In the Introduction, you should seize the interest of the reader about the significance of your topic to patient care and nursing practice. You support the introduction with data about the significance of the problem. You support the introduction with evidence-based data, including sources, about the significance of the problem. You should identify a gap in nursing or patient knowledge, skills, or attitudes. The purpose should describe how your project filled that gap. This section’s information should be organized, at a minimum, using level headings of Background, Significance, and Purpose. This chapter will be 4 pages in length and should include at least 5 scholarly sources.

Student Last Name 1

Student Last Name 10

E2 Essay Examples for DB #10

Instructions:

Read the two attached essays, and follow the instructions on DB #10. What grade do you think each of these essays earned? See Prof. W.’s rubric below.

Standard Rubric for 1020 Major Assignments

See the syllabus for more information about grades, assessment, and evaluation.

Keep in mind that as we progress throughout the semester, standards and expectations will increase. For example, an A on your first assignment, might be equivalent to a B on your second or third assignments because Prof. W. expects you to improve during the course.

A=Excellent—Keep it up!

The essay is well organized, presents a clear thesis statement, addresses the prompt, demonstrates an understanding of the essay’s purpose, and displays the writer’s attention to revision and editing methods. Writing includes quality sources and integrates them smoothly, including in-text citations and a

Works Cited

page.

B=Great Job—Focus on the details!

The essay is mostly organized, presents a thesis statement, addresses the prompt, mostly demonstrates an understanding of the essay’s purpose, and displays the writer’s attempts at revision and editing methods. Writing includes quality sources and integrates most of them smoothly, including in-text citations and a mostly accurate Works Cited page.

C=Good start but needs some work!

The essay lacks organization, presents an attempt at a thesis statement, somewhat addresses the prompt, does not entirely display an understanding of the essay’s purpose, and the writer shows little attention to revision and editing. Writing lacks quality sources and fails to integrate them smoothly; in-text citations and a Works Cited page need attention.

D=Inadequate but has room for improvement!

The essay is not organized, might not include a thesis statement, shows little attention to the prompt, does not display an understanding of the essay’s purpose, and the writer shows little-to-no attention to revision and editing. Writing includes quality sources and fails to integrate them smoothly; in-text citations and a Works Cited page require major attention.

F=Failed Assignment

The essay is incomplete and/or does not address the prompt; in-text citations and/or Works Cited page are absent.

Student 1

Prof. Williams

English 1020-050

28 February 2019

Should Beauty Gurus’ Reviews be Trusted?

Over the past couple years, the beauty influencers on YouTube have grown to a larger number and views. According to Pixability, in the past 10 years, the beauty related views has grown to about 167 billion. In case you haven’t heard of the term “beauty guru” it’s basically someone who records and posts videos showing different beauty products on YouTube or any social media. There are many pros and cons of following up with a beauty guru and trusting their words. For many people they watch beauty gurus because they like to stay up to date with the beauty products, new lunches, different brands, or even just for entertainment. I have been watching different beauty influencer’s on YouTube and I have to admit most of it is false. I understand that beauty gurus inform us about different products and show us different brands we can purchase from, but beauty gurus are mostly sponsored or getting paid, reviewing certain products just for the reviews, reviewing products for the brands attention, and getting paid for advertisement and affiliate codes.

Brands sponsoring beauty gurus is the most convincing way to get watchers to purchase their products. Brands reach out to beauty gurus who have a lot of subscribers on YouTube and send them their new products to either show it in a video tutorial or post swatches and talk about how the products work. The brands reach out by email to inform the beauty gurus that soon they will receive products and maybe even include a payment amount they will receive after they post a video. Not only do beauty gurus get paid, they even get press trips. Which is basically a brand of cosmetics sending a number of beauty gurus on a trip and in that trip the brand reveals a new makeup item. At the trip beauty gurus get to share their experience and the product online and how well it works for them on YouTube and also other socials media (Lancaster). Others social media such as Instagram is also a huge way for beauty gurus to get sponsored. By simply sharing a picture of a makeup item they will receive money by the brand.

