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Paper 3 Guidelines & Grading Rubric (100 points)

If you did not get full points for your research question on the previous assignment, then you need to revise your research question. You must get your research question approved before you submit this paper. This paper is based off of your proposed research question, thus, it is essential that it is an acceptable question.

This paper has three components: 1) Introduction, 2) Literature Review, and 3) Rationale and Research Question.

Introduction

The introduction should be three paragraphs.

Paragraph one should paraphrase a credible statistic that shows that this is an important area of study. This statistic does not have to come from a scholarly journal source. Be sure to be specific and cite the source.

Paragraph two should summarize the research question you are going to present at the end of the literature review.

Paragraph three should preview the sections of the literature review. The first section of the literature review will examine research related to ______ (independent variable). The second section of the literature review will examine research related to ___________ (dependent variable). Third, a rationale will be presented, along with a research question.

Literature Review

You will have two sub-sections here (one for research related to your independent variable, and one for research related to your dependent variable).

At the beginning of each section you should state the conceptual definition for the variable (paraphrase and cite source). The conceptual definition can be a part of the first paragraph (state this, then the summary statement, then the specific findings).

Start each paragraph with a summary statement about what we know about past research, “Past research indicates _____ about the independent variable.” Then go on to summarize (and cite) specific findings from past research that support that statement.

Each paragraph should clearly cite findings that are interrelated from two different sources.

Then you should have five paragraphs in each sub-section (with each paragraph being about a half of a page).

Each section (IV and DV) should summarize findings from five different sources. The sources you cite in the IV section should be different sources from the ones cited in the DV section. You need to cite a total of ten sources overall in the literature review section.

Rationale and Research Question

In the rationale section you will present an argument (supported by citation of specific findings) as to why the two variables in your research question are likely related.

The rationale should incorporate three paragraphs.

In the first paragraph you should discuss how the IV has been related to similar variable (similar to the DV) in past research, and/or related to other variables that have been found to be related to the DV.

In the second paragraph you should discuss how the DV has been related to similar variables to the IV in past research, and/or related to other variables that have been found to be related to the IV.

In the third paragraph you should state that based on the above evidence, that it is likely that the IV and DV (in your RQ) are related, and that this should be tested.

The first two paragraphs should be about half a page. The final paragraph can be relatively short. You do not need to cite new sources for this section. In this section you are citing findings that you have already explained in the literature review section.

At the end of your rationale you should state your RQ.

Sources/Page Length/ Formatting

In this paper you need to cite 10 communication research articles (conference papers or published studies). The paper should be a minimum of 4 1/2 pages double spaced, Times New Roman, 12 Point Font (not including your reference list pages). The introduction should be a half page (minimum), the literature review should be 2 ½ pages (minimum), and the rationale should be 1 ½ pages (minimum).

You should use third-person throughout this paper. Do not reference yourself, and/or use I.

You may not use any quotes in this paper.

Grading Rubric- Paper 3 Name: _____________________________________

Introduction (10 points)

Cites Credible Statistic (4 Pts.)
Previews the RQ (3 Pts)
Previews Paper Sections (3 Pts)

Literature Review (40 points)

Section 1: (20 Pts Total , Each 4 Pts)
Section begins with a paraphrased conceptual definition for variable (and citation)
Each paragraph begins with a summary statement
Each paragraph clearly discusses research findings
Each paragraph summarizes and relates findings from two different studies
Section summarizes findings from five different sources and there are five paragraphs
Section 2: (20 Pts Total , Each 4 Pts)
Section begins with a paraphrased conceptual definition for variable (and citation)
Each paragraph begins with a summary statement
Each paragraph clearly discusses research findings
Each paragraph summarizes and relates findings from two different studies
Section summarizes findings from five different sources and there are five paragraphs

Rationale (40 points)

The evidence and warrant for paragraph 1 are clearly stated (17.5 points)
The evidence and warrant for paragraph 2 are clearly stated (17.5 points)
Paragraph 3 is clearly written (5 points)

APA Style & References (10 points)

Correctly Cite Sources in-text (5 points)
Correctly Cite Sources on Reference list (5 points)

Total Points

100

*Points will be deducted for not meeting assignment guidelines including but not limited to, paper length and number/type of references.

