There are TWO tasks that you would need to do( they are separate): 

Task 1 (Minimum 300 words): 

This week our subject is Ethics and Information Management. 

Read at least four (4) academically reviewed articles on the ethical issues that may arise in information management. 

1.    Write a comparative analysis of the articles noting the similarities and differences.

2.    Compare the information in those articles to the materials in Chapter 14 of your textbook. Does the premise of those articles support the overall theme of the materials in Chapter 14 of your textbook? Why or why not?

3.    Discuss what you learned from those articles. In your discussion, give example(s) of your organization handles ethical concerns as they relate to information management.

TASK 2:

Write a reply to the two responses in the attached document ( Response 1 and Response 2) with 150 words for each. 

There should be no plagiarism. Attach a plagiarism report with 0 % similarity index.

IT for Management: On-Demand Strategies for Performance, Growth, and Sustainability

Eleventh Edition

Turban, Pollard, Wood

Chapter 14

Ethics, Privacy, and Sustainability

Learning Objectives (1 of 4)
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IT Ethics
Predicting People’s Behavior
Predicting people’s behavior is big business, but companies may face backlash from customers or be subject to investigations or fines.
Mobile Apps and Risky Behaviors
93% top 200 free iOS & Andriod apps exhibited at least one risky behavior.
Apple policy prohibits user information gathering without permission, but countless 3rd party apps are unregulated.

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Mobile Apps and Risky Behavior
Risky Behaviors
Location tracking
Accessing the device’s address book or contact list
Identifying user or phone unique identifier (UDID)
Recording in-app purchases
Sharing data with ad networks and analytics companies
Twitter, Foursquare, and Instagram routinely gather information from personal address books and other places on your phone.

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Google Street View
Risky Behavior
Wardriving
Driving around sniffing out and mapping the physical location of the world’s Wi-Fi routers (see Wi-Spy).
Open Wi-Fi Networks
Non-password protected routers that provide access over wireless networks.
The FCC posted, “…collecting information sent over Wi-Fi networks clearly infringes on consumer privacy.”
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Additive Manufacturing Dilemmas
3D Printing
Depositing tiny layers of material to create computer-assisted design and/or computer-assisted manufacturing blueprints.
Bioprinting
Using DNA to 3D print human body parts using bioprinting technology.
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IT Ethics
By avoiding illegal conduct, do companies also act responsibly? Explain your Answer
What types of companies can benefit from predicting people’s behavior?
When is predicting people’s behavior a violation of privacy? Give an example.
When is predicting people’s behavior not a violation of privacy? Give an example.
What are the ethical challenges attached to 3D printing and 3D bioprinting?
Research the current debate about 3D printing and bioprinting.
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Suggested Answers:
1. No. What is legal is not necessarily ethical or responsible. Laws lag behind what is possible to do because laws change slowly whereas technology changes rapidly.
 
2. Virtually any type. The most benefit is for those at the end of the supply chain (retailers, etc.)
 
3. Answers may vary. Certainly when personal data upon which the prediction relies are collected without consent, as appears with Target, especially for those underage.
 
4. Answers may vary. It depends on the level of intrusiveness, and that can be very subjective. One might argue that Canadian Tire’s credit card business inherently has purchase information and can analyze to determine risk of missed payments.
 
5. Answers may vary. There are many. They range from legal to illegal activities (e.g., theft of intellectual property.) When demand is high, will living and/or nonliving medical organs/devices go to the highest bidder? Who is legally responsible for ensuring the quality of the resulting organs and devices? In some cases, 3D printing may be the only mechanism to produce an item. 3D printing is costly. In cases where non-additive manufacturing can do the same at less cost, which will be used?
 
6. Answers will vary.
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Learning Objectives (2 of 4)
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Privacy and Civil Rights
Privacy
Right, or freedom of choice and control to self-determine what information about you is made accessible, to whom, when, and for what use or purpose.
Breach of Privacy
Unauthorized disclosure of personal information.
Privacy Paradox
Phenomenon where social users are concerned about privacy but their behaviors contradict these concerns to an extreme degree.

