Write a two page summary (double space) of the salient points from the case (see attached PDF), lessons learned, and correlation to readings/discussions from Week 1 and 2. 

Note: To clarify and reiterate,  you will do a  combine summary of the case study and the readings from this week lesson and last week. You should have already read these chapters but here are the readings:

Readings: 

Lesson 1: 

Chapter 1 (Haddow, Bullock & Coppola, Emergency Management) and Chapter 1 (White, Terrorism and Homeland Security online reading)

Lesson 2: 

Chapter 2 (by Sylves, This is the PDF I attached)

Chapters 2 & 3 (by Haddow Emergency Management online reading)

PREPAREDNESS (HTTPS://WWW.DOMESTICPREPAREDNESS.COM/PREPAREDNESS/)

Integrating Law Enforcement &
Emergency Management

by LEWIS EAKINS
Wed, January 21, 2015

Federal, state, and local law enforcement, with a focus on combating
criminal activity, is well aligned with homeland security initiatives. The
attacks of 9/11 exposed the need for local law enforcement to increase
its role in anti-terrorism activities. In the United States, there are 18,000
(http://www.justice.gov/jmd/organization-mission-and-functions-
manual-office-community-oriented-policing-services) local police
agencies and, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 780,000
(http://www.bls.gov/ooh/protective-service/police-and-
detectives.htm) police officers and detectives in 2012, compared to

13,260 (http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/quick-f) Federal Bureau of Investigation agents.
Hence, it was a natural progression to engage local law enforcement in the war on terrorism.
However, Jeff Rojek and Michael R. Smith from the Department of Criminology and Criminal
Justice at University of South Carolina reported in 2007 (http://artsandsciences.sc.edu
/crju/pdfs/CrisisLawEnf ) that empirical and practitioner literature has been deficient in
describing the role of law enforcement in emergency management as relates to disaster
response and agency experiences.

In the United States, local communities are more likely to be affected by a natural or
manmade disaster than an act of terrorism. When a disaster occurs, an inappropriate response
by law enforcement can place the officers and the community in greater danger such as in the
case of a hazardous materials discharge. Patrol officers often are the first response personnel
at the scene of any natural or manmade disaster and must have the requisite skills to make an
assessment, perform rescue operations, maintain perimeter integrity, and ensure scene
containment until additional support arrives. Therefore, it is imperative that local law
enforcement agencies and their personnel become an integral part of emergency
management within the communities they serve.

A Paradigm Shift Historically, law enforcement has leaned toward reactionary and incident-
based responses. Officers generally waited to be dispatched to calls for service; and there
was minimal community engagement beyond responding to calls. This mode of operation has
slowly changed over time with the increased acceptance of community-oriented policing
(COPS) by law enforcement administrators. Jose Docobo, chief deputy with the Hillsborough
County Sheriff’s Office, found in his 2005 research (http://www.hsaj.org/?article=1.1.4) that
COPS involves decentralized problem solving, community engagement, fixed geographic and
general responsibilities, and organization decentralization. These tenets can be adopted to
better integrate law enforcement and emergency management.

During a critical incident, decentralized decision-making is crucial for a successful response
and resolution. There may not be time to seek confirmation or direction through the chain-of-
command, or all channels of communication may be disabled. For example, during Hurricane
Katrina in 2005, many police officers became isolated with no means of communication.

Community engagement facilitates a “whole community” approach to emergency
management, with citizens playing many roles during and after a disaster. In addition, if
relationships have been established, community partners that are in tune to the needs of their
communities can provide valuable information to law enforcement during a disaster. Police

(https://www.domesticpreparedness.com
/r/10592/)

SUBSCRIBE TO THE DPJ WEEKLY
BRIEF.

SUBSCRIBE TO THE DOMPREP
PODCAST.
(HTTPS://ITUNES.APPLE.COM
/US/PODCAST
/DOMESTIC-
PREPAREDNESS-
HOMELAND-SECURITY-
AUDIO-INTERVIEWS
/ID1224641880?MT=2)

FOLLOW DOMPREP ON TWITTER.
(HTTPS://TWITTER.COM
/DOMPREP)

LIKE DOMPREP ON FACEBOOK.
(HTTPS://WWW.FACEBOOK.COM
/PAGES/DOMPREP
/114032779533)

SUBSCRIBE TO THE DOMPREP
JOURNAL FEED.
(HTTPS://WWW.DOMESTICPREPAREDNESS.COM
/FEED/)











Integrating Law Enforcement & Emergency Management | Domest… https://www.domesticpreparedness.com/preparedness/integrating-l…

1 of 4 1/16/19, 11:30 PM

officers assigned to fixed geographical areas also are more likely to build an awareness of
community members with special medical, mobility, and even psychological needs. By having
such relationships with community members, law enforcement officers are able to maximize
their efforts and assist persons with these special needs.

