Please response to the four discussion on each document. The documents BUS624 and BUS625 each as four discussion from Week 2 Discussion 1 and 2 form four of my classmate that needs to be responded to. Please reading instruction it will confirm the number of word need for the discussions 

BUS 624 Week 2 Response for Discussion 1 & 2

Week 2 Discussion 1 Response

Guided Response: Respond to at least two of your peers’ posts (as well as any comments made by your instructor) in a substantive manner and provide information or concepts that they may not have considered. Each response should have a minimum of 100 words. Support your position by using information from the week’s readings. You are encouraged to post your required replies earlier in the week to promote more meaningful and interactive discourse in this discussion forum. Continue to monitor the discussion forum until Day 7 and respond with robust dialogue to anyone who replies to your initial post.

Below there are two of my classmate’s discussion that needs I need to response to their names are David Geusen and Mark Zuniga

Mark Zuniga

What was the Court of Appeal’s decision?
The court of appeals affirmed the district court’s decision to deny suppression of evidence and affirmed the sentence and closing statements.
Was the search and seizure a violation of the Fourth Amendment? Why or why not?
The search and seizure was not a violation of the Fourth Amendment. Based on the case, Agent Park’s went on a road that anybody from the public could have been on without seeing any signs of trespassing or private road (US v. Hall, 1995). Bet-Air did not take protection measures to keep the dumpster private. Also, the dumpster was picked up by a third party and giving property to someone else, reduces the privacy of the garbage.  
Would the result have been different if the dumpster was on private property rather than on commercial property?
The result would not be the same if this was private property. In California v. Greenwood, 1988, shows that once the transfer of garbage happens, the privacy is reduced. However, if the dumpster or garbage can was searched, this would be against the 4th amendment. The garbage can on a private residence that is located in the fenced backyard could not be searched as this would be trespassing to obtain the information. However, according to California v. Greenwood, 1988, once the trash is picked up by the public service it could be reviewed and searched.
Suppose you were an executive at Bet-Air. What recommendations would you make to help Bet-Air assert an expectation of privacy in the dumpster?
I would immediately place fences surrounding the perimeter which would exclude the public from access. I would also place signs stating private property or trespassing past this point to again show that the public is excluded from this property. The company could also change their procedures on getting rid of trash such as keeping trash inside the property until the contractor picks up the garbage.

David Geusen

In the United States v. Hall case, the Court of Appeals decision was that the district courts denial of the Park’s suppression motion was accurate. Hall stated that the warrant-less search and seizure of the shredded documents violated the fourth amendment and the judge magistrate should not have suppressed his motion. His main contention was he thought that shredding the documents, placing them in a green bag, and throwing them in a dumpster showed reasonable expectation of privacy. He also argued that the dumpster and evidence was within “commercial curtilage”. In the end, it was found that the search and seizure of the shredded documents was not a violation of the 4th amendment because a business has a diminished expectation of privacy when putting garbage out in shared dumpsters that is shared with other businesses. These dumpsters are also widely known to be a source of scavenging for homeless and animals, therefore, his expectation of privacy was pretty much unreasonable.
Would the result have been different if the dumpster was on private property rather than on commercial property?
I believe that the results could have been different. In Donovan v. Dewey it was held that private property and commercial property expectations of privacy are different because of fundamental differences overall. Because of this case, i believe that a company needs to have has a heightened understanding of what is a reasonable expectation of privacy. In United States v. Hall, there was not enough action shown stop public access.
Suppose you were an executive at Bet Air. What recommendations would you make to help Bet Air assert an expectation of privacy in the dumpster?
Since the company needs to take affirmative steps to limit public access, I would make sure there are signs prohibiting dumpster scavenging, perimeter fences that illustrate trespassing if disregarded, and roads that are clearly marked private.

BUS 624 Week 2 Discussion 2 Response

Guided Response: Respond to at least two of your peers’ posts (as well as any comments made by your instructor) in a substantive manner and provide information or concepts that they may not have considered. Each response should have a minimum of 100 words. Support your position by using information from the week’s readings. You are encouraged to post your required replies earlier in the week to promote more meaningful and interactive discourse in this discussion forum. Continue to monitor the discussion forum until Day 7 and respond with robust dialogue to anyone who replies to your initial post.

Below there are two of my classmate’s discussion that needs I need to response to their names are Lisa James and Mark Zuniga

Lisa James

Before comprising a defense strategy for the case, the newspaper and Town Crier columnist need to fully understand what they will be defending against. Jones’ case accuses them of defamation based on statements made about his character and impact on the city in their column. The text states that “A defamatory statement is one that is likely to harm the reputation of another by injuring his community’s estimation of him or by deterring others from associating or dealing with him” (Langvardt, Barnes, Prenkert, McCrory, & Perry, 2019, pg. 211). However, because the accusations appeared in written form, they would be considered to be libel, which has traditionally been considered more impactful for the individual because of the permanent nature of the written word. This means that in many instances libel can be very hard to defend against (Langvardt, Barnes, Prenkert, McCrory, & Perry, 2019).