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Figure 14.2: Major Data Breaches Reported by 1,040 Adult Americans in 2016 Pew Research Privacy and Security Study
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Privacy Paradox: Social Recruitment
Social Recruitment
Use of social media to engage, share knowledge among, and recruit and hire employees.
Often involving information the candidate did not want considered (or is illegal) to use in the hiring process.
Typical recruitment includes all job levels:

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Social Recruitment: Best Practices
Best practice provisions for recruiters:
Have either a third party or a designated person within the company who does not make hiring decisions do the background check.
Use only publicly available information. Do not friend someone to get access to private information.
Do not request username or passwords for social media accounts.
Recruiters are also social stalkers!

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Civil Rights: Protected Classes
Civil Rights
Rights protected by federal law, such as freedom of speech, press, and assembly; the right to vote, etc.
EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission)
Enforces federal laws prohibiting discrimination in employment.
Protected classes
Characteristics identified by law that cannot be used in the hiring process.

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Civil Rights: Discrimination
Discrimination
Biased or prejudicial treatment in recruitment, hiring, or employment based on certain characteristics, such as age, gender, and genetic information, and is illegal in the United States.
Corporate Social Media Discrimination
The use of protected class information to weed out candidates.
Social Media Discrimination
Visiting a person’s social media sites, however, clearly creates the opportunity to view large amounts of information going against these nondiscriminatory practices.

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Civil Rights: Negligent Hiring
Competing Legal Concerns
Two competing legal concerns are discrimination & negligent hiring.
Negligent Hiring
If a workplace violence incident occurred and the attacker’s public social networking profile contained information that could have predicted that behavior, the employer may be held liable for negligence in not using readily available information during the hiring decision.

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Reducing Risk of Negligent Hiring
Ask candidates to sign a disclosure statement
Allow self-disclosure
Create a standard process and document it
Consistent well-documented processes
Avoid coercive practices
Eliminate recruiter pressure for applicant disclosure
Training
Emphasize related compliance
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Privacy Paradox, Privacy, and Civil Rights
Describe privacy.
What is the phenomenon where social users are concerned about privacy but their behaviors contradict these concerns?
What is the use of social media to find, screen, and select job candidates?
Rejecting a job candidate because of concerns about the person’s health from information on his or her Facebook page is an example of what?
Age, disability, gender, religion, and race are examples of what?
Why are the legal concepts of discrimination and negligent hiring competing demands on a business?
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Suggested Answers:
1. Privacy is the right to self-determine what information about you is made accessible, to whom, when, and for what use or purpose. Privacy means we have freedom of choice and control over our personal information, including what we do not want shared with or used by others.
 
2. The privacy paradox refers to this phenomenon where social users are concerned about privacy but their behaviors contradict these concerns to an extreme degree. Users of social sites often claim that they are concerned about their privacy. At the same time, they disclose their highly personal lives, even content that is incriminating or illegal, in their profiles or posts.
 
3. Social recruitment refers to use of social media to find, screen, and select job candidates. Often it involves searching information the job candidate did not want considered or that is illegal to use in the hiring process.
 
4. This is an example of corporate social media discrimination.
 
5. Protected classes.
 
6. Two competing legal concerns are discrimination and negligent hiring. These put pressure on prospective employers to find out what they can about a potential employee, to avoid negligence in hiring, yet not cross the line into discrimination.
Discrimination. Most employers have stringent employment policies that prevent their recruiters and hiring managers from learning potentially discriminatory information about candidates. Visiting a person’s social media sites, however, clearly creates the opportunity to view large amounts of information going against these nondiscriminatory practices.
Negligent hiring. Employers must consider the potential risk of a negligent hiring or negligent retention lawsuit related to social networking profile information. It is possible that if a workplace violence incident occurred and the attacker’s public social networking profile contained information that could have predicted that behavior, the employer may be held liable for negligence in not using readily available information during the hiring decision.
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Learning Objectives (3 of 4)
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Technology Addictions: Cognitive Overload
Cognitive Overload
Interferes with our ability to focus and be productive.
Potential modern causes:
Mobile apps
Wearable technology
Constant updates
Desire to stay connected
50% of American teens suffer from Fear Of Missing Out (FOMO)