Training & Education: Precursor to Planning Rudimentary law enforcement training takes
place through two main venues – basic law enforcement academies and academic programs.
However, there are problems with both of these training venues in terms of providing an
orientation into emergency management. Academic degree programs in criminal justice may
follow the guidelines of The Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. This organization’s
certification standards for College/University Criminal Justice/Criminology Baccalaureate
Degree Program criteriaentifies seven core content areas inclusive of administration of justice,
corrections, criminological theory, law adjudication, law enforcement, research, and analytic
methods.

None of these content areas mentions emergency management or homeland security and their
parallel relationship to law enforcement. The guideline encourages curriculum developers to
add elective courses to these academic programs in the areas of diversity and ethics.
However, there is no recommendation for infusing emergency management and homeland
security content into these programs, either through the offering of electives or directly into the
core content areas.

Allison T. Chappell, associate professor in the Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice at
Old Dominion University, stated in a 2008 research paper (http://ww2.odu.edu/~achappel
/curricula ) that 90 percent of basic law enforcement academy training is spent on task-
oriented training such as defensive tactics, pursuit driving, firearm qualifications, and
mechanics of arrest. She further stated that only three percent of training is focused on
cognitive and decision-making scenarios, reasoning, and applications. Task-driven methods
have limited application to emergency management due to the mechanical nature entailed in
following “procedures.” Conversely, training in scenario decision-making places police
officers in the mindset of “what if?” reasoning, which promotes critical thinking. Critical thinking
encourages problem solving through innovation. Innovation builds resilience capacity – the
ability to bounce back. In the end, the application of scenario-based decision making, sound
reasoning, and critical thinking provides police officers with the competencies to more
effectively respond to disasters.

Due to the permanent and diverse deployment of law enforcement, they are a primary agency
to first arrive at the scene of an unexpected disaster, according to Rojek and Smith. Basic
academy training must be revamped to give police officers the skill sets they need to plan for,
respond to, and recover from disasters along with their traditional crime-fighting skills. Criminal
justice academic programs, although required to be general in nature to cover all aspects of
the criminal justice system, should be more inclusive of emergency management courses for
awareness purposes. If a disaster results from an act of terrorism, almost all aspects of the
criminal justice may come into play. Law enforcement, adjudication, corrections, and
probation/parole will all be involved.

Planning & Coordinating Major disasters often involve the activation of several law
enforcement jurisdictions, which can create coordination issues. This underscores the
importance of having emergency operation plans and statewide mutual-aid agreements in
place before a disaster strikes. It is not enough to rely on the emergency operation plan that
has been developed by the local emergency management agency with a reference to law
enforcement in Emergency Support Function #13 – Public Safety and Security (https://www.fema.gov
/media-library/assets/documents/32219). Each law enforcement agency should have an
emergency operations plan specific to its department, its operations, and its jurisdiction, with
agencies testing these plans through exercises and updating them accordingly.

In addition to an emergency operations plan, departments should have in place a continuity of
operations plan. A situation may arise where a continuity of operations plan becomes more
vital than an emergency operations plan at the onset of a disaster. For instance, it would be
very difficult for a department to implement the emergency operation plan if its headquarters is
underwater, with records destroyed, communication nonexistent, and vehicles washed away.

MORE IN
PREPAREDNESS…

Situational Awareness &
How to Obtain It
(https://www.domesticpreparedness.com
/preparedness
/situational-awareness-
how-to-obtain-it/)
by JASON PAGAN – WED,
JANUARY 16, 2019

Crisis Leadership –
Doing More With Less
(https://www.domesticpreparedness.com
/preparedness/crisis-
leadership-doing-more-
with-less/)
by TERRY HASTINGS – WED,
JANUARY 09, 2019

Gene Drives – An
Emerging Terrorist
Threat
(https://www.domesticpreparedness.com
/preparedness/gene-
drives-an-emerging-
terrorist-threat/)
by RICHARD SCHOEBERL – WED,
DECEMBER 19, 2018

Planning for Animals in
an Emergency
Management Strategy
(https://www.domesticpreparedness.com
/preparedness
/planning-for-animals-
in-an-emergency-
management-strategy/)
by HEATHER KITCHEN – WED,
OCTOBER 31, 2018

View all articles in Preparedness.
(https://www.domesticpreparedness.com
/preparedness/)

Integrating Law Enforcement & Emergency Management | Domest… https://www.domesticpreparedness.com/preparedness/integrating-l…

2 of 4 1/16/19, 11:30 PM

The first order of business will be determining an alternative location (continuity facility) for a
base of operation. It may be necessary to cease operations and turn over law enforcement
authority to another law enforcement agency such as the Sheriff’s Department or state police
(devolution). If operations are able to continue or quickly resume, the time will come to bring
things back to a state of normalcy (reconstitution) or the “new norm.”

