Reproductive System

1. List five of the hormones for the female reproductive system and indicate the organs they are produced by and their role in reproduction.

2. Pick three medical terms pertaining to the female reproductive system and three terms pertaining to the male reproductive system, divide them using the 4 step technique, label them and give their meaning.

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Reproductive System

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3. Choose 2 pathological conditions that occur during pregnancy and 2 conditions of the neonate. What are the signs, symptoms and ways to treat these conditions?

4. Orchiopexy and vasectomy are two medical terms that indicate procedures performed for the male reproductive system. Divide each terms using slashes and give their meaning.

Chapter 7
Urinary System
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
Name the organs of the urinary system and describe their locations and functions.
Give the meaning of various pathological conditions affecting the urinary system.
Recognize the uses and interpretation of urinalysis as a diagnostic test.
Define combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes of the urinary system’s terminology.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives (cont’d.)
List and explain some clinical procedures, laboratory tests, and abbreviations that pertain to the urinary system.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.

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Chapter 7
Lesson 7.1
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Introduction
Nitrogenous wastes
urea
creatinine
uric acid
Kidneys
Filter nitrogenous wastes to form urine
Maintain proper balance of
Water
Eletrolytes
Acids
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*
Why is nitrogenous waste excreted from the body in a soluble rather than gaseous form?
By what medium does urea travel to the kidneys?

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Introduction (cont’d.)
Kidneys also secrete
Hormones
Renin: enzymatic hormone important in adjusting blood pressure
Erythropoietin: hormone that stimulates the red blood cell production in bone marrow

*
Kidneys also adjust amount of water and electrolytes for proper muscle and nerve function.
Are there other important functions performed by the kidneys?

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Anatomy of the Major Organs
Organs of the Urinary System in a Male
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*
Have students name the organs of the urinary system labeled 1-4 in the figure.
What is the size and weight of a normal kidney?
What function is performed by the ureters?
What function is performed by the urinary bladder?
What function is performed by the urethra?

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d.)
Female
Urinary System
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*
How does the female urinary system differ from the male urinary system?
What is the trigone and what function does it perform?
What is micturition?

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Female
Urinary System
Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d.)
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

*
How does the female urinary system differ from the male urinary system?
What is the trigone and what function does it perform?
What is micturition?

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
QUICK QUIZ:
1. What is micturition?
Nitrogenous waste
Urination; voiding
Outer section of the kidney
Triangular area in the bladder
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*
Correct answer is B, urination; voiding

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How Kidneys Produce Urine
Blood enters kidneys through right and left renal arteries
Arterioles carry blood to capillaries
Glomeruli filter blood

*
The renal artery branches into smaller arteries, arterioles, and glomeruli located throughout the cortex of the kidneys.
What is a glomerulus?
There are approximately one million glomeruli in the cortex of each kidney.
How does the kidney regulate blood pressure?
Why is maintenance of proper blood pressure important to the kidneys’ function?

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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)
Glomerulus and Bowman Capsule
Blood passes through glomeruli
Bowman capsule surrounds each glomerulus
Renal tubule is attached to each Bowman capsule

*
What functions do the glomerulus, Bowman capsule, and renal tubule perform in the production of urine?
Why don’t proteins and blood cells usually appear in the urine?
What is the process of reabsorption?
What is secretion?
What substances make up urine? (Note: These substances become toxic if allowed to accumulate.)

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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)
Three steps in the formation of urine
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

*
What functions are performed in each of the three steps in the formation of urine?
The combination of a glomerulus and a renal tubule is called a nephron. (There are more than 1 million nephrons in a kidney.)

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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)
Glomerulus and
a renal tubule combine to form a unit called a nephron.
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QUICK QUIZ:
Approximately how many nephrons are in a kidney?
100,000,000
10,000,000
1,000,000
100,000
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*
Correct answer is C, 1 million

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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)
All collecting tubules lead to the
renal pelvis
Calyces or calices
are small, cup-like regions of the renal pelvis
Illustration shows section of kidney
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*
Notice how secretion and reabsorption are functions of the same organs.
Cup-like regions in the renal pelvis are called calyces or calices.
Where do all connecting tubules lead?
The renal pelvis narrows to form the ureter.
To which organ does the ureter lead?