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Focus Management
Being Able to Focus Counts
An inability to concentrate for longer periods reduces an ability to distinguish important information from trivia.
Some researchers estimate that distraction costs hundreds of billions of dollars a year in lost productivity.
Heavy online users (media high multitaskers) scored poorly on cognitive tests.

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Focus Recovery
Lost focus can take about 25 minutes recovery time.
Noradrenaline, a chemical that helps us concentrate, is released by focusing.
The best strategy to improve focus: practice doing it.
There is disagreement if multitaskers are working as well as they could, or they could improve their focus.

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Technology Addictions and Focus Management
What are several potential causes of cognitive overload?
What are the consequences of constant distractions?
When a person is distracted, how long does it take to return to the task at hand and get focused again?
Why are senior managers interested in focus management?
What is the difference between the performance of high and low multitaskers on cognitive tests?
How can multitaskers improve their ability to focus?
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Suggested Answers:
1. Tweets, texts, e-mail, social media, and annoying electronic static are potential causes.
 
2. Distractions cause a loss of focus and a loss of productivity.
 
3. Gloria Mark, a professor of informatics at the University of California, Irvine, says a worker distracted by a Web search that goes rogue or a new text or tweet can take about 25 minutes to return to the task at hand and get focused again (Dumaine, 2014).
 
4. To improve creativity and productivity. If your mind is free of distraction, your mind is better able to absorb data, interactions, and trends and synthesize the new information with what you already know. As a result, you are more likely to come up with innovative ideas.
 
5. In contrast to widely held assumptions, subjects who were Media (high) multitaskers scored poorly on cognitive tests.
 
6. The best strategy to improve focus is to practice doing it.
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Learning Objectives (4 of 4)
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ICT and Sustainable Development
Being profit-motivated without concern for damage to the environment is unacceptable.
Companies should conduct themselves in an ethical, socially responsible, and environmentally sustainable manner.
The IT industry sector is called the Information and Communications Technology, or ICT, in emissions reports.

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Figure 14.1: The 4 R’s of environmental sustainability
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IT and Global Warming
Global warming refers to the upward trend in Global Mean Temperature (GMT).
This is driven by the greenhouse effect, which is the holding of heat within the earth’s atmosphere.
Carbon emissions directly contribute to the greenhouse effect.

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Figure 14.1: The 4 R’s of environmental sustainability
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Global Warming IT Sector Actions
McKinsey & Company conclude the following:
IT sector’s own footprint of 2 percent of global emissions could double by 2020 because of increased use of tablets, smartphones, apps, and services.
IT sector must continue to reduce emissions from data centers, telecom networks, and the manufacture and use of its products.
IT has the unique ability to monitor and maximize energy efficiency both within and outside of its own industry sector to cut CO2 emissions by up to 5 times this amount.

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Sustainability Through Climate Change Mitigation
Every IT user, enterprise, and nation plays a role in climate change mitigation.
Wired and mobile networks enable limitless data creation and consumption
Energy used to power data centers, cell towers, base stations, and recharge devices is damaging the environment and depleting natural resources.
Innovative sustainability initiatives hold the key to curbing these emissions and carbon footprint, thereby reducing environmental impact.