6

Name

Paper 3

Introduction Comment by Richards, Sharlene – richarst: Note this paper is only 4 pages- it should be minimally 4 ½ pages.

Out of all sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) cases calculated each year, 50% are contracted by young people ages 15-24 (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). This age group is particularly at risk for STDs because they tend to sexually active, and engage in more sexually-risky behaviors.

This research proposal examines the relationship between memorable messages received from mothers about sex prior to college and female college students’ perceived risks for STIs.

First, the review of literature will discuss research on mother-daughter communication surrounding sexual behavior. Second, the literature review will examine research on perceived risk for STDs. Following the literature review, the rationale will present an argument for the research question. Following the rationale, the research question will be stated.

Literature Review

Mother-Daughter Communication about Sex

Memorable messages are short, specific, verbal messages that one remembers throughout life (Rubinsky & Cooke-Jackson, 2017). Past research indicates that mothers have a significant influence on their daughter’s sexual behavior. Conversations about sex are marked by discomfort by both mothers and daughters, however, daughters see mothers as admirable role models (Dennis & Wood, 2012). Mothers are influential on their daughter’s views about sex and sexual behavior (Binkley, Frey, & Violanti, 2007). Comment by Richards, Sharlene – richarst: This is a conceptual definition Comment by Richards, Sharlene – richarst: This is a summary statement

Past research indicates that mothers may engage in more conversations with their children and discuss more topics, but this may vary according to their parenting style. A study of parent-child triads found that, between mothers and fathers, mothers tend to engage in more conversations about sexuality with their children and discuss a wider variety of topics (Heisler, 2005). Askelson, Campo, and Smith (2012) surveyed mothers of daughters age 9-15 years old, and recorded ten conversation topics total, covering: menstruation, sexual intercourse, romantic relationships, sexually-transmitted infections or diseases, contraception methods, and sexual orientation. In this study, subjects such as menstruation and alcohol (around 80% of mothers recorded discussing these) were discussed much more than others like contraceptives and condoms (both around 30%) (Askelson et al., 2012). Askelson et al. (2012) questioned how a mother’s parenting style affected mother-daughter sex communication, and found that more authoritative mothers (who were demanding of, but responsive to, their children) discussed a greater number of topics with their daughters and at an earlier age than less authoritative mothers.

Past research indicates that conversations about sex with daughters appear to be limited to certain topics. Dennis and Wood (2012) interviewed Black daughters’ (ages 19-22) recollections of conversations with their Black mothers about sex. Few (20%) daughters recalled having open conversations with their mothers; instead, most remembered the conversations being brief and inexplicit (Dennis & Wood, 2012). Binkley et al. (2007) study found that mothers were more likely to discuss less controversial sex topics with their daughters (i.e. more discussed abstinence than safe sex or about birth control rather than abortion) (Binkley et al., 2007). The researchers proposed that this was due to participants’ culture as residents within the Bible Belt region, which has characteristic values of women’s abstinence and negative views on abortion (Binkley et al., 2007).

Past research indicates that memorable messages about sexual health tend to be more negative, rather than positive. The negative messages tended to be about the physical and emotional consequences of sex and feelings of discomfort (Dennis & Wood, 2012). Similarly, a study of women and gender minorities’ memorable messages about sexual health (which came from sources such as parents and educators) discovered a main theme of danger (Rubinsky & Cooke-Jackson, 2017). These memorable messages of danger surrounded the negative physical (STDs, unplanned pregnancies) and emotional (low self-esteem) outcomes of sex (Rubinsky & Cooke-Jackson, 2017). Participants in this survey recorded wishing they had received memorable messages about the positive aspects of sex and open dialogue, among others like consent negotiation (Rubinsky & Cooke-Jackson, 2017). Comment by Richards, Sharlene – richarst: Note: There should be one more paragraph here.
There should be 5 paragraphs.