Illustration shows section of kidney
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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)
Process of forming and expelling urine
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*
How is urine flow from the bladder to the urethra controlled?
What triggers the need to urinate?
Urine finally exits the body through the urinary meatus.

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Vocabulary
arteriole
Bowman capsule
calyx or calix
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*
Refer to p. 216 for definitions.
How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?
Which organs are involved in filtering urine?

calyx or calix
Small artery.
Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus
Cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis

Vocabulary
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*
Refer to p. 216 for more detailed definitions.
How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?
Which organs are involved in filtering urine?

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catheter
cortex
creatinine
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to p. 216 for definitions.
How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?
Which organs are involved in filtering urine?

cortex
creatinine
Tube for injecting or removing fluids
Outer region
Waste product of muscle metabolism
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to p. 216 for more detailed definitions.
How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?
Which organs are involved in filtering urine?

erythropoietin (EPO)
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to p. 216 and 217 for definitions.
How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?
Which organs are involved in filtering urine?

erythropoietin (EPO)
A chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water.
A hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate production of red blood cells by bone marrow.
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to p. 216 and 217 for more detailed definitions.
How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?
Which organs are involved in filtering urine?

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filtration
glomerulus
hilum
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to p. 217 for definitions.
How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?
Which organs are involved in filtering urine?

glomerulus
hilum
Passive process whereby some substances pass through a filter or other material.
Tiny ball of capillaries in the cortex of kidney.
Depression in the part of an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave.
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to p. 217 for more detailed definitions.
How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?
Which organs are involved in filtering urine?

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kidney
meatus
medulla
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to pp. 217 for definitions.
What path does waste take through the urinary system?

meatus
medulla
One of two bean-shaped organs behind the abdominal cavity.
Opening or canal
Inner region
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to pp. 217 for definitions.
What path does waste take through the urinary system?

nephron

nitrogenous waste
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to pp. 218 for definitions.
What path does waste take through the urinary system?

nitrogenous waste
Urination.
The functional unit of the kidney where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place.
Substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine.
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to pp. 218 for more detailed definitions.
What path does waste take through the urinary system?

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potassium (K+)
reabsorption
renal artery
Vocabulary
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

*
Refer to pp. 218 for definitions.
What path does waste take through the urinary system?

reabsorption

renal artery
An electrolyte important to body processes.
Renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream.
Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney.
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to pp. 218 for more detailed definitions.
What path does waste take through the urinary system?

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renal pelvis
renal tubule
renal vein
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to pp. 220-221 for definitions.
What path does waste take through the urinary system?

renal tubule

renal vein
Central collection region in the kidney
Microscopic tube in the kidney in which urine is formed after filtration.
Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart.
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to pp. 218 for more detailed definitions.
What path does waste take through the urinary system?

Vocabulary
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*
Refer to p. 221 for definitions.
What is another term for urination?
What is renin and where is it formed?
Where is the trigone located?

sodium (Na+)

trigone
An enzymatic hormone synthesized, stored, and secreted by the kidney.
An electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys.
Triangular area in the urinary bladder in which ureters enter and the urethra exits.
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to p. 221 for definitions.
What is another term for urination?
What is renin and where is it formed?
Where is the trigone located?

Vocabulary
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*
Refer to p. 221 for definitions.
What is another term for urination?
What is renin and where is it formed?
Where is the trigone located?

urethra
Major nitrogenous waste product excreted in urine.
Tube leading from each kidney to the urinary bladder.
Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
Vocabulary
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uric acid
urinary bladder
urination
voiding

Vocabulary
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

*
Refer to p. 221 for definitions.
What is another term for urination?
What is renin and where is it formed?
Where is the trigone located?

