Week 4

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

Performance Task
Assignment #1

Quick Links

SCENARIO

TASK

RUBRIC

DOCUMENT LIBRARY

CRJ 105 – Crime and Criminal Behavior

© 2017 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may
not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.

Page 2 of 14

Scenario
In June of 2016, you begin your first week as an intern at the Happy Town Police Department.
As an intern, you develop a good rapport with Police Chief Rodney Hurt.

On the second week of your internship you begin to ask questions (of the police officers you
have been working with at the department) concerning the Uniform Crime Rate. You tell them
you are taking a class at Strayer University and are interested in gaining a better understanding
of statistics and the application of statistics to law enforcement.

The following day you are greeted by Sergeant Gunn. She provides you with Part I crime data
over the past five years that were submitted to the Federal Bureau of Investigation for the
Uniform Crime Report. The Part I information provided to you by Sergeant Gunn is a
compilation of crime data drawn from four areas: Happy Town, Frown Town, Smooth Town,
and Cool Town.

After a review of the crime trends, you are alarmed at the rate of crime reported in these four
towns. You are now curious to dig a little deeper and make some comparisons across the data
provided to you.

CRJ 105 – Crime and Criminal Behavior
© 2017 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may
not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.

Page 3 of 14

Task
Your task is to write a report for the Chief of Police Rodney Hurt. He will use the report for his
news conference regarding to the public’s concern for the increase in crime over the past five
years.

In the report, you will include the following:
1. A definition and description of the Uniform Crime Report.
2. A description of the data-gathering strategy for your report and a rationale for why you
chose this technique
3. A discussion of the crime trends comparing Happy Town, Frown Town, Smooth Town,
and Cool Town over the past five years.

Your report should clearly describe all the details necessary for the Chief’s news conference.
Your answers will be judged not only on the accuracy of the information you provide, but also
on how thoroughly the information is covered, how effectively the report is organized, and how
well your writing reflects the conventions of standard written English. While your personal
values and experiences are important, please answer all the questions in this task solely on the
basis of the information provided in the Document Library. (The Document Library is included in
this assignment document.)

Formatting Requirements:

Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:

● This course requires use of new Strayer Writing Standards (SWS). The format is
different than other Strayer University courses. Please take a moment to review the
SWS documentation for details.

● Be four pages typed, double-spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-
inch margins on all sides. All the information you need is in the Document Library.

● Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, your name, professor’s
name, course title, and date. The cover page is not included in the required assignment
page length.

Self-Assessment Checklist:

Use this to check your work before you submit your assignment:

 My paper defines and describes the Uniform Crime Report.
 My paper describes a data-gathering strategy and explains why I used this strategy.
 My paper discusses the crime trends comparing Happy Town, Frown Town, Smooth

Town, and Cool Town over the past five (5) years.

CRJ 105 – Crime and Criminal Behavior
© 2017 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may
not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.

Page 4 of 14

Rubric
Grading for this assignment will be based on the quality of your responses, logic/organization of
the report, and language and writing skills, using the following rubric.

Points: 100 Assignment 1: UCR Performance Task

Criteria
Unacceptable
Below 70% F

Fair
70-79% C

Proficient
80-89% B

Exemplary
90-100% A

1. Define and describe
the UCR report.

Weight: 25%

Does not define and
describe the UCR report.

Partially defines and
describes the UCR
report but could use
more supporting
details.

Satisfactorily defines
and describes the UCR
report.

Thoroughly defines
and describes the
UCR report.

2.Describe a data-
gathering strategy and
provide a rationale for
why you chose that
strategy.

Weight: 25%

Does not select or
incompletely describes a
data-gathering strategy.

Does not provide a
rationale for why you
chose that technique.

Partially describes a
data-gathering
strategy and provides
a rationale for why
you chose that
technique.

The description of the
strategy and rationale
need further
development and
supporting details.

Satisfactorily
describes a data-
gathering strategy
and provides a
rationale for why you
chose that technique.

Some additional
supporting details
would improve this
section.

Thoroughly
describes a data-
gathering strategy
and provides a well-
supported rationale
for why you chose
that technique.