Many of us get tricked by popular trends and rush and press on any video to watch what’s the top trend. For beauty gurus it’s the same thing, once there’s a trend going on beauty gurus make sure they post a video about it so they can get more views. For example, the term “contouring” was once so popular that every beauty guru started using and even brands started coming up with more products to be used when you’re contouring. Contouring is when you use a matte shade that’s darker than your skin tone to define and make certain parts of your face appear smaller, like your nose and forehead. Another trend that beauty gurus know will get them more views is using cheaper makeup and compare it with more high-end makeup. For example, Jeffree star, a makeup influencer, started a trend where he boosts up cheaper makeup by comparing dupes with high-end makeup. It’s really all fake because he uses a $74 dollars primer under a $5 dollars foundation and brave about how good the foundation is. People started watching it and liking it thinking they are finding a bargain and a good cheap foundation because of his videos. Now many beauty gurus started doing the same type of videos, after Jeffree stars video went viral just to gain more views.

When beauty gurus start bragging about a certain product or using a product constantly, a big chance they are doing it to grab brands attention. Sometimes they review products that maybe they don’t love as much just to get on the PR list of a certain brand. Once they get added, they start receiving new makeup and different launches for free. Sometimes if brands see that a beauty guru is gaining a lot of subscribers and views, the brand will make that person the face of the brand and pay them every time they use their products on any video. Not only does that benefit the beauty guru but also the brands. Beauty gurus on YouTube help boost up the amount of sales for the brands. According to BBC News, the country that spends the most on makeup is the United States (Jones and Gelbart).

If you’re ever watching a beauty tutorial and an Ad pops up any time in the video that means that it’s a paid advertisement. Brands advertise any time during a video so they can catch people’s attention (Jervis). Even under the beauty gurus’ channels sometimes there’s ads about certain beauty brands or fashion websites. There’s also a method where while you’re watching a video its cuts and shows an advertisement, that’s also a way for brands and companies to advertise through beauty gurus. Another way beauty guru could get paid is by having an affiliate code with a brand. So, if in their video they mention something about “use my discount to get 10% of your purchase”, they basically have an affiliate code that lets the brand know people watch their videos. Every time someone uses their code, they get paid a percentage.

Beauty gurus cannot be trusted, and everyone needs to be aware of what is happening with all these promotions. People should not waste their money on products that do not work just because a beauty guru influenced them. Most youtubers are sponsored and only talk about these products only because they are being paid. They can choose certain products to review in order to get the brands attention for popularity. Therefore, youtubers get paid for their advertisement and get special promotional codes. Beauty gurus are huge influential youtubers on young and beginner girls trying to do makeup. Beauty gurus use tricks and techniques to try and pursued people to try and buy the products they promote. Whenever a beauty guru promotes a beauty product multiple times on their channel, they receive those products for free. No matter if the beauty gurus love the product or not, they will promote it regardless, and that is why they cannot be trusted.

Works Cited

Jervis, Leah. “How Fashion and Makeup Brands Use Beauty Gurus and Vloggers on YouTube to Increase Brand Awareness.” Powered by University of Brighton, edublogs, 4 Jan. 2018, blogs.brighton.ac.uk/lasj10/2018/01/04/how-fashion-and-makeup-brands-use-beauty-gurus-and-vloggers-on-youtube-to-increase-brand-awareness/.

Jones, Lora, and Hannah Gelbart. “Make-up: Have YouTube Stars Boosted Beauty Sales?” BBC News, BBC, 7 June 2018, www.bbc.com/news/business-43966384.

Lancaster, Brodie. “Glam or Sham: How the Big Brands Cash in on YouTube’s Beauty Vloggers.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 7 Mar. 2018, www.theguardian.com/fashion/2018/mar/08/glam-or-sham-are-youtubes-beauty-vloggers-selling-out.

Pixability. “Annual Beauty-Related Content Views on YouTube from 2009 to 2018 (in Billions).” Statista – The Statistics Portal, Statista, www.statista.com/statistics/294655/youtube-monthly-beauty-content-views/, Accessed 27 Feb 2019.

Student 2

Prof. Williams

English 1020-002

March 4, 2019

Should the NFL Expand Instant Replay to Cover Penalties?

