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California State University, San Bernardino

Plastic Pollution Is a Problem We Can’t Ignore

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Introduction

In an article written by Kyla Mandel touches on the subject of how plastic pollution is a massive issue in our world that we can not ignore it any longer. Humans rely so much on plastic because of the convenience of disposal; however, what we do not realize is that 90% is not recycled, and it is estimated from 500 to 1,000 years for plastic to break down in landfills. Not to mention, if the items are not recycled nor incinerated, the material often finds its way to pollute our environment. It has become such a big problem that it can be found everywhere in our environment, such as in our streets, rivers, oceans, and even in the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat. In this paper, we will be talking about the different concepts by “James Thompson” and “Katz and Kahn” as well as to relate those concepts to the article provided by Kyla Mandel.

Three Types of Interdependence

Interdependence is defined in three different types, which are the “Pooled, Sequential, and Reciprocal Interdependence.” The objective is to help describe the intensity of interactions and behaviors within the organizational structure; meaning, it helps business owners to understand how all the different departments and units within the organization depend on each other’s performance.

1. Pooled Interdependence

Each department or unit performs completely separate functions, meaning they are independent of one another. However, even though they do not directly interact with one another, and they each do individual pieces, each department does contribute unique pieces to the same overall puzzle, meaning to the same goal. The downside of this category is that if there is one department’s failure, then it could lead to the collapse of the overall process.

2. Sequential Interdependence

When one group produces an output necessary for the performance by the next group. A perfect example of this interdependence would be an assembly line.

3. Reciprocal Interdependence

Reciprocal Interdependence is similar to sequential interdependence in the way that one group produces an output necessary for the performance of the next group; however, this type has the addition of being cyclical.

Example 1

Plastic pollution is a problem that cannot be solved without first mitigating the issue from within organizations. Pooled interdependence may be applied to this aspect in that the various departments of a company may actively track where the plastic they use ends up and in ensuring it is disposed of or recycled properly.

Example 2

Sequential interdependence is another concept which may apply to companies attempting to reduce plastic pollution. In this instance, the issue is microplastics and how they may be present in the water bottles people drink from on a daily basis. For example, one branch of a water bottling company may be in charge of production of the plastic bottles and the other of bottling the product. In this scenario, these two branches follow a logical order with each of their role in reducing plastic contamination equally important. If the production team does not follow protocol they may end up producing a water bottle that may contaminate the water with microplastics. On the other hand, the bottling team may be unaware that the bottle will contaminate the water and will end up packaging products that will contain microplastics.

Example 3

(Brief explanation tying case to slides)

Open Systems

Open systems theory looks at the system and environment as a whole organism, totally interconnected. In this process there is a constant exchange between the organization and its environment that keeps things moving in and out of a system to keep it healthy and in a steady state. Common characteristics of an open system are entropy, feedback, homeostasis and equifinality. Entropy is the idea that if a system is left on its own it will deteriorate, this means that information, resources and energy must be brought into the system in order to keep it balanced. If this process continuously happens a state of Homeostasis is achieved. Positive and negative feedback are the way in which a system knows when to amplify or correct something. This includes scanning the environment for competition and trends and using that information to make the system better. Equifinality is the idea that there are multiple ways to accomplish our goals and not just one right method for success. Summed up, open systems take in energy from the environment, transform the energy and then re export it back out all while reenergizing the process to improve the system.

Example 1

An example we can view is a water bottle company producing bottles. While their goal might just be to supply people with water, the output is a large amount of plastic waste. What they release into the environment is negative. Here there is an exchange between the organization and the environment.

Example 2
(Brief explanation tying case to slides)
Example 3
(Brief explanation tying case to slides)

Conclusion

Works Cited

Mandel, Kyla. “All The Crazy Places Plastic Has Ended Up This Year.” HuffPost, HuffPost, 11 Dec. 2019, www.huffpost.com/entry/plastic-waste-pollution-ocean_n_5dcc2afae4b0d43931cddd52?ncid=APPLENEWS00001.

Plastic Pollution Is a Problem We Can’t Ignore

Jose Cerano

Tiancheng Chu

Ryan Fletes

Veronica Galvan

Sabrina Werner

Introduction
90% of plastic isn’t recycled and it takes from 500 to 1,000 years to breakdown.
China enforced its ban on accepting imports of plastic in 2018.
Malaysia becomes world’s biggest importer of plastic.
Plastic is everywhere, in our oceans, deserts, animals, food, ground.

Video

Three Types of Interdependence
Pooled Interdependence: When units operate with little interaction; however, each contributes individual pieces to the same overall puzzle.
Sequential Interdependence: When one group produces an output necessary for the performance by the next group. A perfect example of this interdependence would be an assembly line.
Reciprocal Interdependence: Similar to sequential interd. in the way that one group produces an output necessary for the performance of the next group; however, this type has the addition of being cyclical.

Work enters unit
Work enters unit
Work enters unit
Work leaves unit
Work leaves unit
Work leaves unit

Three Types of Interdependence

Open Systems
Open systems theory looks at the system and environment as a whole organism, totally interconnected
Constant exchange between the organization and its environment that keeps things moving in and out of the system to keep it healthy and in a steady state.