3. Discuss the crime
trends comparing
Happy Town, Frown
Town, Smooth Town,
and Cool Town over
the past five (5)
years.

Weight: 25%

Does not submit or
incompletely discusses
the crime trends
comparing Happy Town,
Frown Town, Smooth
Town, and Cool Town
over the past five (5)
years.

Partially discusses the
crime trends
comparing Happy
Town, Frown Town,
Smooth Town, and
Cool Town over the
past five (5) years.

Some of the trends
were discussed, but
this section would be
improved by
addressing more of
the trends.

Satisfactorily
discusses the crime
trends comparing
Happy Town, Frown
Town, Smooth Town,
and Cool Town over
the past five (5)
years.

Most of the trends
were addressed with
supporting details,
but not all of them.

Thoroughly
discusses the crime
trends comparing
Happy Town, Frown
Town, Smooth
Town, and Cool
Town over the past
five (5) years.

All the major trends
were addressed and
well-supported.

4. Clarity, writing
mechanics, and
formatting
requirements.

Weight: 25%

More than 6 errors
present.

5-6 errors present. 3-4 errors present. 0-2 errors present.

CRJ 105 – Crime and Criminal Behavior

© 2017 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may
not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.
Page 5 of 14

Document Library

HAPPY TOWN POLICE DEPARTMENT
CRIME STATISTICS

2010 – 2015

Year Population1

Murder and
nonnegligent
manslaughter

Forcible
rape Robbery

Aggravated
assault Burglary

Larceny-
theft

Motor
vehicle
theft

2015 125,336 7 12 56 86 18 214 21

2014 132,426 7 12 53 83 19 205 22

2013 140,326 6 8 49 82 17 198 18

2012 161,331 5 4 50 80 18 201 20

2011 173,111 4 3 48 75 14 161 21

2010 168,010 0 2 36 72 10 162 17

CRJ 105 – Crime and Criminal Behavior

© 2017 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may
not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.
Page 6 of 14

FROWN TOWN POLICE DEPARTMENT
CRIME STATISTICS

2010 – 2015

Year Population1
Murder and
nonnegligent
manslaughter
Forcible
rape Robbery
Aggravated
assault Burglary
Larceny-
theft
Motor
vehicle
theft

2015 111,002 0 2 26 53 14 126 18

2014 110,830 0 2 34 65 15 143 22

2013 110,750 2 1 26 61 17 141 18

2012 110,350 2 2 23 57 18 142 20

2011 110,111 0 1 19 55 14 139 21

2010 108,350 0 2 8 53 10 140 17

CRJ 105 – Crime and Criminal Behavior

© 2017 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may
not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.
Page 7 of 14

SMOOTH TOWN POLICE DEPARTMENT
CRIME STATISTICS

2010 – 2015

Year Population1
Murder and
nonnegligent
manslaughter
Forcible
rape Robbery
Aggravated
assault Burglary
Larceny-
theft
Motor
vehicle
theft

2015 156,336 5 5 10 80 18 161 18

2014 148,426 4 4 8 75 19 167 17

2013 147,326 3 4 7 78 17 163 18

2012 145,331 5 3 9 77 18 162 20

2011 145,111 4 3 7 75 14 161 21

2010 120,010 0 5 8 78 10 162 17

CRJ 105 – Crime and Criminal Behavior

© 2017 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may
not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.
Page 8 of 14

COOL TOWN POLICE DEPARTMENT

CRIME STATISTICS
2010 – 2015

Year Population1
Murder and
nonnegligent
manslaughter
Forcible
rape Robbery
Aggravated
assault Burglary
Larceny-
theft
Motor
vehicle
theft

2015 175,336 0 2 26 53 14 126 18

2014 165,486 0 2 34 65 15 143 22

2013 154,126 2 1 26 61 17 141 18

2012 143,231 2 2 23 57 18 142 20

2011 133,119 0 1 19 55 14 139 21

2010 128,010 0 2 8 53 10 140 17

CRJ 105 – Crime and Criminal Behavior
© 2017 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may
not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.