Because of the permanent nature of the written word, the defense’s best strategy will be to prove that the statements made were based on opinion and that the statements are privileged, as they serve a social interest in recognizing corruption in local government. Because of his public official status, Jones must prove that the statements made by the paper were made with actual malice, meaning a complete disregard for the truth. The newspaper could argue that their comments were not made to intentionally damage or spin falsities about the character of Jones, but simply to bring something to the attention to the citizens of Smithville and to encourage them to think about how Jones is impacting their city.

In this instance, though the statements were made in the written word and could be viewed as dangerous and permanent, I do not think Jones will be able to win his case. I think that he will have a hard time proving that the statements were made recklessly and with disregard for the truth. Additionally, the language utilized in the Town Crier column could be seen as hyperbolic due to its utilization of phrases such as “political hatchet man” and “behind the throne of local government” (Langvardt, Barnes, Prenkert, McCrory, & Perry, 2019). This language is exaggeratory in nature and in my opinion, is used to express the columnist’s personal displeasure with Jones and not to state an absolute fact.

Resources

Mark Zuniga

What arguments should the defendants make in an effort to avoid defamation liability?

The defendant should argue that in a town which is known to have a substantially smaller population compared to cities. An attorney who is involved in political aspects in a town could be known as a public figure. Public figures are held to a higher standard of defamation such as requiring proof of malice (Langvardt et al., 2019). The newspaper also needs to have a source with credibility to point reason for writing the piece that is made. A source providing some truth behind the message helps build a case for believing what is being said and protecting the intent of the public. “Leading Smithville to destruction” specifically is a strong statement which benefits greatly by the credible source.

Should Jones win his case?

Jones should win this case if Jones can prove he is not a public figure. A public figure has stricter qualifications for defamation including requiring proof of malice. By convincing the judge or jury that Jones is not a public figure and without any truth or credible sources for the comments in the newspaper, the case for Jones is a win. Jones is discredited in a town where reputation is greatly valued due to the size of the community. If Jones is not able to convince the judge of not being a public figure or there is truth to the comments, then Jones should lose this case.

BUS 625 Week 2 Response for Discussion 1 & 2

Week 2 Discussion 1 Response

Guided Response:

Your initial response should be a minimum of 300 words in length. Respond to at least two of your classmates by commenting on their posts. In your response, provide your own interpretation of their distribution graph. Note any differences between your classmate’s interpretation and your own. Though two replies are the basic expectation for class discussions, for deeper engagement and learning you are encouraged to provide responses to any comments or questions others have given to you. Continuing to engage with peers and the instructor will further the conversation and provide you with opportunities to demonstrate your content expertise, critical thinking, and real-world experiences with the discussion topics.
Below there are two of my classmate’s discussion that needs I need to response to their names are Kristopher Wentworth and Ashley Thiberville

Kristopher Wentworth

This graph is a representation of single people versus married couples from the year 1950 to the year 2019. This information was gathered and presented by the U.S. Department of Commerce and the U.S. Census Bureau who have a good record of presenting accurate data and are highly credible. The U.S. Department of Commerce is responsible for promoting economic growth in the united states. The U.S. Census Bureau is an agency of the Federal government that is responsible for producing data about the people of America and the economy.

So, the graph that I chose to talk about is one showing the gap between how many people are married and how many people are single in the united states from 1950 – 2019. I chose this graph because it caught my attention right away because of the contrasting colors but also because of the information displayed. It is crazy to think that since 1950 the American population has more than doubled according to this graph and with the growing population, the numbers of married couples and singles rise too. However, if you look at the percentages of singles they haven’t changed all too much. For example, the number of single Americans in 1950 was 37.3M and in 2019 it was 125.7M. Even with such a large population boom the percentage that was never married really hadn’t changed going from 69% to 68%. 

The presentation of this graph is excellent with the line graph being yellow and on a blue backdrop, it allows it to really stand out. The shape of the graph shows a sharp incline as the population in us explodes. Since this graph is focused on the single population of America it puts the focus on that with stats like “never been married, divorced, widowed” because there are multiple ways to be single and really only one way to be married.

Ashley Thiberville

The above histogram was compiled by the United States Census Bureau to show the rise of one-person households in the US.  The Census Bureau is a branch of the Department of Commerce within the United States government and is a credible source.