urination
voiding

A nitrogenous waste product excreted in the urine.
Hollow muscular sac that holds and stores urine.
Process of expelling urine.
Emptying of urine from the urinary bladder; urination or micturition.
Vocabulary
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STRUCTURES
cali/o , calic/o _________
cyst/o _________
glomerul/o _________
meat/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
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*
Refer to pp. 219 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

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STRUCTURES
cali/o , calic/o calyx (calix)
cyst/o urinary bladder
glomerul/o glomerulus
meat/o meatus
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
Combining Form Meaning
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*
Refer to pp. 219 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

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STRUCTURES
cyst/o cystitis ________________
Combining Form Terminology Meaning
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
Bacterial infections often cause acute or chronic cystitis. In acute cystitis, the bladder contains blood as a result of mucosal hemorrhage (see figure, Acute cystitis).
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*
Refer to pp. 220-226 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

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STRUCTURES
cyst/o cystitis inflammation of the urinary bladder
Combining Form Terminology Meaning
Bacterial infections often cause acute or chronic cystitis. In acute cystitis, the bladder contains blood as a result of mucosal hemorrhage (see figure, Acute cystitis).
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
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*
Refer to pp. 220-226 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

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STRUCTURES
nephr/o ___________
pyel/o ___________
ren/o ____________
trigon/o ____________
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
Combining Form Meaning
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

*
Refer to pp. 220-221 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

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STRUCTURES
nephr/o kidney
pyel/o renal pelvis
ren/o kidney
trigon/o trigone
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
Combining Form Meaning
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

*
Refer to pp. 220-221 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

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Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
STRUCTURES

nephr/o hydronephrosis _________________
Combining Form Terminology Meaning
Obstruction of urine flow may be caused by renal calculi (stone) as shown in figure. Notice the buildup of excess fluid in the kidney.
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*
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

nephr/o hydronephrosis Condition of excess fluid (water) in the kidney.
Combining Form Terminology Meaning
Obstruction of urine flow may be caused by renal calculi (stone) as shown in figure. Notice the buildup of excess fluid in the kidney.
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
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*
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

ureter/o __________
urethr/o __________
vesic/o __________
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
Combining Form Meaning
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

*
Refer to pp. 221 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

ureter/o ureter
urethr/o urethra
vesic/o urinary bladder
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
Combining Form Meaning
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

*
Refer to pp. 221 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

albumin/o ________
azot/o ________
bacteri/o ________
dips/o ________
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
Combining Form Meaning
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*
Refer to pp. 221-222 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

albumin/o albumin
azot/o nitrogen
bacteri/o bacteria
dips/o thirst
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
Combining Form Meaning
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

*
Refer to pp. 221-222 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

ket/o, keton/o __________
lith/o __________
noct/o __________
olig/o __________
-poietin __________
Combining Form
Or Suffix Meaning
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
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*
Refer to pp. 222 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

ket/o, keton/o ketone bodies
lith/o stone
noct/o night
olig/o scanty
-poietin substance that forms
Combining Form
Or Suffix Meaning
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
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*
Refer to pp. 222 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

py/o __________
-tripsy __________
ur/o __________
urin/o __________
-uria __________
Combining Form
Or Suffix Meaning
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
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*
Refer to pp. 222-223 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

py/o pus
-tripsy to crush
ur/o urea
urin/o urine
-uria urination; urine condition
Combining Form
Or Suffix Meaning
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

*
Refer to pp. 222-223 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

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Urinalysis
Tests included in a Urinalysis
Color
Appearance
pH
Protein
Glucose
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*
Colorless urine = large amount of water in urine. Smoky-red or brown indicates presence of blood in urine.
Normal pH is 6.5 (slightly acidic).
Protein test looks for albumin, which indicates a leak in the glomerular membrane.
Glucose presence signals possibility of diabetes.

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Urinalysis (cont’d.)
Tests included in a Urinalysis
Specific gravity
Ketone bodies
Sediment
Phenylketonuria
Bilirubin
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*
Specific gravity reflects amounts of wastes and minerals.
Ketone bodies appear when the body breaks down fat.
Sediment are abnormal particles.
Phenylketonuria indicates a lack of enzyme, especially in infants. PKU test measures this.
Bilirubin results from a hemoglobin breakdown.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
QUICK QUIZ:
In a urinalysis, what does the test specific gravity reflect?
A. The chemical nature of urine
B. Presence of albumin
C. Blood in the urine
D. Amount of wastes, minerals and solids in the urine
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*
Correct Answer is D, specific gravity compares the density of urine with that of water.