Page 9 of 14

Happy Town Tribune
Monday, March 12, 2016 Blackboard support 1-877-642-2999

Major crimes in Happy Town go up
in 2015

By Tamara Fearless, Special to the Happy Town Tribune

March 5, 2016

Happy Town, GA. — Happy Town had a five
percent increase in major crimes reported in 2015,
due to an increase in thefts, according to recently
released statistics. In crimes categorized as Part 1
offenses – such as murder, criminal sexual assault,
aggravated assault and battery, burglary, theft and
arson – theft and arson were the only categories
that increased. There were 214 thefts reported in
2015, compared with 167 the year before. One
arson was reported in 2014. “Crime goes in cycles”,
Police Chief Rodney Hurt stated at yesterday’s
news conference.

Uniform Crime Reporting
By Tamara Fearless, Special to the Happy Town Tribune

March 5, 2016

The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program has been the

starting place for law enforcement executives, students of

criminal justice, researchers, members of the media, and

the public at large seeking information on crime in the

nation. The program was conceived in 1929 by the

International Association of Chiefs of Police to meet the

need for reliable uniform crime statistics for the nation. In

1930, the FBI was tasked with collecting, publishing, and

archiving those statistics.

Today, four annual publications, Crime in the United States,

National Incident-Based Reporting System, Law

Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted, and Hate Crime

Statistics are produced from data received from over

18,000 city, university/college, county, state, tribal, and

federal law enforcement agencies voluntarily participating

in the program. The crime data are submitted either

through a state UCR Program or directly to the FBI’s UCR

Program.

In addition to these reports, information is available on the

Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted (LEOKA)

Program and the Hate Crime Statistics Program, as well as

the traditional Summary Reporting System (SRS) and the

National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS).

https://ucr.fbi.gov/

Shoplifting a Problem at the Socks
for Feet

By Tamara Fearless, Special to the Happy Town Tribune March
5, 2016

Happy Town, GA. — Three people were arrested
Friday after police say a shoplifting incident led
officers to drugs and a stolen gun. Happy Town
Police say two men stole three dozen pairs of
socks from Socks for Feet and were stopped in the
parking lot. A third suspect was found in a vehicle
outside the store.

According to a release, investigators found a
substantial amount of crack cocaine and
marijuana in the suspects’ possession.

Officials later searched a vehicle and hotel room
connected with the suspects and found a stolen
handgun and more marijuana, according to a
release. They also found an unregistered
handgun during the search.

The suspects were arrested on charges of theft of
property, possession with intent to deliver
cocaine, possession with intent to deliver
marijuana, felon in possession of a firearm and
felony firearms. They will be identified pending
formal arraignment.

Police Chiefs Son Arrested Again

Happy Town, GA. — The son of Happy Town’s Police Chief has
found himself on the wrong side of the law again after being
charged with multiple charges on Tuesday.

Online arrest records show 24-year-old Bubba Hurt, the son of
Chief Rodney Hurt, was arrested at the Socks for Feet.

It is his second arrest in less than a year. Last July, Hurt turned
himself into authorities after he was accused of leaving a bar
without paying his tab.

Police said the charges stemmed from a dispute over a bill at
the Ugly Monkey Party bar on West Prison Street.

http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-03-05/news/ct-tl-river-forest-crime-stats-20130305_1_major-crimes-thefts-fewer-burglaries

http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-03-05/news/ct-tl-river-forest-crime-stats-20130305_1_major-crimes-thefts-fewer-burglaries

https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2015/crime-in-the-u.s.-2015

https://ucr.fbi.gov/nibrs/2014

https://ucr.fbi.gov/leoka/2015

https://ucr.fbi.gov/leoka/2015

https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2015

https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2015

https://ucr.fbi.gov/

CRJ 105 – Crime and Criminal Behavior

© 2017 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may
not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.
Page 10 of 14

Frown Town Times

Monday, March 12, 2016 Blackboard support 1-877-642-2999

Police: Crime down 17 percent in
Frown Town

By Mangum Force, Special to the Times

March 4, 2016

Frown Town, GA. — Frown Town police are
reporting a 17 percent drop in the village’s
annual crime rate – a change authorities
attribute to criminal investigations, arrests and
community involvement. “We really rely on the
business community and the citizens to help us
fight crime,” said Frown Town’s Police Chief
Kirby Berretta, who has led the department
since 2004. “The more eyes and ears you have
out there, the safer the community will be.”
Chief Berretta’s statement came while
addressing students at Strayer University. Chief
Berretta stated “it gives our town something to
smile about.”

