation of hip joint
Adductors
Origin: Pubis
Insertion: Medial & posterior femur
Action: Adduction & outward rotation
Hamstrings – Biceps Femoris, Semimembranosus &Semitendinosus
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Biceps Femoris: Head of fibula & lateral tibia
Semimembranosus &Semitendinosus: Medial tibia
Action: Extension of hip & flexion of knee
63
Sartorius (Longest) Tailor’s
Origin: ASIS
Insertion: Medial tibial tuberosity
Action: Flexes hip & knee
Gracilis
Origin: Symphysis pubis & pubis
Inserton: Medial tibia
Action: Adduction of hip
Knee Joint Muscles
Quadriceps
Origin: Rectus Femoris: AIIS
Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Intermedius: Femur
Insertion: Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Action: Extension of knee (RF Hip Flex.)
Hamstrings
Action: Flexion of knee
Ankle Joint Muscles
Gastrocnemius
Origin: Posterior femoral epicondyles
Inserton: Calcaneus via Achille’s Tendon
Action: Plantarflexion, knee flexion
Soleus
Origin: Posterior tibia & fibula
Insertion; Calcaneus via Achille’s Tendon
Action: Plantarflexion
Skeletal Muscle Tissue Luigi Galvani
1737-1798
Discoverer of
Electrophysiology
De viribus electrictricitatis in motu
musculari commentarius (1791)
Luigi Galvani’s First Experiment
Luigi Galvani’s First Experiment
• Connective tissues
– Epimysium
• Covers entire muscle
– Perimysium
• Segregates fascicles
– Endomysium
• Surrounds individual
muscle fibers (cells)
• Cori Cycle
– Lactate to
liver, glucose
back to
muscle
• Oxygen
Debt
– Amount of
O2 required
to restore
pre-exertion
conditions in
muscle
Muscle Fiber Type
The Muscular System
The Axial Muscles
The Appendicular Muscles
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major
Triceps brachii
long head
Triceps brachii
lateral head
Sciatic nerve
Piriformis
Piriformis
Sciatic nerve
Sciatic nerve
Tibial nerve branch exiting from
beneath piriformis
Common fibular nerve branch
exiting from above piriformis
• Contusion of the pelvis
– iliac crest
– anterior superior iliac spine
– anterior inferior iliac spine
– greater trochanter of femur
• Hip joint and abdominal
muscles attach here
• Painful to flex hip joint and
rotate torso
• Avulsion fracture possible 113
Hip Pointer
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major
Triceps brachii
long head
Triceps brachii
lateral head
Liver disease including cancer
CV disease:
✓ Decreased HDL-C
✓ Increased total cholesterol
✓ Hypertension
Testicular atrophy
Reduced sperm count
Anabolic Steroids
Selected Adverse Side Effects
Irreversible clitoral hypertrophy
Irreversible deep hoarse voice
Menstrual irregularities
Male pattern baldness
Aggravates acne
Irreversible hirsutism (males and females)
Anabolic Steroids
Selected Adverse Side Effects
Retards growth in young
✓ Premature epiphyseal (growth plate) closure
Sex drive swings
✓ Increase and then decrease
Psychological disorders
✓ Aggression (‘Roid Rage)
✓ Paranoia and Lethargy
✓ Psychological addiction
Anabolic Steroids
Selected Adverse Side Effects
We provide professional writing services to help you score straight A’s by submitting custom written assignments that mirror your guidelines.
Get result-oriented writing and never worry about grades anymore. We follow the highest quality standards to make sure that you get perfect assignments.
Our writers have experience in dealing with papers of every educational level. You can surely rely on the expertise of our qualified professionals.
Your deadline is our threshold for success and we take it very seriously. We make sure you receive your papers before your predefined time.
Someone from our customer support team is always here to respond to your questions. So, hit us up if you have got any ambiguity or concern.
Sit back and relax while we help you out with writing your papers. We have an ultimate policy for keeping your personal and order-related details a secret.
We assure you that your document will be thoroughly checked for plagiarism and grammatical errors as we use highly authentic and licit sources.
Still reluctant about placing an order? Our 100% Moneyback Guarantee backs you up on rare occasions where you aren’t satisfied with the writing.
You don’t have to wait for an update for hours; you can track the progress of your order any time you want. We share the status after each step.
Although you can leverage our expertise for any writing task, we have a knack for creating flawless papers for the following document types.
Although you can leverage our expertise for any writing task, we have a knack for creating flawless papers for the following document types.
From brainstorming your paper's outline to perfecting its grammar, we perform every step carefully to make your paper worthy of A grade.
Hire your preferred writer anytime. Simply specify if you want your preferred expert to write your paper and we’ll make that happen.
Get an elaborate and authentic grammar check report with your work to have the grammar goodness sealed in your document.
You can purchase this feature if you want our writers to sum up your paper in the form of a concise and well-articulated summary.
You don’t have to worry about plagiarism anymore. Get a plagiarism report to certify the uniqueness of your work.
Join us for the best experience while seeking writing assistance in your college life. A good grade is all you need to boost up your academic excellence and we are all about it.
We create perfect papers according to the guidelines.
We seamlessly edit out errors from your papers.
We thoroughly read your final draft to identify errors.
Work with ultimate peace of mind because we ensure that your academic work is our responsibility and your grades are a top concern for us!
Dedication. Quality. Commitment. Punctuality
Here is what we have achieved so far. These numbers are evidence that we go the extra mile to make your college journey successful.
We have the most intuitive and minimalistic process so that you can easily place an order. Just follow a few steps to unlock success.
We understand your guidelines first before delivering any writing service. You can discuss your writing needs and we will have them evaluated by our dedicated team.
We write your papers in a standardized way. We complete your work in such a way that it turns out to be a perfect description of your guidelines.
We promise you excellent grades and academic excellence that you always longed for. Our writers stay in touch with you via email.