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Technology to Transform Business and Society
People hold the power to shape and apply technology to create positive change, improve lives and transform business and society.
Accenture’s Technology Vision 2017 is an analysis of key IT trends that are expected to disrupt business and society over the next three years.
According to Vision 2017, taking a people first approach by empowering people with more human technology will allow organizations to improve performance by redefining their relationship with customers and employees from provider to partner.
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Top Five Disruptive Technologies 2015-2017
Vision 2015 Vision 2016 Vision 2017
Internet of Me Intelligent Automation Artificial Intelligence as the new User Interface
Outcome Economy Liquid Workforce Design for Humans
Platform Evoluation Platform Economy Ecosystems as Macrocosms
Intelligent Enterprise Predictable Disruption Workforce Marketplace
Workplace Reimagined Digital Trust The Uncharted

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Top Five Disruptive Technologies (1 of 2)
AI is the new UI
AI is becoming the new user interface (UI), underpinning the way we transact and interact with systems.
AI will revolutionize the way businesses gain information from and interact with customers.
Design for Humans
Technology design decisions are being made by humans, for humans.
Organizations need to understand not only where people are today, but also where they want to be.

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Top Five Disruptive Technologies (2 of 2)
Ecosystems as Macrocosms.
Digital ecosystems are transforming the way organizations deliver value.
Workforce Marketplace.
Companies are dissolving traditional hierarchies and replacing them with talent marketplaces of independent freelance workers.
The Uncharted.
Businesses must delve into uncharted territory, seizing opportunities to establish rules and standards for entirely new industries.

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The Next Wave of Disruption
Next…More Disruptive Disruption
High-performing business leaders now accept that their organizations’ future success is tied to their ability to keep pace with technology.
Technology is more important than ever to their business success.
Biggest IT innovations will not be in the technology tools themselves, but in how they are designed with people in mind.
A people first approach is the key to any organization’s digital success.

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ICT and Sustainable Development
Why do some experts warn that carbon emission reductions between 50 percent and 85 percent are necessary by 2050?
What contributes to the rise of global mean temperature?
What is the greenhouse effect?
How does the use of mobile devices contribute to the level of greenhouse gases?
What is ICT’s role in global warming?
Why is global warming hotly debated?
What is the role of IT in sustainable development?
Why is it important for organizations to take a people first approach to IT?

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Suggested Answers:
Carbon emission reductions between 50 percent and 85 percent are necessary by 2050 to prevent the global temperature from rising too much too fast because of the greenhouse effect.
Increases in CO2 resulting from human activities that generate carbon emissions have thrown the earth’s natural carbon cycle off balance, increasing global temperatures and changing the planet’s climate. Climatologists estimated that countries must keep the global mean temperature (GMT) from rising by more than 2°C (3.6°F) above the preindustrial GMT in order to avoid profound damage to life on the earth. Damage includes water and food scarcity, rising sea levels, and greater incidence and severity of disease.
The greenhouse effect is the holding of heat within the earth’s atmosphere. CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) trap the sun’s heat with-in the earth’s atmosphere, warming it and keeping it at habitable temperatures.
The surge in energy used to power data centers, cell towers, base stations, and recharge devices, all of which support mobile devices, is damaging the environment and depleting natural resources.
ICT plays a key role in reducing global warming. Transforming the way people and businesses use IT could reduce annual human-generated global emissions by 15 percent by 2020 and deliver energy efficiency savings to global businesses of over 500 billion euros, or $800 billion U.S. And using social media, for example, to inform consumers of the grams (g) of carbon emissions associated with the products they buy could change buyer behavior and ultimately have a positive eco-effect.
Many scientists and experts are extremely alarmed by global warming and climate change, but other experts outright deny that they are occurring.
Every IT user, enterprise, and nation plays a role in climate change mitigation. Climate change mitigation is any action to limit the magnitude of long-term cli-mate change. Examples of mitigation include switching to low-carbon renewable energy sources and reducing the amount of energy consumed by power stations by increasing their efficiency.
According to Accenture’s Vision 2017, taking a people first approach by empowering people with more human technology will allow organizations to improve performance by redefining their relationship with customers and employees from provider to partner. This will require organizations to change the way they develop their business models and provide technology that support them to promote social responsibility.