Instant replay review is a much debated and sometimes controversial topic across all major sports circuits. With the constant technological advances being made in videography and photography, it only makes sense for any league to want to use the resources at their disposal to ensure that each game is being officiated as correctly as possible, yet many would argue that the influence of too much technology hurts the integrity of the game. Since the National Football League is the most popular sports league in America, it comes as no surprise that its instant replay review rules are constantly under a microscope of scrutiny. Currently, penalties are not among the calls that officials are allowed to review and overturn. Instant replay review should be expanded in the NFL to cover penalties because it would ensure the correct ruling is made, would help the league to keep pace with other major sports leagues technologically, and it would alleviate speculation of games being fixed; however, it would also cause more prolonged stoppages of play and diminish the importance of judgement calls made by referees.

A single ruling can change the course of an entire football game, so it’s imperative that the right call is made by the officials on each play. Perhaps the best example of this was in the 2019 NFC Championship Game when the New Orleans Saints were tied with the Los Angeles Rams with under two minutes to play. Saints quarterback Drew Brees made a pass to receiver Tommylee Lewis near the sideline that was broken up by Rams cornerback Nickell Robey-Coleman, forcing New Orleans to settle for a field goal. The hit by Robey-Coleman was clearly late and should have resulted in a pass interference penalty and given the Saints a first down that would have allowed them to kick a field goal with no time left on the clock. The Rams then were able to tie the game and went on to win in overtime; advancing to the Super Bowl and ending the Saints’ season. The play was not able to be reviewed because NFL rules only allow for scoring plays, receptions, fumbles, placement of the ball, and kicks to be reviewed by video replay. Any flag thrown, or a lack thereof, by a referee is considered a judgement call and is a final ruling at the official’s discretion. Needless to say, many fans were outraged at the game’s outcome and demanded explanations and changes to be made to prevent this from happening again. NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell even admitted the penalty should have been called, saying “It is a play that should be called. Whenever officiating is part of any kind of discussion postgame, it is never a good outcome for us” (Draper and Belson). Despite the league’s immense popularity, failure to address issues like this could eventually allow the other top sports leagues to close the gap in viewership numbers.

Another reason why the NFL should expand their instant replay review rules is to keep pace with the innovations being made by other sports leagues. The NBA, which has a reputation as being the most forward-thinking league in America, first adopted instant replay review in 2002. In addition to things like how many points a shot is worth or possession of the ball, replay can also be used for last second fouls, flagrant fouls, and shot clock violations (“NBA Referee Instant Replay Trigger Outline”). Basically, every facet of the game is reviewable. The NHL also does not allow penalties to be reviewed, which has been a source of much controversy for it as well. Major League Baseball was the last of the top four leagues to adopt replay review, but have been proactive since doing so; first implementing it in 2008, then making expansions in 2014, 2015, and 2016. Though baseball does not necessarily have penalties that can be compared to football, one replay rule that MLB has that could be useful for the NFL is limiting all reviews to two minutes. If the official has not made a decision by that time, the original call stands. Above all, the ultimate goal in each league is to make sure the right call is made every time in a timely fashion.

Correctness prevents controversy, and speculation that games are fixed is the worst controversy that a league like the NFL could face. Thus far the NFL has been able to avoid any major internal gambling scandals like MLB has faced with Pete Rose, or former referee Tim Donaghy in the NBA. However, referring back to the aforementioned 2019 NFC Championship, it was revealed that four of the officials in the game all lived in southern California near Los Angeles (Abdeldaiem). Naturally, this led to public backlash and many rumors that the lack of a pass interference call was influenced by the officiating crew having a hometown bias toward the Rams. So far these claims have not been substantiated, but it does not provide a good public image for the league nonetheless. Had the play been reviewable, either the officials themselves or the Replay Review Center in New York would have overturned the call and the league would have been praised for its efficiency.

Though there would be many benefits to expanding instant replay review for penalties, one can also argue the drawbacks. One of the most frequent gripes about the current use of replay is the amount of time it takes for a play to be reviewed. This causes all the action of the game to come to an abrupt halt, and can impact the momentum of the teams involved in the game. It also requires the fans to devote more time to watching the game, as well as subjecting those watching on television to even more commercial breaks. Many football purists would argue that it diminishes the officiating crew’s responsibility of making judgement calls, which harms the integrity of the game. When integrating technology, it’s always important to maintain a degree of humanity.