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Chapter 7
Lesson 7.2
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathologic Conditions
Kidney
glomerulonephritis
interstitial nephritis
nephrolithiasis
nephrotic syndrome
polycystic kidneys (PKD)

*
See pp. 225-226.
Glomerulonephritis is the inflammation of the kidney due to infection and can lead to hypertension and renal failure if untreated.
What is interstitial nephritis?
What procedure might a physician recommend for a patient with nephrolithiasis?
Nephrotic syndrome is a collection of symptoms caused by excessive protein in the urine.
Polycystic kidneys are a hereditary condition of progressive growth of cysts.

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Pathologic Conditions
Kidney
polycystic
kidney
disease (PKD)
PKD–The kidneys contain masses of cysts. Typically polycystic kidneys weight 20 times more than their usual weight.

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Pathologic Conditions (cont’d.)
Kidney
pyelonephritis
renal cell carcinoma
renal failure
renal hypertension
Wilms tumor

*
See p. 229.
Pyelonephritis is the inflammation of the renal pelvis and renal medulla and is the most common type of kidney infection.
Renal cell carcinoma is adult cancer of the kidney—2% of all adult cancers.
What occurs during renal failure?
How does renal hypertension differ from essential hypertension?
Wilms tumor is a malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood and is an example of an eponym.

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Pathologic Conditions
Kidney
Renal cell
carcinoma
(hypernephroma)
Cancerous tumor
of the kidney
in adulthood.
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*
See pp. 226 for more detail.
Glomerulonephritis is the inflammation of the kidney due to infection and can lead to hypertension and renal failure if untreated.
What is interstitial nephritis?
What procedure might a physician recommend for a patient with nephrolithiasis?
Nephrotic syndrome is a collection of symptoms caused by excessive protein in the urine.
Polycystic kidneys are a hereditary condition of progressive growth of cysts.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathologic Conditions (cont’d.)
Urinary bladder
Bladder cancer

Associated conditions
Diabetes insipidus
Diabetes mellitus

*
Bladder cancer is the most common form of malignancy in the urinary system.
What risk factors are associated with bladder cancer?
Diabetes insipidus: inadequate secretion or resistance of the kidney to antidiuretic hormone
Diabetes mellitus: inadequate secretion or improper utilization of insulin
How does each of these conditions affect the kidneys?

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QUICK QUIZ:
A term that means frequent (voluntary) urination at night is:
Anuria
Nocturia
Diuresis
Hematuria
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*
Correct answer is nocturia.

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Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures
Laboratory tests
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
creatinine clearance test

*
Which procedure tests for uremia?
Which test measures the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood?
What is azotemia?
What role do the kidneys play in BUN levels?

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Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
CLINICAL PROCEDURES
X-Ray Studies
CT scan
kidneys, ureters, & bladder (KUB)
renal angiography
retrograde pyelogram (RP)
voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

*
How do these x-rays differ?
Which tests require contrast material?
Why is it important to measure the size of the kidneys (KUB)?
Which tests require urinary catheterization?
Why would someone have RP instead of IVP?

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CT-Computed Tomography
The scan with contrast shows a benign cyst on the kidney.
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
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*
See page 228 for more detailed description.

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VOIDING CYSTOURETHROGRAM
(VCUG)showing a normal female urethra. The bladder is filled with contrast material, followed by x-ray imaging.
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
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*
See page 228-229 for more detailed description.

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CLINICAL PROCEDURES
Ultrasound Examination
ultrasonography: imaging urinary tract structures using high frequency sound waves
Radioactive Studies
radioisotope scan: image of kidney after injecting a radioisotope (that concentrates in the kidney) into the bloodstream
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

*
What is hydronephrosis?
What might cause the kidney to be enlarged?
What can be diagnosed in the urinary system using sound waves?