Perceived Risk of STDs
Comment by Richards, Sharlene – richarst: Note: In this section there should be five sources, there are only four cited currently.
I changed the guidelines for this assignment- thus- this example paper is missing a source here.

Risk perception is one’s believed susceptibility to contracting a disease, along with the believed severity of the disease (Mehrotra, Noar, Zimmerman, & Palmgree, 2008). Previous research indicates a low risk perception for STDs. In a study of students at a minority-serving college, almost half of respondents (48.1% of those ages 20-29 and 57.9% of those below 20 years old) perceived themselves as having no chance of being infected with HIV (Adefuye, Abiona, Balogun, & Lukabo-Durrell, 2009). Similarly, Mehrotra et al. (2008) surveyed sexually-active 18-26 year olds through random digit dialing. Respondents of the survey perceived a greater risk of pregnancy from unprotected sex than of STIs or HIV, especially in casual sex encounters. Further, Chapin (2001) found that adolescents have optimistic bias, and believe they are less likely than others to get pregnant or too cause a pregnancy.

Previous research indicates that those who engage in safe sex practices tend to have a higher risk perception of STIs. In a 30-month longitudinal study of girls receiving the HPV (human papillomavirus) vaccine, perceived risk for STDs other than HPV significantly increased (Mullins et al., 2016). Likewise, Mehrotra et al. (2008) found that participants who used condoms reported higher perceived risk of STIs, HIV, and pregnancy than those who did not report condom use. Comment by Richards, Sharlene – richarst: Three more paragraphs like these are needed here.

Rationale

Memorable messages from mothers are influential and tend to focus on the negative aspects of sex. Mothers are influential on their daughter’s views about sex and sexual behavior (Binkley, Frey, & Violanti, 2007). Memorable messages of danger were a focus of the sexual health conversations that occurred Rubinsky & Cooke-Jackson, 2017). Comment by Richards, Sharlene – richarst: This paragraph should have a bit more in terms of citations. Additionally it should be showing how memorable messages have been linked in the past to risk perception.

Perceived risk for pregnancy was a predominant worry, as compared to perceived risk for STDs. Mehrotra et al. (2008) found that college-aged individuals perceived a greater risk of pregnancy from unprotected sex than of STIs or HIV, especially in casual sex encounters. Comment by Richards, Sharlene – richarst: Likewise this paragraph should show how perceived risk has been linked back to parent-child communication.

Thus it is likely that contents of memorable messages from conversations with mothers are related to perceived risk for STDs. Therefore the following research question is proposed.

RQ: Is there a relationship between memorable messages received from mothers about sex before college and female college students’ perceived risk for STIs?

References Comment by Richards, Sharlene – richarst: Note: there are only nine scholarly sources here. There should be ten.
The other source is a credible source- for the statistic- not a scholarly source.
You need ten scholarly sources (articles/conference papers).

Adefuye, A. S., Abiona, T. C., Balogun, J. A., & Lukobo-Durrell, M. (2009). HIV sexual risk

behaviors and perception of risk among college students: Implications for planning

interventions. BMC Public Health, 9(1), 281-292. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-281

Askelson, N. M., Campo, S., & Smith, S. (2012). Mother–daughter communication about

sex: The influence of authoritative parenting style. Health Communication, 27(5),

439-448. doi:10.1080/10410236.2011.606526

Binkley, L., Frey, R., & Violanti, M. (2007, November). Sex communication between mothers

and daughters. Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual

Convention, Chicago, IL. Retrieved from

http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Sexually transmitted disease surveillance

2016: STDs in adolescents and young adults. Retrieved March 12, 2018 from

www.cdc.gov/std/stats16/

Chapin, J. (2001). It won’t happen to me: The role of optimistic bias in African American teens’

risky sexual practices. Howard Journal of Communications, 12(1), 49-59.

doi:10.1080/10646170151143370

Dennis, A. C., & Wood, J. T. (2012). “We’re not going to have this conversation, but you get it”:

Black mother–daughter communication about sexual relations. Women’s Studies In

Communication, 35(2), 204-223. doi:10.1080/07491409.2012.724525

Heisler, J. M. (2005). Family communication about sex: Parents and college-aged offspring

recall discussion topics, satisfaction, and parental involvement. Journal of Family

Communication, 5(4), 295-312. Retrieved from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/

Mehrotra, P., Noar, S., Zimmerman, R., & Palmgreen, P. (2008, May). Understanding partner

characteristics and personality factors as predictors of HIV: Implications for message

design. Paper presented at the International Communication Association Annual Meeting,

Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Retrieved from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/

Mullins, T. K., Zimet, G. D., Rosenthal, S. L., Morrow, C., Ding, L., Huang, B., & Kahn, J. A.

(2016). Human papillomavirus vaccine-related risk perceptions and subsequent sexual

behaviors and sexually transmitted infections among vaccinated adolescent women.

Vaccine, 34(34), 4040-4045. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.026

Rubinsky, V., & Cooke-Jackson, A. (2017). “Tell me something other than to use a condom and

sex is scary”: Memorable messages women and gender minorities wish for and recall

about sexual health. Women’s Studies in Communication, 40(4), 379-400. doi:10.1080/07491409.2017.1368761

Outline for Paper 3

I. Introduction

a. Paragraph 1-Cite a credible and relevant statistic (paraphrase and cite). This paragraph addresses why this topic is important to study.

b. Paragraph 2-Summarize the RQ you are going to propose.

c. Paragraph 3-Preview the Sections of the Paper.

II. Literature Review

a. Sub-Section for Independent Variable Related Research (Cite 5 Journal Articles)

i. Paragraph 1-Conceptual Definition, Summary Statement, Cite Two Findings from Two Different Articles

ii. Paragraph 2-Summary Statement, Cite Two Findings from Two Different Articles

iii. Paragraph 3-Summary Statement, Cite Two Findings from Two Different Articles

iv. Paragraph 4-Summary Statement, Cite Two Findings from Two Different Articles

v. Paragraph 5-Summary Statement, Cite Two Findings from Two Different Articles

b. Sub-Section for Dependent Variable Related Research (Cite 5 Journal Articles, Different Articles from the above Sub-Section)

i. Paragraph 1-Conceptual Definition, Summary Statement, Cite Two Findings from Two Different Articles
ii. Paragraph 2-Summary Statement, Cite Two Findings from Two Different Articles
iii. Paragraph 3-Summary Statement, Cite Two Findings from Two Different Articles
iv. Paragraph 4-Summary Statement, Cite Two Findings from Two Different Articles
v. Paragraph 5-Summary Statement, Cite Two Findings from Two Different Articles

III. Rationale

a. Paragraph 1-Cite Specific Findings, Argument that IV is likely related to DV

b. Paragraph 2-Cite Specific Findings, Argument that DV is likely related to IV

c. Paragraph 3-Restate and Conclude the Argument

IV. References (Beginning on a New Page- Use Page Break)

6

Name

Paper 3

Introduction Comment by Richards, Sharlene – richarst: Note this paper is only 4 pages- it should be minimally 4 ½ pages.

Out of all sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) cases calculated each year, 50% are contracted by young people ages 15-24 (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). This age group is particularly at risk for STDs because they tend to sexually active, and engage in more sexually-risky behaviors.

This research proposal examines the relationship between memorable messages received from mothers about sex prior to college and female college students’ perceived risks for STIs.

First, the review of literature will discuss research on mother-daughter communication surrounding sexual behavior. Second, the literature review will examine research on perceived risk for STDs. Following the literature review, the rationale will present an argument for the research question. Following the rationale, the research question will be stated.