Instant replay review should be expanded in the NFL to cover penalties because it would ensure the correct ruling is made, would help the league to keep pace with other major sports leagues technologically, and it would alleviate speculation of games being fixed; however, it would also cause more prolonged stoppages of play and diminish the importance of judgement calls made by referees. Each offseason the league’s owners meet and discuss rule changes. Undoubtedly, this rule will be brought up this summer and changes will be made eventually in hopes of avoiding a repeat of this postseason’s debacle.

Works Cited

Abdeldaiem, Alaa. “Report: NFL Allowed Four Game Officials Based in Southern California to Work NFC Championship.” Sports Illustrated, 27 Jan. 2019, https://amp-si-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/amp.si.com/nfl/2019/01/27/four-officials-nfc-championship-game-live-southern-california-rams-saints. Accessed 1 Mar. 2019.

Draper, Kevin and Ken Belson. “Roger Goodell Finally Acknowledges Referee Error in N.F.C. Championship Game.” The New York Times, 30 Jan. 2019, https://www-nytimes-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.nytimes.com/2019/01/30/sports/football/roger-goodell-saints-nfl.amp.html. Accessed 1 Mar. 2019.

“NBA Referee Instant Replay Trigger Outline.” NBA, https://www.nba.com/official/m-instant-replay-guidelines.html. Accessed 1 Mar. 2019.

Essay 2: Position Essay (100 pts./10%)

“Should _____________?”

In this position essay, you will explore discussions regarding the role of technology in our lives. You will narrow down a topic, state your position on the issue, briefly address opposing arguments, and provide credible, quality outside evidence to support your claims.

You have two options for this assignment:

1) You may research, explore, and take a position on an issue involving technology in your major/career field.

2) You may research, explore, and take a position on an issue involving technology in general.

Your title should be in the form of a research question (see above); your thesis will answer that question. Examples of titles/position topics: “Should Students Be Required to Use iPads in the Classroom?”, “Should Police Wear Cameras?”, “Should Musicians Avoid Spotify?”, “Should Bots be Banned from Buying Concert Tickets?”, “Should Self-Check Outs be Eliminated from Grocery Stores?”, “Should Telehealth Appointments Continue to be Used Post-Pandemic?”, etc.

Position essays require you to:

-explore and evaluate various sides to an argument

-choose a position and reflect on why you feel a specific way

-narrow a potentially broad topic to connect with your audience

-select credible evidence to support your position

You need to include in-text citations and a Works Cited page. Sources (3-5) are necessary to strengthen and support your position. (*Note: Failure to include in-text citations and a Works Cited page will result in an automatic F for the assignment.)

Keep in mind the following while writing your essay:

·

Argue with yourself—can you recognize flaws in your own argument(s)?

· Refrain from writing vague statements—stay focused and on point.

· Don’t forget about the UWC!

Purpose of the assignment:

· To practice evaluating arguments and evidence

· To practice staying on topic

· To practice research methods

· To practice writing thesis statements, topic sentences, and transitions

I will grade your essays based on the following:

·

· Solid thesis statement

· Organization

· Quality of sources (3-5)

· Ability to integrate sources

· Grammar and punctuation

· Ability to convey personal opinion in a professional manner

· Title of essay

· Meeting the length requirement (approx. 900-1100 words)

· Format and documentation style (MLA)

Helpful Hints:

-Use MTSU library to discover sources. Prof. W. will show you how to do this easily and efficiently! Try searching useful MTSU library databases such as Opposing Viewpoints, Statista, CQ Researcher, and Academic Search Ultimate.

-Cite your sources as you find them.

-Keep your audience in mind. In this instance, your instructor and your peers are your audience.

-Read the essay numerous times, and be an engaged reader (take notes, annotate, talk to the text, etc.).

-To avoid errors, proofread a printed copy of the essay before turning in the final draft.

-If you have any questions, ask!

Due Dates: See course calendar for official due dates; make certain you are aware of readings, homework, and deadlines. The assignments this semester require more self-discipline and intensive strategies than what you experienced in English 1010.