Sources of Crime Statistics
By Mangum Force, Special to the Times

March 4, 2016

How much crime is there? An examination of the UCR and its
relationship to sources of data on crime and criminals is
useful. An examination of the Uniform Crime Report and its
relationship to other sources such as the National Incident-
Based Reporting System (NIBRS) are extremely useful for
understanding crime and criminals. It is unclear whether an
accurate estimate of the amount of crime committed is
possible, for several reasons. For one, not all crimes that are
committed are discovered. In addition, some crimes may be
known only to the perpetrators, in which case the victim is
unaware of loss. Perhaps there is no identifiable victim, as in
the case of a gambling violation. The further a source of
statistics is from the “crimes committed” category, the less
useful it is as a measure of the extent of crime. Not all crimes
that are discovered are reported to the police; similarly, not
all reported crimes are recorded by police.
https://strayer.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781483306919/cfi
/6!/4/2/20/4@0:65.1

Additional Sources of Crime Statistics

By Mangum Force, Special to the Times
March 4, 2016

In addition, some law enforcement agencies may purposely
conceal recorded crimes; some offenses may be unfounded
crimes or defined by investigating officers as not constituting a
criminal matter. For instance, when a complainant reports an
attempted burglary, investigating officers may conclude that
there is not enough evidence to support that a crime took place.

Despite this problematic relationship between crimes recorded
and crimes committed, the UCR until recently represented the
best statistics available on crime commission and, as will be
discussed later in this chapter, still represents one of the best
sources. Once we move beyond crimes recorded as a measure of
crime commission, we are getting further removed from the
accurate measurement of crime. Thus, arrest statistics,
indictments, convictions, incarcerations, and other dispositions
such as probation and parole are not as useful. Such statistics
have much more to do with police efficiency or allocations to the
criminal justice system and general societal policies toward crime
control policy than they do with measuring the extent of the
crime problem.
https://strayer.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781483306919/cfi/6!/4/2/20/
4@0:65.1

The Crime Indexes:
Violent and Property Crime

By Mangum Force, Special to the Times
March 4, 2016

Historically, the UCR has been divided into two
parts. Part I crimes consist of the index crimes,
major felonies that are believed to be serious,
to occur frequently, and to have a greater
likelihood of being reported to the police. The
index offenses are as follows:

1. Murder and non-negligent manslaughter
2. Forcible rape
3. Robbery
4. Aggravated assault
5. Burglary
6. Larceny-theft
7. Motor vehicle theft
8. Arson

https://strayer.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781483306919/
cfi/6!/4/2/20/4@0:65.1

http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2014-02-04/news/ct-crime-2013-arlington-heights-tl-nw-20140204_1_property-crime-uniform-crime-reporting-crime-statistics

http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2014-02-04/news/ct-crime-2013-arlington-heights-tl-nw-20140204_1_property-crime-uniform-crime-reporting-crime-statistics

https://strayer.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781483306919/cfi/6!/4/2/20/4@0:65.1

https://strayer.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781483306919/cfi/6!/4/2/20/4@0:65.1

https://strayer.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781483306919/cfi/6!/4/2/20/4@0:65.1

https://strayer.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781483306919/cfi/6!/4/2/20/4@0:65.1

https://strayer.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781483306919/cfi/6!/4/2/20/4@0:65.1

https://strayer.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781483306919/cfi/6!/4/2/20/4@0:65.1

CRJ 105 – Crime and Criminal Behavior
© 2017 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may
not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.

Page 11 of 14

Smooth Town Daily
Monday, March 12, 2016 Blackboard support 1-877-642-2999

Major Crimes Down
in Smooth Town

By Tamara Justice, Smooth Town Daily reporter

February 6, 2016

Smooth Town, GA. — Major crime in Smooth Town is

at its lowest in at least five (5) years, according
to preliminary statistics from the Smooth Town

Police Department. The drop stems from a

decline in property-related crimes to 260 last year,

well below the five-year average of 225, data shows.

There were 120 crimes against people in 2012, just

slightly above the five-year norm. “Compared to

other communities our size, we have a very low crime

rate and we’re very proud of that and we want to

continue that,” said Police Chief Wesson. Police

Chief Wesson further stated “hopefully it will be

smooth sailing for the rest of the year.”