Literature Review

Mother-Daughter Communication about Sex

Memorable messages are short, specific, verbal messages that one remembers throughout life (Rubinsky & Cooke-Jackson, 2017). Past research indicates that mothers have a significant influence on their daughter’s sexual behavior. Conversations about sex are marked by discomfort by both mothers and daughters, however, daughters see mothers as admirable role models (Dennis & Wood, 2012). Mothers are influential on their daughter’s views about sex and sexual behavior (Binkley, Frey, & Violanti, 2007). Comment by Richards, Sharlene – richarst: This is a conceptual definition Comment by Richards, Sharlene – richarst: This is a summary statement

Past research indicates that mothers may engage in more conversations with their children and discuss more topics, but this may vary according to their parenting style. A study of parent-child triads found that, between mothers and fathers, mothers tend to engage in more conversations about sexuality with their children and discuss a wider variety of topics (Heisler, 2005). Askelson, Campo, and Smith (2012) surveyed mothers of daughters age 9-15 years old, and recorded ten conversation topics total, covering: menstruation, sexual intercourse, romantic relationships, sexually-transmitted infections or diseases, contraception methods, and sexual orientation. In this study, subjects such as menstruation and alcohol (around 80% of mothers recorded discussing these) were discussed much more than others like contraceptives and condoms (both around 30%) (Askelson et al., 2012). Askelson et al. (2012) questioned how a mother’s parenting style affected mother-daughter sex communication, and found that more authoritative mothers (who were demanding of, but responsive to, their children) discussed a greater number of topics with their daughters and at an earlier age than less authoritative mothers.

Past research indicates that conversations about sex with daughters appear to be limited to certain topics. Dennis and Wood (2012) interviewed Black daughters’ (ages 19-22) recollections of conversations with their Black mothers about sex. Few (20%) daughters recalled having open conversations with their mothers; instead, most remembered the conversations being brief and inexplicit (Dennis & Wood, 2012). Binkley et al. (2007) study found that mothers were more likely to discuss less controversial sex topics with their daughters (i.e. more discussed abstinence than safe sex or about birth control rather than abortion) (Binkley et al., 2007). The researchers proposed that this was due to participants’ culture as residents within the Bible Belt region, which has characteristic values of women’s abstinence and negative views on abortion (Binkley et al., 2007).

Past research indicates that memorable messages about sexual health tend to be more negative, rather than positive. The negative messages tended to be about the physical and emotional consequences of sex and feelings of discomfort (Dennis & Wood, 2012). Similarly, a study of women and gender minorities’ memorable messages about sexual health (which came from sources such as parents and educators) discovered a main theme of danger (Rubinsky & Cooke-Jackson, 2017). These memorable messages of danger surrounded the negative physical (STDs, unplanned pregnancies) and emotional (low self-esteem) outcomes of sex (Rubinsky & Cooke-Jackson, 2017). Participants in this survey recorded wishing they had received memorable messages about the positive aspects of sex and open dialogue, among others like consent negotiation (Rubinsky & Cooke-Jackson, 2017). Comment by Richards, Sharlene – richarst: Note: There should be one more paragraph here.
There should be 5 paragraphs.

Perceived Risk of STDs
Comment by Richards, Sharlene – richarst: Note: In this section there should be five sources, there are only four cited currently.
I changed the guidelines for this assignment- thus- this example paper is missing a source here.

Risk perception is one’s believed susceptibility to contracting a disease, along with the believed severity of the disease (Mehrotra, Noar, Zimmerman, & Palmgree, 2008). Previous research indicates a low risk perception for STDs. In a study of students at a minority-serving college, almost half of respondents (48.1% of those ages 20-29 and 57.9% of those below 20 years old) perceived themselves as having no chance of being infected with HIV (Adefuye, Abiona, Balogun, & Lukabo-Durrell, 2009). Similarly, Mehrotra et al. (2008) surveyed sexually-active 18-26 year olds through random digit dialing. Respondents of the survey perceived a greater risk of pregnancy from unprotected sex than of STIs or HIV, especially in casual sex encounters. Further, Chapin (2001) found that adolescents have optimistic bias, and believe they are less likely than others to get pregnant or too cause a pregnancy.