NOTES

· Maternal Mental Health Disorder impacts mothers globally. One in three women experience birth trauma associated with the type of delivery or medical interventions

· One in five women face maternal mental disorders and can affect the entire family

· To identify women who experienced trauma during childbirth and work with them to cope effectively

· Data collection will guide the practice of Providers in this setting to eliminate factors that can contribute to these outcomes

Summary

· Trauma can have a negative impact on the mother-baby dyad

· Early screening is essential in maintaining the mother’s wellbeing

· Debriefing after birth is a critical piece to assist closure on their unexpected birth experiences

· No matter how their birth played out, debriefing with the mother and the team is vital to provide the opportunity to talk about their memories, thoughts, feelings, and birth experience

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15

Annotated Bibliography- Perinatal Mental Health

Perinatal mental health is significant to women. Since they are vulnerable to experiencing mental illnesses during pregnancy, birth, and the postpartum period, this may affect their family relationships and infant development. In this context, this paper provides an annotated bibliography on perinatal mental health.

Bayrampour, H., Hapsari, A., & Pavlovic, J. (2018). Barriers to addressing perinatal mental

health issues in midwifery settings. Midwifery, 59, 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2017.12.020

This peer-reviewed article investigates the barriers encountered by midwives in addressing perinatal mental health issues. Midwives are among the healthcare practitioners associated with women in the perinatal period. The study identifies the lack of adequate training as one of the barriers preventing midwives from addressing perinatal mental illnesses in women, which results in a lack of clarity in their scope of practice. Additionally, the study identifies that bureaucratic processes and system-level barriers are diverse and complex and are thus linked to the failure to address perinatal mental health. This is a systematic study and hence has high statistical power, thus confirming the research’s reliability and validity.

Additionally, it identifies the factors leading to the creation of barriers in addressing perinatal mental health by midwives and recommended measures for improving the situation. I intend to use it in my nursing capstone course research on account of its high statistical power.

Beck, C., & Watson, S. (2016). Posttraumatic growth after birth trauma. MCN, The American

Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 41(5), 264–271. https://doi.org/10.1097/nmc.0000000000000259

Beck and Watson (2016) investigate the posttraumatic growth after birth trauma. The study uses a sample of 15 mothers to understand their experiences after experiencing birth trauma. As they had to accept their new reality, most mothers emerged very strong from birth trauma. Such experiences, the study reveals, can promote personal growth after traumatic birth experiences and is significant as it illustrates that mothers can emerge successfully from their posttraumatic stress.

Additionally, this study’s results may be used to instill courage in other mothers and help them understand that they are not the only ones experiencing birth trauma and that they would eventually overcome it. Since the study used primary data, it has strong statistical power and shows what mothers go through. Such experiences may be used to develop better mitigation strategies. The study is significant, and I intend to use it in my nursing capstone course.

Dietz, H. P., Wilson, P. D., & Milsom, I. (2016). Maternal birth trauma: Why should it matter to

urogynaecologists? Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 28(5), 441–448. https://doi.org/10.1097/gco.0000000000000304

The article explains why the issue of maternal birth trauma should matter to urogynaecologists. According to the study, the leading causes of maternal birth trauma may arise due to birth and may lead to later morbidity of the mother. The identified causes of maternal birth trauma include levator trauma and anal sphincter muscle tears. The study’s summary shows that there are more child-related major maternal traumas than perceived. Thus, to reduce maternal trauma, urogynaecologists should be involved. The review uses evidence from other sources to support its sentiments and can thus be used as a reliable source of information and evidence. However, it does not directly indicate how urogynaecologists are essential in reducing major maternal trauma. I will use this study in my nursing course capstone to describe the healthcare practitioners’ role in mitigating perinatal mental health issues.

Field, S., Abrahams, Z., Woods, D. L., Turner, R., Onah, M. N., Kaura, D. K., & Honikman, S.