What are Part I and Part II
Index Crimes

By Tamara Justice, Smooth Town Daily reporter
February 6, 2016

The violent crime index consists of:

1. Murder and non-negligent manslaughter
2. Forcible rape
3. Robbery
4. Aggravated assault

The property crime index consists of:

1. Burglary
2. Larceny-theft
3. Motor vehicle theft
4. Arson

Part II crimes are non-index offenses and are not
used in the calculation of the crime rate. These
include the following:

• Simple assault
• Forgery and counterfeiting
• Fraud
• Embezzlement
• Receiving stolen property
• Vandalism
• Illegal carrying of weapons
• Prostitution and related offenses
• Sex offenses (e.g., statutory rape)
• Drug law violations
• Liquor law violations
• Public drunkenness
• Disorderly conduct
• Vagrancy
• Curfew violations/loitering
• Runaways
• All other violations of state and local laws

(except traffic violations)

https://strayer.vitalsource.com/#/books/978148330
6919/cfi/6!/4/2/20/4@0:65.1

Smooth Town a Safe Town
By Tamara Justice, Smooth Town Daily reporter

February 6, 2016

Smooth Town, GA. — This midsize township of

156,000 in Hipster County takes one of the top spots.

In addition to a low rate of violent crime, the

community had the lowest rate of property crime.

Overall, the crime rate was a whopping 97% lower

than its Georgia peers. Smooth Town is a four-minute

drive from Fort Cool Breeze and a 10-minute drive to

Lollipop Amusement Park. The median household

income here was 15 percent higher than the median

for the state.

http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-02-06/news/ct-tl-naperville-crime-stats-2012-20130206-14_1_major-crimes-violent-crimes-crime-statistics

http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-02-06/news/ct-tl-naperville-crime-stats-2012-20130206-14_1_major-crimes-violent-crimes-crime-statistics

https://strayer.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781483306919/cfi/6!/4/2/20/4@0:65.1

https://strayer.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781483306919/cfi/6!/4/2/20/4@0:65.1

CRJ 105 – Crime and Criminal Behavior
© 2017 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may
not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.

Page 12 of 14

COol Town News
TownnewswsDai

ly

Monday March 12, 2016 Blackboard support 1-877-642-2999

Cool Town crime rate

lowest in years, police say

By Shirley Morris, Cool Town News reporter

February 19, 2016

Cool Town, GA. — Cool Town authorities are
crediting the work of police officers and a
partnership with the community for helping
them reach a 2015 crime rate that is
the lowest in five (5) years. The city’s
overall crime rate fell by four percent in
2015, according to police department
statistics, which marks an 18 percent drop in
the past two years. Violent crime offenses in
2015, which include crimes against people,
fell by a little more than four percent, while
property crime remained the same. Police
Chief Luger stated “it was also due to
everyone staying cool.”

Cool Town, Is It Really
“Cool”?

By Shirley Morris, Cool Town News reporter
February 19, 2016

Cool Town, GA. — This Hipster County
community is the fourth suburb to make the
top five in the state. Cool Town tied Old Dog
Town for the lowest rate of violent crime, and
it had the sixth lowest rate of property crime
in this study. Cool Town is very affluent with
2.7 times the state’s median household
income. It also had a highly educated
population of 68 percent with a bachelor’s
degree.

What is The Crime Rate?
By Shirley Morris, Cool Town News reporter

February 19, 2016

The crime rate is a calculation that expresses the
total number of index crimes per 100,000
population:

Index Crimes/Population × 100,000 = Crime Rate

As previously indicated, in 2004 the FBI decided to
drop the additional calculation of the crime index
rate. The purpose of an index (like the Dow Jones
Industrial Average or the Consumer Price Index) is
to provide a composite measure, one that does not
rely too heavily on any one factor. An index also
allows controlling for population size, thus
permitting fair comparisons of different-sized units.
As noted earlier, it is this UCR crime rate that one
reads about in the newspaper, with accounts of
crime either rising or falling by a given percentage.
A principal difficulty with the UCR crime rate as an
index of crime in the United States is that it is an
unweighted index. That is, each crime, whether
murder or bicycle theft, is added into the total
index with no weight given to the relative
seriousness of the offense. Thus, no monetary or
psychological value is assigned. For instance, a city
with 100 burglaries per 100,000 population and
one with 100 homicides per 100,000 population
would have the same crime rate.

