NSTRUCTIONS:
Reflect on this QUESTION/COMMENT: What land and labor systems were developed to facilitate the extraction of raw materials from colonial Latin America and why?
Part 2: Colonial America
Consolidating Empire
Supreme Council of the Indies –
developed in 1524 to replace the
chaotic (often violent) rule of
conquistadors – avoid mini‐
fiefdoms, impose will of the Crown
The Viceroys – highest
representatives of the Crown in the
colonies – authoritarian governors
of two vast administrative units –
viceroyalties (New Spain & Peru)
Peru divided into four units in the
18th century – adding New
Granada & La Plata (briefly Brazil)
Consolidating Empire
Mercantilist system – economy based on merchant trade, built
on the accumulation of precious metals (real money) and
commodities – enriches the monarchy
Mercantilist Institutions
House of Trade – oversaw all of economic life in the
colonies
Quinto Real (Royal Fifth) – flat 20% tax levied on behalf of
the Crown on all incoming mined metals from the colonies
Flotas – convoys of ships that sailed from the colonies
(laden with goods and precious metals) to Spain
Economic & political geographies of the system included the
series of ports/forts established to safe‐guard the Flotas –
e.g., Cartegena, Veracruz, Havana
Routes of Spanish “Flota”
The Spanish “Flota” (Convoy)
Problems with the System
Everything was focused on what was best for Spain at the
expense of Colonial America – “contributing to the progressive
underdevelopment”
Unequal, dependent trade relations developed – trade was
heavily regulated – no manufacturing or cultivation of
anything that might threaten Spain’s economy
Captive Markets – supplied raw materials to
Spain/Portugal and purchased manufactured goods from
Spain/Portugal
Retarded the economic development of the colonies –
internal markets were not developed and latest technologies
(from Protestant nations) were excluded – e.g., olives,
grapes, sheep prohibited
Problems with the System
Promoted contraband and black market trading,
disrespect for laws, ill‐will by American‐born Spaniards
Piracy, along with neglect, aided in the decline of the
Empire – semiofficial support of pirates by other
states
Henry Morgan not only plundered, but bartered
with industry‐starved colonies
Success of pirates led to formation of West Indies
companies, and colonization of lands not effectively
colonized by Spanish
Bermuda, Barbados, northern Lesser Antilles
(English in early 1600s) – Guadeloupe, Martinique
(French) – Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao (Dutch)
Caribbean coasts of Central America (Belize,
Honduras, Nicaragua) by English; Jamaica (1655)
– Dutch ruled NE Brazil from 1630‐1654 – Haiti
(1697) by French
Sir Francis Drake
Captain Morgan
Colonial Land & Labor Systems
Encomienda – large feudal estates granted by the Crown which
allowed the owner (encomiendero) to demand labor from the
indigenous
Bartolome de las Casas – called to abolish the system and
raised the human rights conversation in Spain
“Black Legend” – discourse of Spanish cruelty amongst
other European states – however, the human rights issue
was not even something debated in those countries
Repartimiento (1542) – replaced the encomienda system and
changed the structure of the labor demands from individual to
group services
Abuse and enslavement continued however, and the
campaign to legislate protection of indigenous helped further
the importation of Africans as labor in the Americas
De las Casas & Spanish Tyranny
Black Legend
Slavery in the Americas
The Spanish turned to Africa as a labor source as the
indigenous population collapsed
First African slaves were brought to the region by 1510
Asiento – contract or license by the Spanish Crown to
traffic slaves to their colonies – the asiento passed
among others engaged in the trade (Portuguese, Dutch,
French, English)
Plantation economy grew as a result of the influx of
labor – requiring more labor
Triangle Trade – the movement of manufactured
goods, people, and raw materials between Europe,
Africa, and the Americas – made the Europeans very
wealthy
The Triangle Trade
Colombian Exchange
Referred to as the “Atlantic
Exchange” in Fuentes
a transference of plants,
animals, peoples, diseases and
wealth between the “New” and
“Old” worlds – never before
had there been such a massive
exchange; this process
completely reshaped the world
The Colombian Exchange
Wealth Exchange
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