(2019). Accessible continued professional development for maternal mental health. African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v11i1.1902

The study investigates the effect of continuous professional development on maternal mental health. Global health is changing; thus, there is a need for constant professional development involvement, ensuring significant maternal mental health improvement. Maternal mental health can be fostered by improving mental health literacy and reducing maternal mental illnesses. Field et al. (2019) analyzed The Better care Maternal Mental Health Book for its effectiveness and found that an increase in maternal knowledge has a significant role in improving maternal health. Thus, creating awareness about maternal healthcare may be used to sensitize people about curbing mental illnesses. This study will indicate how an increase in maternal mental healthcare knowledge will be an effective intervention in promoting maternal mental health.

Hazell Raine, K., Nath, S., Howard, L. M., Cockshaw, W., Boyce, P., Sawyer, E., & Thorpe, K.

(2019). Associations between prenatal maternal mental health indices and mother-infant relationship quality 6 to 18 months’ postpartum: A systematic review. Infant Mental Health Journal, 41(1), 24–39. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21825

Maternal mental health issues may affect children’s psychosocial and psychological development because it affects the mother-infant relationship quality. According to this study, maternal mental illnesses result in poor mother-infant relationship quality. Owing to limited information, the author conducted a systematic review of the area. The analysis would have been more comprehensive and shed more light on the topic had it also investigated why maternal mental health is related to the mother-infant relationship quality. The study is useful and significant to my research as it reveals the effect of maternal mental health problems.

Holden, G., Corter, A. L., Hatters‐Friedman, S., & Soosay, I. (2019). Brief report. A qualitative

study of maternal mental health services in New Zealand: Perspectives of māori and pacific mothers and midwives. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/appy.12369

This qualitative study investigates mental health services in New Zealand using focus groups and interviews with maternity carers and mothers to identify their challenges. It also speaks of significant gaps in maternal mental health services. The study should have proceeded to identify these gaps, which would have enabled the researchers to develop practical recommendations on the interventions to be implemented to bridge such gaps. Thus, service improvements in New Zealand are required to promote effective maternal mental health. This study will be essential in my research to identify and indicate maternal mental health gaps.

Howard, L. M., & Khalifeh, H. (2020). Perinatal mental health: A review of progress and

Challenges World Psychiatry, 19(3), 313–327. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20769

Perinatal maternal mental health has become a concerning issue in the healthcare sector. It is one reason for morbidity during pregnancy, apart from being a cause of pregnancy mortality. Some countries have already introduced healthcare units that focus solely on perinatal mental health. If a woman is not treated appropriately, it may alter the development of their infant. Thus, the study indicates a need to develop effective strategies for mitigating perinatal mental illnesses and improving the already affected mothers’ outcomes. The study indicates some of the developments in perinatal mental health and highlights some of its challenges. The study is valid and reliable as it cites other recent studies on the same topic and may thus be used to inform evidence-based treatment. Therefore, I intend to use the study in my research project as a source of information.

Judd, F., Newman, L., & Komiti, A. A. (2017). Time for a new zeitgeist in perinatal mental

health. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(2), 112–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867417741553

According to the study, perinatal depression and anxiety have been an issue for a long time. Different interventions must be used to improve the situation; in this case, the better intervention would be the early intervention. Healthcare practitioners should categorize patients according to the risk factors they are exposed to. Patients with higher risk factors should be helped early to ensure that they do not develop perinatal depression and anxiety. The study indicates that early intervention will be advantageous for the infants to prevent any issues in their development arising from perinatal maternal health issues such as depression and anxiety. The study fills a gap in the field by identifying better interventions for reducing the problem, and literature from other studies are used to support its claims. Thus, the review will be useful in my research, as it can be used as a reference to indicate better interventions for mitigating perinatal maternal mental health issues.

Lin, S. C., Tyus, N., Maloney, M., Ohri, B., & Sripipatana, A. (2020). Mental health status

among women of reproductive age from underserved communities in the united states and the associations between depression and physical health: A cross-sectional study. PLOS ONE, 15(4), e0231243. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231243

The study investigates the mental illnesses of adults aged 18 or older of reproductive age. Some of the mental conditions, such as prenatal depression and anxiety, are linked to pregnancy outcomes, indicating that a significant proportion of women of reproductive age face mental illnesses due to their pregnancies. This is a cross-sectional study aimed at identifying self-reported cases facing maternal mental health conditions. The study identifies the risk factors that may increase maternal mental illnesses, such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and self-rated health. Some women undergo physical changes during pregnancy and after giving birth, which can be identified as one reason leading to maternal mental health issues. The study is significant as it determines how women self-report going through maternal mental illnesses and will be used as part of the literature in my research.