https://strayer.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781483306919/cfi/6!/4/2/
20/4@0:65.1

http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-02-19/news/ct-tl-park-ridge-crime-statistics-2012-20130220_1_crime-rate-crime-statistics-park-ridge

http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-02-19/news/ct-tl-park-ridge-crime-statistics-2012-20130220_1_crime-rate-crime-statistics-park-ridge

https://strayer.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781483306919/cfi/6!/4/2/20/4@0:65.1

https://strayer.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781483306919/cfi/6!/4/2/20/4@0:65.1

CRJ 105 – Crime and Criminal Behavior

© 2017 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may
not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.
Page 13 of 14

DATA GATHERING STRATEGIES
The qualitative methods most commonly used in evaluation can be classified in three broad

categories:

• In-depth Interview

• Observation Methods

• Document Review

CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESEARCH: METHODS

Those interested in the study of criminology and criminal justice have at their disposal a wide

range of research methods. The particular research method to use is entirely contingent upon

the question being studied. Research questions typically fall into four categories of: (1)

descriptive, (2) exploratory, (3) explanatory, and (4) evaluative (Schutt). Descriptive research

attempts to define and describe the social phenomena under investigation. Exploratory

research seeks to identify the underlying meaning behind actions and individual behavior.

Explanatory research seeks to identify the cause(s) and effect(s) of social phenomena.

Evaluation research seeks to determine the effects of an intervention on individual behavior.

These four areas of research are not mutually exclusive; rather, they are designed to be used

interactively in order to gain a deeper understanding of the question under investigation.

http://www.encyclopedia.com/law/legal-and-political-magazines/criminology-and-criminal-justice-research-methods

HIERARCHY RULE

There is a significance to the order in which the Part I offenses are presented, with criminal
homicide being the highest in the hierarchy and arson being the lowest. The Part I offenses are
as follows:

1. Criminal Homicide
a. Murder and Nonnegligent Manslaughter
b. Manslaughter by Negligence

2. Forcible Rape

a. Rape by Force
b. Attempts to Commit Forcible Rape

http://www.encyclopedia.com/law/legal-and-political-magazines/criminology-and-criminal-justice-research-methods

CRJ 105 – Crime and Criminal Behavior

© 2017 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may
not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.
Page 14 of 14

3. Robbery
a. Firearm
b. Knife or Cutting Instrument
c. Other Dangerous Weapon
d. Strong-arm—Hands, Fists, Feet, etc.

4. Aggravated Assault

a. Firearm
b. Knife or Cutting Instrument
c. Other Dangerous Weapon
d. Hands, Fists, Feet, etc.—Aggravated Injury

5. Burglary

a. Forcible Entry
b. Unlawful Entry—No Force
c. Attempted Forcible Entry

6. Larceny-theft (except motor vehicle theft)

7. Motor Vehicle Theft

a. Autos
b. Trucks and Buses
c. Other Vehicles

8. Arson

The experience of law enforcement agencies in handling UCR data shows that, for the most
part, offenses of law occur singly as opposed to many being committed simultaneously. In these
single-offense situations, law enforcement agencies must decide whether the crime is a Part I
offense. If so, the agency must score the crime accordingly. However, if several offenses are
committed at the same time and place by a person or a group of persons, a different approach
must be used in classifying and scoring. The law enforcement matter in which many crimes are
committed simultaneously is called a multiple-offense situation by the UCR Program. As a
general rule, a multiple-offense situation requires classifying each of the offenses occurring and
determining which of them are Part I crimes. The Hierarchy Rule requires that when more than
one Part I offense is classified, the law enforcement agency must locate the offense that is
highest on the hierarchy list and score that offense involved and not the other offense(s) in the
multiple-offense situation.

The Hierarchy Rule applies only to crime reporting and does not affect the number of charges
for which the defendant may be prosecuted in the courts. The offenses of justifiable homicide,
motor vehicle theft, and arson are exceptions to the Hierarchy Rule.