The data is time series and shows a single quantitative variable that is measured in 10-year intervals from 1969 to 2019.  This graph shows a steady increase of one-person households since 1969.  The largest leap occurred from 1969 to 1979 with a 5.5% increase in the number of one-person households.  From 1979 the growth rate steadily rose about 2% every 10 years up to 2019. 

Shape, Center and Spread

The shape of the graph is unimodal, meaning there is no discernable mode to the graph (Sharp, Veaux & Velleman, 2019).  The graph is also skewed slightly to the right, if folded along the center line the two sides would not be a mirror image of one another.  The median of the histogram is 25.05% and a mean of 24.07% showing that the graph is skewed.  Quartile 1 is 21.13 and Quartile 3 is 27 with an IQR of 5.87.  While the graph is uniform it does show a steady increase in number of one-person households.  The IQR shows that growth between Q1 and Q3 has been somewhat significant. 

Sharpe, N. D., De Veaux, R. D., & Velleman, P. F. (2019). 

Business statistics (4th ed.)

. Retrieved from 

https://www.redshelf.com (Links to an external site.)

United States Census Bureau. “One Person Households on the Rise.” 

https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/2019/comm/one-person-households.html

BUS 625 Week 2 Discussion 2 Response

Guided Response: Your initial response should be a minimum of 300 words in length. Respond to at least two of your classmates by commenting on their posts. In your response, identify the lurking variable in your classmate’s study, and explain how the lurking variable may cause a false correlation.

Below there are two of my classmate’s discussion that needs I need to response to their names are Hallie Minch and Robert Mcalexander

Hallie Minch

            Correlation means association.  It refers to the measure of the extent to which two variables are related.  There are three different types of correlation.

Positive correlation: the relationship between two variables in which both variables either increase or decrease at the same time.

Negative correlation:  a relationship between two variables in which one variable will increase due to a decrease in the other variable, or vice versa.

Zero correlation: occurs when there is no direct relationship between the two variables.

(McLeod, 2018)

A lurking variable is one other than x and y that simultaneously affects both variables of x and y. (Sharpe et al., 2019).

After doing some research and learning about correlation and all the different types along with variables and lurking variables, I discovered that one of the most common lurking variables seem to be time of year or weather.  I saw several examples where each variable, x and y, both either increased or decreased together, due to the time of year or due to the year itself.  While the two variables have absolutely nothing to do with one another, the graphs show similarities.

The example I used is the number of drownings rise at the same time that ice cream sales rise.  This could be confusing because one might look at this data and think that because ice cream sales increased, more people are drowning.  In reality, the time of year plays the role of the lurking variable.  When the weather starts to get warmer throughout the year, more people usually start to swim, as well as buy more ice cream.  The rising heat is the cause of the rise of both of these variables. (Kenton, 2019).

One thing to take away from these types of examples is that correlation does not necessarily mean causation.  This is where false correlation stems from.

Robert Mcalexander

Good morning everyone,

Correlation is something that gets misconstrued a lot in this day and age.  There are constant ideological battles in the media about certain taboo topics.  It is so important to take a second look at the data and come into it with some sort of skepticism.  One of the better lessons from chapter four was the concept of a lurking variable.  This is “a variable other than x and y that simultaneously affects both variables, accounting for the correlation between the two.” (Sharpe 139) A very silly and common example of lurking variables would be something like the number of bear attacks in the United States and the overall sale of sunscreen.  As you can see from the chart, I looks as though the more sun screen people in the US buy, the more bears seem to lash out and attack them.  There could be multiple examples of lurking variables in this instance.  One of these would be where people are getting attacked.  Someone in Georgia is probably not running into a whole lot of grizzly bears, but might be buying a fair amount of sun block as the seasons change.  It also doesn’t help that most bears hibernate in the winter months.  This would help explain why attacks and sale of sun screen go down during the fall and winter months.  Another lurking variable would be that when bears are most active, summer and fall, people are most active as well.  There are going to be a lot more interaction between the two purely based on the time of the year.  Hikers will be exploring mountains that would normally be covered in snow in the winter months.  Bears would be out fattening up for winter because there is so much more food available to them in these months.  The bear attacks have no real correlation to people buying sun block. 

Sharpe, N. D., De Veaux, R. D., & Velleman, P. F. (2019). 
Business statistics (4th ed.). Retrieved from: 

https://platform.virdocs.com/r/s/0/doc/509177/sp/68046574/mi/291159423?cfi=%2F4%2F2%5BP7001015989000000000000000002D4D%5D%2F4%5BP7001015989000000000000000002D50%5D%2F1%3A0&menu=search&q=lurking