Previous research indicates that those who engage in safe sex practices tend to have a higher risk perception of STIs. In a 30-month longitudinal study of girls receiving the HPV (human papillomavirus) vaccine, perceived risk for STDs other than HPV significantly increased (Mullins et al., 2016). Likewise, Mehrotra et al. (2008) found that participants who used condoms reported higher perceived risk of STIs, HIV, and pregnancy than those who did not report condom use. Comment by Richards, Sharlene – richarst: Three more paragraphs like these are needed here.

Rationale

Memorable messages from mothers are influential and tend to focus on the negative aspects of sex. Mothers are influential on their daughter’s views about sex and sexual behavior (Binkley, Frey, & Violanti, 2007). Memorable messages of danger were a focus of the sexual health conversations that occurred Rubinsky & Cooke-Jackson, 2017). Comment by Richards, Sharlene – richarst: This paragraph should have a bit more in terms of citations. Additionally it should be showing how memorable messages have been linked in the past to risk perception.

Perceived risk for pregnancy was a predominant worry, as compared to perceived risk for STDs. Mehrotra et al. (2008) found that college-aged individuals perceived a greater risk of pregnancy from unprotected sex than of STIs or HIV, especially in casual sex encounters. Comment by Richards, Sharlene – richarst: Likewise this paragraph should show how perceived risk has been linked back to parent-child communication.

Thus it is likely that contents of memorable messages from conversations with mothers are related to perceived risk for STDs. Therefore the following research question is proposed.

RQ: Is there a relationship between memorable messages received from mothers about sex before college and female college students’ perceived risk for STIs?

References Comment by Richards, Sharlene – richarst: Note: there are only nine scholarly sources here. There should be ten.
The other source is a credible source- for the statistic- not a scholarly source.
You need ten scholarly sources (articles/conference papers).

Adefuye, A. S., Abiona, T. C., Balogun, J. A., & Lukobo-Durrell, M. (2009). HIV sexual risk

behaviors and perception of risk among college students: Implications for planning

interventions. BMC Public Health, 9(1), 281-292. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-281

Askelson, N. M., Campo, S., & Smith, S. (2012). Mother–daughter communication about

sex: The influence of authoritative parenting style. Health Communication, 27(5),

439-448. doi:10.1080/10410236.2011.606526

Binkley, L., Frey, R., & Violanti, M. (2007, November). Sex communication between mothers

and daughters. Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual

Convention, Chicago, IL. Retrieved from

http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Sexually transmitted disease surveillance

2016: STDs in adolescents and young adults. Retrieved March 12, 2018 from

www.cdc.gov/std/stats16/

Chapin, J. (2001). It won’t happen to me: The role of optimistic bias in African American teens’

risky sexual practices. Howard Journal of Communications, 12(1), 49-59.

doi:10.1080/10646170151143370

Dennis, A. C., & Wood, J. T. (2012). “We’re not going to have this conversation, but you get it”:

Black mother–daughter communication about sexual relations. Women’s Studies In

Communication, 35(2), 204-223. doi:10.1080/07491409.2012.724525

Heisler, J. M. (2005). Family communication about sex: Parents and college-aged offspring

recall discussion topics, satisfaction, and parental involvement. Journal of Family

Communication, 5(4), 295-312. Retrieved from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/

Mehrotra, P., Noar, S., Zimmerman, R., & Palmgreen, P. (2008, May). Understanding partner

characteristics and personality factors as predictors of HIV: Implications for message

design. Paper presented at the International Communication Association Annual Meeting,

Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Retrieved from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/

Mullins, T. K., Zimet, G. D., Rosenthal, S. L., Morrow, C., Ding, L., Huang, B., & Kahn, J. A.

(2016). Human papillomavirus vaccine-related risk perceptions and subsequent sexual

behaviors and sexually transmitted infections among vaccinated adolescent women.

Vaccine, 34(34), 4040-4045. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.026

Rubinsky, V., & Cooke-Jackson, A. (2017). “Tell me something other than to use a condom and

sex is scary”: Memorable messages women and gender minorities wish for and recall

about sexual health. Women’s Studies in Communication, 40(4), 379-400. doi:10.1080/07491409.2017.1368761