Law enforcement is already integrated into emergency management because, whether an
incident involves a hazardous material chemical spill, downed power lines and trees from a
tornado, or an act of terrorism, law enforcement often arrives at an incident scene before other
response personnel. To be effectively integrated, law enforcement has to be properly trained,
equipped, and with plans in place to build capacity for effective disaster response. Using the
COPS mindset will help ensure involvement from the whole community during the phases of
disaster planning and response.

Lewis Eakins, CPP, has over 30 years of law enforcement, private investigations, and security
consulting experience. He currently serves as the chief of police and director of public safety
at Oakwood University in Huntsville, Alabama, where he also teaches Introduction to
Emergency Management. He formerly served as the assistant chief of police at Texas
Southern University in Houston, Texas, and as a captain with the METRO Transit Police in the
same city. He began his law enforcement career as a reserve police officer with the Huntsville
Police Department. He has an M.S. degree in Security Management from Bellevue University.
He is currently writing his Ph.D. dissertation in Homeland Security Policy & Coordination at
Walden University and can be contacted at lewis@eakinscs.com (mailto:lewis@eakinscs.com).

Subscribe to the DPJ Weekly Brief newsletter: SUBSCRIBE

HOME (HTTPS://WWW.DOMESTICPREPAREDNESS.COM/)

DOMPREP JOURNAL (HTTPS://WWW.DOMESTICPREPAREDNESS.COM/DOMPREP-JOURNAL/)

ABOUT US (HTTPS://WWW.DOMESTICPREPAREDNESS.COM/ABOUT-US/)

ADVISORS (HTTPS://WWW.DOMESTICPREPAREDNESS.COM/ADVISORS/)

PODCAST (HTTPS://WWW.DOMESTICPREPAREDNESS.COM/PODCAST/)

REPORTS (HTTPS://WWW.DOMESTICPREPAREDNESS.COM/REPORTS/)

CALENDAR (HTTPS://WWW.DOMESTICPREPAREDNESS.COM/CALENDAR/)

ADVERTISE (HTTPS://WWW.DOMESTICPREPAREDNESS.COM/ADVERTISE/)

PREPAREDNESS (HTTPS://WWW.DOMESTICPREPAREDNESS.COM/PREPAREDNESS/)

RESILIENCE (HTTPS://WWW.DOMESTICPREPAREDNESS.COM/RESILIENCE/)

HEALTHCARE (HTTPS://WWW.DOMESTICPREPAREDNESS.COM/HEALTHCARE/)

UPDATES (HTTPS://WWW.DOMESTICPREPAREDNESS.COM/UPDATES/)

COMMENTARY (HTTPS://WWW.DOMESTICPREPAREDNESS.COM/COMMENTARY/)

DOMESTIC PREPAREDNESS (http://www.domesticpreparedness.com/)
P.O. Box 810

Integrating Law Enforcement & Emergency Management | Domest… https://www.domesticpreparedness.com/preparedness/integrating-l…

3 of 4 1/16/19, 11:30 PM

Severna Park, MD (Maryland) 21146
(410) 518-6900 (tel:+14105186900)

All content copyright ©2019 DomesticPreparedness.com. Privacy Policy and Disclaimer (https://www.domesticpreparedness.com
/conditions-of-service-disclaimer-and-privacy-policy/) .

Integrating Law Enforcement & Emergency Management | Domest… https://www.domesticpreparedness.com/preparedness/integrating-l…

4 of 4 1/16/19, 11:30 PM

GGU EMPA 312

Weekly Online Posting Rubric

Criteria

Excellent
9 – 10 Points

Good
8 Points

Average
6 – 7 Points

Less than Average 5 or less Points

Timely discussion contributions

5 – 6 postings well distributed throughout the week

4 – 6 postings distributed throughout the week

3 – 6 postings somewhat distributed

2-6 postings not distributed throughout the week

Responsiveness to discussion and demonstration of knowledge gained from assigned reading

Very clear that readings were understood and incorporated well into responses

Readings were understood and incorporated into responses

Postings have questionable relationship to reading material

Not evident that readings were understood and/or not incorporated into discussion

Follow-Up Postings

Demonstrates analysis of others’ posts; extends meaningful discussion by building on previous posts

Elaborates on an existing posting with further comment or observation

Posts shallow contribution to discussion; does not enrich discussion

Posts no follow-up responses to others

References & Support

Uses references to literature, readings, or personal experiences to support comments

Incorporates some references from literature and personal experience

Uses personal experience, but no references or research

Includes no references or supporting experience

Clarity & Mechanics

Contributes to discussion with clear, concise comments formatted in an easy to read style that is free of grammatical or spelling errors

Contributes valuable information to discussion with minor clarity or mechanics errors

Communicates in friendly, courteous and helpful manner with some errors in clarity or mechanics

Posts long, unorganized or rude content that may contain multiple errors or may be inappropriate

Spring 2017