McKinney, J., Keyser, L., Clinton, S., & Pagliano, C. (2018). Acog committee opinion no. 736:

Optimizing Postpartum Care. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 132(3), 784–785.

https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000002849

This article is about optimizing postpartum care. According to the report, the preparation for postpartum care should be done during the prenatal period, preparing mothers to undergo postpartum care after birth. The postpartum period is crucial in the lives of a mother and child, calling for the assignment of a primary caretaker who will engage them continuously and ensure quality care. In providing postpartum care, conditions pre-existing in a woman should be considered for extending quality care. The article brings forth the issue of postpartum care effectively, with useful recommendations for optimizing postpartum care. It also uses literature from other sources to support the information provided and help develop my research project.

NakićRadoš, S., Matijaš, M., Kuhar, L., Anđelinović, M., & Ayers, S. (2020). Measuring and

conceptualizing PTSD following childbirth: Validation of the city birth trauma scale. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(2), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000501

The study uses the recently developed City Birth Trauma Scale for evaluating posttraumatic stress disorder following childbirth. Previous studies indicate some women in the postpartum period having PTSD. The research seeks to assess the City Birth Trauma Scale’s effectiveness in determining PTSD in women in the postpartum period and finds the scale useful for evaluating PTSD in mothers in the postpartum period. The research indicates that the test is valid, the most useful and reliable, and other tests. I will use the nursing capstone study to indicate some of the tests used to identify mothers’ stress in the postpartum period.

O’Hara, M. W., & Wisner, K. L. (2014). Perinatal mental illness: Definition, description, and

etiology. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 28(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.09.002

This study researches perinatal mental illnesses and their etiology and describes perinatal mental diseases as a severe complication of pregnancy, especially after birth. Perinatal psychiatric manifestations harm a woman’s function and may also lead to the child’s sub-optimal development. Women who have undergone depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric disorders earlier are at a higher risk of perinatal mental illnesses because they are the major perinatal issues women face. The study uses data from other sources to support the information presented, ensuring its validity and reliability. The study’s information would be essential in promoting evidence-based practice in perinatal mental health, and I will use the same in supporting my topic in the nursing capstone course.

Patabendige, M., Athulathmudali, S. R., & Chandrasinghe, S. K. (2020). Mental health problems

during pregnancy and the postpartum period: A multicenter knowledge assessment survey among healthcare providers. Journal of Pregnancy, 2020, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4926702

The study investigates the maternal mental health issues faced in the postpartum period. The postpartum period is defined as six weeks after childbirth. Most women are more vulnerable to maternal mental illnesses at this stage. Thus, it is essential to investigate some of the maternal mental health issues they may face, identifying effective mitigation strategies. According to the study, maternal mental illnesses may have adverse and long-lasting consequences. Thus, investigating the possible maternal mental illnesses and making healthcare practitioners conscious of their significance would be essential in reducing the malady. The study finds that knowledge about maternal mental illnesses in practice is poor in healthcare facilities. The review should have investigated the causes of poor use of knowledge about maternal mental illnesses. This study is relevant to my research because it concerns maternal mental diseases experienced during the postpartum period.

Position statement 49: Perinatal mental health. (2018). Mental Health America.

https://www.mhanational.org/issues/position-statement-49-perinatal-mental-health

The article provides information about perinatal mental health. The report indicates that approximately 70% to 80% of mothers experience negative feelings or mood swings in the first days after giving birth, suggesting the need to develop a follow-up program on the mothers who have given birth to ensure that they do not undergo perinatal mental health issues, the most prevalent of which is perinatal depression. According to the statistics, approximately 10% to 15% of the mothers that give birth are likely to experience perinatal depression. The article explains the issues around perinatal depression, perinatal stress, anxiety, and psychosis. It also indicates the causes of perinatal mood and anxiety disorders that may arise and their effects on all the stakeholders. The article provides useful information on perinatal maternal health, indicating the most likely conditions and their consequences. It also makes the study more reliable, making it a significant inclusion in my nursing capstone course.