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Copyright
Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Act without the express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.
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Ethical decisions are taken by individuals who control the effect of their tasks. Responsibility is a central factor that ensures that you consider the future risks, obligations, and responsibilities of making your decisions. Accountability is part of the structure and social structures and ensures the tools are formed to assess who made a trustworthy step and who is liable (Wangmo et al., 2019).

Information technology is becoming extremely relevant in everyday life, as it poses many ethical problems. It is often met with a lack of protection, anonymity, copyright, and several other computer crimes. Since data innovation aids tremendously pace, stream, and access to cybercrime, data has become a growing career. Many organizations and associations face becoming a digital victim every day when much, if not all, rely on computerized arrangements (Wangmo et al., 2019).

Safety: One experiencing many cybercrimes including hackers hacking their IP addresses and they can reach the user’s computer if they are linked to the network. This contributes to high IT and financial theft if we try to pass some money hackers hack it and send the sums to hackers by disruption (Mahdi, 2020).

Increased pressure on IT experts: is raising the pressure on IT experts since the computer technologies must operate every time, otherwise, the quality and availability of those information systems must be controlled. Many organizations will stay by the IT team with any issues during the operation every day. This strain could contribute to tension and job overload, which affects and is incomplete (Mahdi, 2020).

Similar care of all employees is an indication of workplace ethics. All should be handled fairly regardless of ethnicity, gender, tradition, and lifestyle. There is therapy is known as awareness training, encourages uniformity in an organization and one example is social accountability. Consideration includes looking after staff who have any personal issues. This psychiatric condition would be taken care of by ethical business people. They also perform awareness-raising activities and give them participation in this therapy. Staff can have difficulties that contribute to certain kinds of problems. Subsequently, they need the ability to explain their situation and seek the assistance they need (Mahdi, 2020).

Article 1-Currently, smartphone, web, and social networking technology have been commonly used to promote patient-centered treatment in the healthcare industry. Their incorporation in this area, however, has led to ethical concerns such as privacy and confidentiality arising (Denecke et al., 2015). This is because it is easy to obtain private data from patients across the internet, leaving it vulnerable to fraudulent attacks and data breaches.

Article 2-Electronic Health Record (EHR) is one of the emerging innovations being used to increase healthcare efficiency. Besides, by streamlining the critical method, the EHR has minimized healthcare-related expenses and removed time wastage. Unfortunately, many risks have been introduced through its broad use. Such threats require safety and secrecy as personal details may be breached and misused if not managed or protected properly (Ozair et al., 2015).

Article 3-Managing information in today’s society poses the question of data security and privacy. The recent political events have exposed the impact of supervision by government-affiliated agencies (Stahl et al., 2014). This has culminated in increased friction among human rights and national security. Data security is an advanced issue that has been closely correlated with computing ethics. In terms of intellectual property, this has created privacy issues.

Article 4-Patients with chronic patients who depend on correct and complete information to enhance better treatment are concerned. To avoid mistakes, patients exchange sensitive details with healthcare professionals in the course of receiving such services. This has posed, though, the issue of privacy. As a consequence, it is uncertain who can disclose the information, what kind of information should be shared, and who should obtain those sensitive details from organizations or departments (Ancker et al., 2015).

The question of privacy appears to be a dominant topic of the four posts from the discussion above. As an ethical question, privacy is often the topic of interest in diverse areas and occupations concerning information management. The topics of the articles endorse the topic in chapter 14 as they illustrate privacy and secrecy of information technology as ethical concerns. Chapter 14 speaks a lot regarding data security, and all four papers have highlighted this related topic.

As they have introduced me to significant ethics problems linked to information security, the posts are insightful and educational. One of the ethical challenges that may bring unintended and expensive consequences is protection. To instill them with information technology expertise, my company has implemented routine staff preparation. E.g., to produce a plausible situation, the organization utilizes simulation, and workers are expected to treat it to the best of knowledge. To direct the process of handling crucial details, the organization has also developed a rigorous code of ethics.