Weekly Summary

NSTRUCTIONS:

  1. Write a 200- to 250-word reflection on this week’s topic by responding to the question/comment below.
  2. Your response should be in standard essay format (introduction, body, conclusion; complete sentences, paragraphs). Points will be deducted if you do not follow this format and/or the quality of the writing is poor (spelling, grammar, or punctuation errors), so be sure to proofread carefully.
  3. NO Points if any of your reflection is plagiarized. Use only the required readings/lectures in your response, but don’t over-quote from them.

Reflect on this QUESTION/COMMENT:  What land and labor systems were developed to facilitate the extraction of raw materials from colonial Latin America and why?

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Part 2: Colonial America

Consolidating Empire
 Supreme Council of the Indies –

developed in 1524 to replace the 
chaotic (often violent) rule of 
conquistadors – avoid mini‐
fiefdoms, impose will of the Crown

 The Viceroys – highest 
representatives of the Crown in the 
colonies – authoritarian governors 
of two vast administrative units –
viceroyalties (New Spain & Peru)
 Peru divided into four units in the 
18th century – adding New 
Granada & La Plata (briefly Brazil)

Consolidating Empire
 Mercantilist system – economy based on merchant trade, built 

on the accumulation of precious metals (real money) and 
commodities – enriches the monarchy
 Mercantilist Institutions
 House of Trade – oversaw all of economic life in the 
colonies
 Quinto Real (Royal Fifth) – flat 20% tax levied on behalf of 
the Crown on all incoming mined metals from the colonies
 Flotas – convoys of ships that sailed from the colonies 
(laden with goods and precious metals) to Spain

 Economic & political geographies of the system included the 
series of ports/forts established to safe‐guard the Flotas –
e.g., Cartegena, Veracruz, Havana

Routes of Spanish “Flota”

The Spanish “Flota” (Convoy)

Problems with the System
 Everything was focused on what was best for Spain at the 

expense of Colonial America – “contributing to the progressive 
underdevelopment”
 Unequal, dependent trade relations developed – trade was 
heavily regulated – no manufacturing or cultivation of 
anything that might threaten Spain’s economy
 Captive Markets – supplied raw materials to 
Spain/Portugal and purchased manufactured goods from 
Spain/Portugal

 Retarded the economic development of the colonies –
internal markets were not developed and latest technologies 
(from Protestant nations) were excluded – e.g., olives, 
grapes, sheep prohibited

Problems with the System
 Promoted contraband and black market trading, 

disrespect for laws, ill‐will by American‐born Spaniards
 Piracy, along with neglect, aided in the decline of the 

Empire – semiofficial support of pirates by other 
states
 Henry Morgan not only plundered, but bartered 
with industry‐starved colonies

 Success of pirates led to formation of West Indies 
companies, and colonization of lands not effectively 
colonized by Spanish
 Bermuda, Barbados, northern Lesser Antilles 
(English in early 1600s) – Guadeloupe, Martinique 
(French) – Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao (Dutch)
 Caribbean coasts of Central America (Belize, 
Honduras, Nicaragua) by English; Jamaica (1655) 
– Dutch ruled NE Brazil from 1630‐1654 – Haiti 
(1697) by French 

Sir Francis Drake

Captain Morgan

Colonial Land & Labor Systems
 Encomienda – large feudal estates granted by the Crown which 

allowed the owner (encomiendero) to demand labor from the 
indigenous

 Bartolome de las Casas – called to abolish the system and 
raised the human rights conversation in Spain
 “Black Legend” – discourse of Spanish cruelty amongst 
other European states – however, the human rights issue 
was not even something debated in those countries

 Repartimiento (1542) – replaced the encomienda system and 
changed the structure of the labor demands from individual to 
group services
 Abuse and enslavement continued however, and the 
campaign to legislate protection of indigenous helped further 
the importation of Africans as labor in the Americas

De las Casas & Spanish Tyranny

Black Legend

Slavery in the Americas

 The Spanish turned to Africa as a labor source as the 
indigenous population collapsed

 First African slaves were brought to the region by 1510
 Asiento – contract or license by the Spanish Crown to 
traffic slaves to their colonies – the asiento passed 
among others engaged in the trade (Portuguese, Dutch, 
French, English)

 Plantation economy grew as a result of the influx of 
labor – requiring more labor

 Triangle Trade – the movement of manufactured 
goods, people, and raw materials between Europe, 
Africa, and the Americas – made the Europeans very 
wealthy

The Triangle Trade

Colombian Exchange

 Referred to as the “Atlantic 
Exchange” in Fuentes

 a transference of plants, 
animals, peoples, diseases and 
wealth between the “New” and 
“Old” worlds – never before 
had there been such a massive 
exchange; this process 
completely reshaped the world

The Colombian Exchange

Wealth Exchange

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