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CLINICAL PROCEDURES
Magnetic imaging
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): using magnetic field and radio waves to produce images in all three planes of the body
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
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*
How is an MRI of the kidney performed?

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Other Clinical Procedures
cystoscopy
dialysis
lithotripsy
renal angioplasty
renal biopsy
renal transplantation
urinary catheterization
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
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*
Cystoscopy allows for visual examination through a hollow metal tube.
What is the difference between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis?
What procedure might be required to remove kidney stones?
Describe the process of catheterization.

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Hemodialysis (HD)
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
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*
How is a cytoscopy performed?

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Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
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*
CAPD can be performed continuously by the patient without artificial support.
What other peritoneal dialysis procedures may be performed?

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Abbreviations
ADH _______________
ARF _______________
BILI _______________
BUN _______________
CAPD _______________
Cath _______________
CCPD _______________
CKD _______________

*
Which abbreviations stand for disorders, which are measurements, and which are procedures?

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ADH antidiuretic hormone
ARF acute renal failure
BILI bilirubin
BUN blood urea nitrogen
CAPD continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
Cath catheter; catheterization
CCPD continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis
CKD chronic kidney disease
Abbreviations (cont’d.)
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*
Which abbreviations stand for disorders, which are measurements, and which are procedures?

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CL- _____________________
CRF _____________________
C & S _____________________
cysto _____________________
ESRD _____________________
HCO3- _____________________
HD _____________________
IC _____________________
Abbreviations (cont’d.)
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*
Which items are pathologies, and which are treatments?

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CL- chloride, a kidney excretion
CRF chronic renal failure
C&S culture and sensitivity testing
cysto cystoscopic examination
ESRD end-stage renal disease
HCO3- bicarbonate, an electrolyte conserved by the kidney
HD hemodialysis
IC interstitial cystitis, chronic inflammation of the bladder wall
Abbreviations (cont’d.)
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*
Which items are pathologies, and which are treatments?

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K+ __________________
KUB __________________
Na+ __________________
PD __________________
pH __________________
PKU __________________
sp gr __________________
UA __________________
UTI __________________
VCUG __________________
Abbreviations (cont’d.)
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*
Ask students to identify the category of metabolite, treatment, condition, or test.

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K+ potassium, an electrolyte
KUB kidney ureter and bladder
Na+ sodium, an electrolyte
PD peritoneal dialysis
pH symbol for degree of acidity or alkalinity
PKU phenylketonuria
sp gr specific gravity
UA urinalysis
UTI urinary tract infection
VCUG voiding cystourethrogram
Abbreviations (cont’d.)
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*
Ask students to identify the category of metabolite, treatment, condition, or test.

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QUICK QUIZ:
The abbreviation RP is associated with which of the following?
A. Fluid is injected into the peritoneal
cavity and then drained out
B. Contrast is injected into the urinary
bladder and ureters and x-rays are
taken of the urinary tract.
C. Nitrogenous wastes removed from
patient’s blood
D. An electrolyte secreted by renal tubules
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*
CORRECT Answer is B abbreviation is for retrograde pyelogram
Incorrect answer A. is CAPD, continous ambulatory periotoneal dialysis
Incorrect Answer C is HD, hemodialysis
Incorrect Answer D is K+ potassium