Priddis, H. S., Keedle, H., & Dahlen, H. (2018). The perfect storm of trauma: The experiences of

women who have experienced birth trauma and subsequently accessed residential parenting services in Australia. Women and Birth, 31(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2017.06.007

The study investigates the experiences of women who had birth trauma and sought residential parenting services. According to the survey, most of these women had pre-existing vulnerabilities before giving birth. The study identified that women are handled during pregnancy, birth, and the postpartum period affected their mental health. It also affects how they manage their early parenthood. The study uses primary information from eight interviewed women, thus contributing to the study’s high statistical power, making it reliable and valid. I will use this study as a reference for my research, as it provides essential information on the topic of perinatal mental health.

Reed, R., Sharman, R., & Inglis, C. (2017). Women’s descriptions of childbirth trauma relating

to care provider actions and interactions. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-1197-0

The study investigates women’s descriptions of childbirth trauma relating to the care providers’ actions and interactions. According to the study, women’s psychological trauma during birth may impact their postnatal mental health and family relationships. In this study, the views of 748 women were sought to identify how the caregivers promoted traumatic births among women. The study finds that the caregivers might alter the birth processes to meet their preferences, resulting in traumatic births. Some caregivers use lies and threats to ensure that the women adhered to their procedures. That culminated in traumatic births in many women. Some of the caretaker’s actions were also abusive. Thus, the study identifies how caregivers play a role in promoting traumatic births among women. However, it does not offer any recommendations for addressing the problem. The study will be significant for my research, and I intend to use it as a source of information.

Schwab-Reese, L. M., Schafer, E. J., & Ashida, S. (2016). Associations of social support and

stress with postpartum maternal mental health symptoms: Main effects, moderation, and mediation. Women & Health, 57(6), 723–740. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2016.1181140

According to the article, poor maternal mental health can have adverse effects on the mother, the infant, and the families. The report investigated how stress and support related to maternal mental health. Typically, when a mother is exposed to stress or anxiety, she is more likely to have maternal mental health issues. On the contrary, when a mother receives social support, she feels satisfied, thus removing maternal mental health issues. The study results reveal that interventions to reduce stress and increase social support for mothers during the postpartum period would improve maternal mental health. The study should also have investigated the types of support that mothers in the postpartum period require to make them feel more comfortable. This study is significant to my paper as it reveals some interventions that may be used to improve maternal mental health among mothers in the postpartum period.

Simpson, M., & Catling, C. (2016). Understanding psychological traumatic birth experiences: A

literature review. Women and Birth, 29(3), 203–207.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2015.10.009

According to the report, traumatic birth experiences lead to posttraumatic stress disorder. It also disrupts the mother-child bonds, thus resulting in impaired child development. It may also affect the mother’s subsequent pregnancies. The study uses a literature review to understand the factors contributing to birth trauma and its efficacy in mitigating birth trauma. The research indicates that women having previous mental conditions are more likely to undergo birth trauma. Thus, the risk factors of birth trauma need to be dealt with before birth. The study reveals the possible interventions to mitigate birth trauma. The study also supports its claims with other literature, increasing its validity and its reliability. Since the study shows the connection between birth trauma and perinatal mental health illnesses, it will be essential to my research.

References
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Priddis, H. S., Keedle, H., & Dahlen, H. (2018). The perfect storm of trauma: The experiences of women who have experienced birth trauma and subsequently accessed residential parenting services in Australia. Women and Birth, 31(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2017.06.007
Reed, R., Sharman, R., & Inglis, C. (2017). Women’s descriptions of childbirth trauma relating to care provider actions and interactions. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-1197-0
Schwab-Reese, L. M., Schafer, E. J., & Ashida, S. (2016). Associations of social support and stress with postpartum maternal mental health symptoms: Main effects, moderation, and mediation. Women & Health, 57(6), 723–740. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2016.1181140
Simpson, M., & Catling, C. (2016). Understanding psychological traumatic birth experiences: A literature review. Women and Birth, 29(3), 203–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2015.10.009