Suppose you are going to conduct a study utilizing Quantitative Research Design: which type of research would you use, and which method would you utilize to collect data and select your sample.
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Chapter 12
Sampling in Quantitative Research
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
The aggregate of cases in which a researcher is interested is called a sample.
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Answer
False
The aggregate of cases in which a researcher is interested is called a population. A sample is selection of a portion of the population to represent the entire population.
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Basic Sampling Concepts in Quantitative Studies
Population: the aggregate of cases in which a researcher is interested
Sampling: selection of a portion of the population (a sample) to represent the entire population
Element: basic population unit about which information is collected
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Eligibility Criteria
Establish population characteristics
Determine participation in study
Maximize construct validity
Inclusion
Exclusion
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
Researchers usually sample from the target population.
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Answer
False
Researchers usually sample from the accessible population but should identify the target population to which they want to generalize their results.
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Basic Sampling Concepts in Quantitative Studies
Representative sample
A sample whose key characteristics closely approximate those of the population
Sampling bias
The systematic over- or underrepresentation of segments of the population on key variables
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
Probability sampling involves random selection of elements.
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Answer
True
Probability sampling involves random selection of elements.
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Basic Sampling Concepts in Quantitative Studies (cont.)
Probability sampling
Involves random selection of elements
Nonprobability sampling
Does not involve selection of elements at random
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Nonprobability Sampling
Convenience sampling
Snowball sampling
Quota sampling
Consecutive sampling
Purposive sampling
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Probability Sampling
Simple random sampling
Stratified random sampling
Multistage sampling
Cluster sampling
Systematic sampling
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Power Analysis
Estimate sample size
Large samples preferred to small samples
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Chapter 11
Specific Types of
Quantitative Research
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
Phase I clinical trials involve seeking opportunities for refinements and preliminary evidence of efficacy.
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Answer
False
Phase II clinical trials involve seeking opportunities for refinements and preliminary evidence of efficacy. Phase I features of the intervention that are finalized.
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Clinical Trials
Effectiveness of clinical interventions
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Phase IV
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Sequential Clinical Trial
Data from paired “mini-experiments”
Continuously analyzed
Preference measures
Stopping rules
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
Practical clinical trials aim to reduce the gap between efficacy and effectiveness studies.
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Answer
False
Practical clinical trials are designed to provide information to clinical decision makers.
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Practical Clinical Trials
Also called pragmatic clinical trials
Provide information to clinical decision makers
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Evaluation Research
Effectiveness of a program, policy, procedure
Assist decision makers
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Question
What is the purpose of an outcome analysis?
Describes the status of some condition after the introduction of a program
Tests whether a program causes net impacts
Describes the process by which a program gets implemented and functions in practice
Assesses whether the monetary costs of a program are outweighed by benefits
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Answer
A
Outcome analysis describes the status of some condition after the introduction of a program.
Impact analysis tests whether a program causes net impacts.
Process analysis describes the process by which a program gets implemented and functions in practice.
Cost analysis assesses whether the monetary costs of a program are outweighed by benefits.
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Various Analyses
Process or implementation
Outcome
Impact
Cost or economic
Cost–benefit analysis
Cost-effectiveness analysis
Cost-utility analysis
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
Outcome research examines the quality and effectiveness of health care and nursing services.
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Answer
True
Outcome research examines the quality and effectiveness of health care and nursing services.
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Outcome Research
Quality and effectiveness of health care and nursing services
Health care quality
Structure
Process
Client risk factors
Outcomes
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Survey Research
People’s characteristics, behaviors, and intentions by asking them to answer questions
Personal interviews
Telephone interviews
Questionnaires
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Secondary Analysis
Researchers analyze previously collected data.
Economical
Difficult to identify appropriate existing data base
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Needs Assessment
Needs of group or community
Three main needs
Key informant
Survey
Indicators approach
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false:
The Delphi technique is a method of problem solving in which one round of questionnaires are sent to a panel of experts.
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Answer
False
The Delphi technique is a method of problem solving in which several rounds of questionnaires are sent to a panel of experts, not one round.
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Delphi Technique
Problem solving
Several rounds of questionnaires
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Replication Studies
Identical
Virtual
Systematic extension replication
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Methodologic Studies
Development
Validation
Assessment
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