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REVIEW SHEET
albumino/o ____________
angi/o ____________
azot/o ____________
bacteri/o ____________
cali/o, calic/o ____________
cyst/o ____________
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albumino/o albumin (protein)
angi/o vessel (blood)
azot/o urea; nitrogen
bacteri/o bacteria
cali/o, calic/o calyx (calix)
cyst/o urinary bladder
REVIEW SHEET
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dips/o ____________
glomerul/o ____________
glycos/o ____________
hydr/o ____________
isch/o ____________
ket/o; keton/o ____________
REVIEW SHEET
combining forms
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dips/o thirst
glomerul/o glomerulus
glycos/o sugar
hydr/o water
isch/o to hold back; back
ket/o; keton/o ketones; acetones
REVIEW SHEET
combining forms
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lith/o ____________
meat/o ____________
necr/o ____________
nephr/o ____________
noct/o ____________
ogli/o ____________
REVIEW SHEET
combining forms
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lith/o stone
meat/o meatus
necr/o death
nephr/o kidney
noct/o night
ogli/o scanty
REVIEW SHEET
combining forms
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py/o __________
pyel/o __________
ren/o __________
trigon/o __________
ur/o __________
REVIEW SHEET
combining forms
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py/o pus
pyel/o renal pelvis
ren/o kidney
trigon/o trigone
ur/o urine; urinary tract
REVIEW SHEET
combining forms
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ureter/o ____________
urethro ____________
urin/o ____________
vesic/o ____________
REVIEW SHEET
combining forms
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ureter/o ureter
urethr/o urethra
urin/o urine
vesic/o urinary bladder
REVIEW SHEET
combining forms
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-ectasis ______________
-ectomy ______________
-emia ______________
-esis ______________
-gram ______________
-lithiasis ______________
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
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-ectasis stretching; dilation
-ectomy removal; excision
-emia blood condition
-esis condition
-gram record
-lithiasis condition of stones
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
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-lithotomy ____________________
-lysis ______________
-megaly ______________
-ole ______________
-osis ______________
-pathy ______________
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
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-lithotomy incision for removal of a stone
-lysis breakdown
-megaly enlargement
-ole little; small
-osis condition
-pathy disease
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
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-plasty _________________
-poietin _______________
-ptosis _______________
-rrhea _______________
-sclerosis _______________
-stomy ___________________
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
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-plasty surgical repair
-poietin substance that forms
-ptosis droop; sag
-rrhea flow; discharge
-sclerosis hardening
-stomy new opening (to form a mouth)
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
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-tomy _____________
-tripsy ___________
-uria ___________
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
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-tomy process of cutting
-tripsy to crush
-uria urination
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
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a-, an- _____________
anti- _____________
dia- _____________
dys- _____________
REVIEW SHEET
PREFIXES
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a-, an- not; without
anti- again
dia- complete
dys- bad; painful
REVIEW SHEET
PREFIXES
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en- __________
peri- __________
poly- __________
retro- __________
REVIEW SHEET
PREFIXES
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en- in; within
peri- surrounding
poly- many, much
retro- behind; back
REVIEW SHEET
PREFIXES
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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The combining form dips/o means:
Stone
Scanty
Thirst
Water
QUICK QUIZ:
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*
C Thirst is the correct answer

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Which combining form means pus?
pyel/o
lith/o
ogli/o
py/o
QUICK QUIZ:
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*
D, py/o is the correct answer

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8. The combining form isch/o means:
Scanty
To hold back; back
Night
Trigon
QUICK QUIZ:
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*
B To hold back or back is the correct answer

Chapter 8
Female Reproductive System
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Learning Objectives
Name the organs of the female reproductive system, their locations, and combining forms.
Explain how these organs and their hormones function in the processes of menstruation and pregnancy.
Identify abnormal conditions of the female reproductive system and of the newborn child.

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Learning Objectives (cont’d.)
Describe important laboratory tests and clinical procedures used in gynecology and obstetrics, and recognize related abbreviations.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.

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INTRODUCTION
Sexual Reproduction
Union of the nuclei of ovum and sperm cell
Ovum and Sperm cells are called gamete
Each Gamete contains half the number of chromosomes of a normal body cell.

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INTRODUCTION
Gametes
(ovum and sperm cell)
Gametes are produced in the gonads.
Female gonads are the ovaries; male gonads are the testes.

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Fertilization
An ovum leaves the ovaries and travels through the fallopian tube.
Fertilization takes place if sperm cells are present and unite with the ovum.
Fertilized egg implants then divides to form a ball of cells, called a zygote (and later an embryo and then a fetus).
INTRODUCTION
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QUICK QUIZ:
Fertilized egg implants then divides to form a ball of cells, called a….
Embryo
Fetus
Follicle
Zygote
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*
CORRECT Answer is D–zygote

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ORGANS OF THE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Label the diagram

Organs of the female reproductive system,
lateral view.

*
Students should label the figure: 1. ovaries, 2. fallopian tobule, 3. uterus, 4. cul-de-sac, 5. vagina, 6.Bartholin glands, 7. clitoris, 8.perineum (see slide 9 for answers)

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Organs of the Female Reproductive System
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Cul-de-Sac
Vagina
Bartholin glands
Clitoris
Perineum

Organs of the female reproductive system, lateral view.
ORGANS OF THE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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Label the diagram
Organs of the female reproductive system
anterior view

ORGANS OF THE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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*
See next slide for answers.

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Organs of the Female Reproductive System- Anterior View
Ovary
Utero – Ovarian ligament
Ovarian Follicles
Ovum
Corpus Luteum
Fallopian tube
Fimbriae
Uterus: Fundus and Corpus
Endometrium
Myometrium
Uterine Serosa
Cervix
Vagina

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Organs of the female reproductive system
anterior view

ORGANS OF THE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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*
Refer to page 254 in text

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The Breast
sagittal view
ORGANS OF THE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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*
What is the role of sinuses in the breast?
Name the parts of the breast nipple.
Which hormones stimulate lactation?

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MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCY
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Day 1-5 Blood cells, endometrial cells, and glandular
secretions discharge from the body

Day 6-12 Estrogen aids repair of endometrium.
The ovum grows in the follicle.

Day 13-14 Egg leaves the ovary and passes through
the fallopian tube

Day 15-28 Corpus luteum secretes progesterone;
uterus lining builds up.
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*
Describe the menstrual cycle.
What is the first menstrual cycle called? (menarche)

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MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCY
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
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*
Does lack of fertilization cause low or high levels of progesterone and estrogen?
At what stage is the egg most likely to be fertilized?

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MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCY
PREGNANCY
If fertilization occurs, the egg implants in the uterine endometrium
Placenta forms within the uterine wall
Amnion holds the fetus in an amniotic cavity
Nutrients, oxygen and wastes exchange between fetus and mother
Placenta produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

*
What is the placenta derived from?
What are the chorion and the amnion?
What is amniotic fluid?

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MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCY
A, Implantation in the uterus.
B, Embryo’s relationship to the placenta
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*
See next slide for labels

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QUICK QUIZ:
Corpus luteum secretes this monthly to build up the lining of the uterus…..
A. adreniline
B. estrogen
C. Progesterone
D. hCG
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*
CORRECT Answer is C—progesterone

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QUICK QUIZ:
3. During Pregnancy what does the placenta secrete?
adreniline
hCG
progesteron
estrogen

*
CORRECT Answer is B—hGC human chorionic gonadotropin

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MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCY
PREGNANCY
Progesterone maintains placenta development
Uterus expands as fetus grows
Normal delivery fetal position in cephalic presentation (head first)

*
Which hormone does the placenta produce?
What does a pregnancy test look for? (urine vs. blood)
How long does it take the fetus to reach the epigastric region?

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MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCY
PREGNANCY
THREE PHASES of Labor
Dilation of the cervix
Birth of the infant
Delivery of the placenta
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*
Which hormone does the placenta produce?
What does a pregnancy test look for? (urine vs. blood)
How long does it take the fetus to reach the epigastric region?

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MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCY
A, Cephalic presentation. B, Delivery of the placenta.
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HORMONAL INTERACTIONS
Pituitary secretes:
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Pituitary stops producing FSH and LH
During pregnancy
With oral contraceptives

*
What is negative feedback?
How do oral contraceptives work?

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Hormonal Interactions (cont’d.)
Menopause
Gradual ending of the menstrual cycle
Normally begins between 45 and 55
Estrogen levels fall
Option for Estrogen replacement therapy (careful consideration of risks required)

*
How does the IUD function to prevent pregnancy?
How does the diaphragm work to prevent pregnancy?
What are the risks of either method?

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VOCABULARY
adnexa uteri
amnion
areola
Bartholin glands
cervix