Open Systems
3 Examples

Conclusion

Works Cited
Mandel, Kyla. “All The Crazy Places Plastic Has Ended Up This Year.” HuffPost, HuffPost, 11 Dec. 2019, www.huffpost.com/entry/plastic-waste-pollution-ocean_n_5dcc2afae4b0d43931cddd52?ncid=APPLENEWS00001.

Questions?

Three Types of Interdependence in an Organizational Structure

by LaToya J. Murray

http://smallbusiness.chron.com/three-types-interdependence-organizational-structure-1764.html

In the 1967 book “Organizations in Action,” sociologist James D. Thompson defined three types of interdependence to describe the intensity of interactions and behaviors within an organizational structure. The study of interdependence helps business owners understand how the different departments or units within their organization depend on the performance of others.

Pooled

Interdependece

Pooled interdependence is perhaps the loosest form of the three. In this type of interdependence, each organizational department or business unit performs completely separate functions. While departments may not directly interact and do not directly depend on each other in the pooled interdependence model, each does contribute individual pieces to the same overall puzzle. This creates an almost blind, indirect dependence on the performance of others wherein one department’s failures could lead to the failure of the overall process.

Sequential

Interdependence

Sequential interdependence occurs when one unit in the overall process produces an output necessary for the performance by the next unit. Perhaps the most obvious example of sequential interdependence is an assembly line. According to the Proven Models website, “The demand for coordination to prevent slowdown is greater than for pooled task interdependence.” Scheduling and planning your organization resources in a sequential interdependence model is essential to efficient operations.

Reciprocal

Interdependence

Reciprocal interdependence is similar to sequential interdependence in that the output of one department becomes the input of another, with the addition of being cyclical. In this model, an organization’s departments are at their highest intensity of interaction. Reciprocal models are the most complex and difficult to manage–the Business Intelligence website notes that “one unit can change the rules and affect everyone else at any time.”

Coordination

Thompson theorized that the correct way to get departments within an organization working together effectively is to structure respective work tasks by intensity of interdependence, and then manage each of those interdependencies with different coordination methods.

For example, a pooled interdependency requires standardization in rules and operating procedures, while the coordination methods for the other two interdependencies are slightly more flexible.

· A sequential interdependency is managed through mildly adaptive planning and scheduling,

· while reciprocally interdependent departments are managed through constant information sharing and mutual adjustments.

·
[Task Interdependence]

Examples of Task Interdependence in Manufacturing Companies

[Interdependence] “What Is “”Workflow Interdependence””?”

[Organizational Structure] Geographic Organizational Structure

[Sources] 5 Sources of Power in Organizations

[Different Types] Different Types of Organizational Structure

Examples of Task Interdependence in Manufacturing Companies

by Ciaran John http://smallbusiness.chron.com/examples-task-interdependence-manufacturing-companies-38007.html

Kanban started as a visual management element of the Toyota Production System.

Quinn Rooney/Getty Images News/Getty Images

Within the manufacturing arena, academics use the term “task interdependence” to describe the manner in which different business units are reliant upon one another during the production phase. Pooled, reciprocal and sequential relationships are the three types of interdependent relationships that the American scholar James Thompson identified. Many academics still categorize manufacturing processes using Thompson’s models.

Pooled

Pooled interdependence within the manufacturing sector involves groups of employees working independently to produce a certain product. Employees of a clothing firm may use the same machines to cut, dye and sew fabrics. At the end of each shift, the firm may package items that were produced by many employees into one box and ship those finished goods to the same store. The workers depend on one another to produce enough goods to meet the firm’s daily production goals, but each worker can produce an item of clothing without the assistance of a coworker. Therefore, different people and business units have minimal contact during the production phase.

Reciprocal

In a reciprocal relationship, no one person or business unit can manufacture an item without the involvement of another person or unit. Furthermore, in this type of setup, items normally pass back and forth between the same units multiple times during the production phase. At a car manufacturing plant, the vehicle may pass between the electronics department and the steel workers several times as workers in both areas gradually add components to each vehicle.

Sequential

Assembly lines are one example of sequential task interdependence at a manufacturing firm. In a furniture producing plant, one employee may construct the wooden frame before passing a couch onto a second worker who adds the springs. A third worker may add cushions and stuffing before a fourth worker adds the couch cover. The production process must follow a logical sequence since you cannot add the cover or the stuffing until you have already created the frame and installed the springs.

Considerations

· Many people think of task interdependence within the confines of a single manufacturing plant but, in the modern era, interdependent relationships often involve multiple production plants.

· Computer manufacturing firms may employ workers in different locations to produce certain computer components, and the people involved in this production process are involved in a pooled relationship.

· However, within each plant, various workers may be involved in sequential or reciprocal relationships that fall within a single segment of the overall production process.

· Additionally, the development of new technologies means that firms can sometimes streamline processes and assign more responsibilities to fewer individuals.

· Therefore, interdependent relationships within the manufacturing sector tend to evolve over time.

Chapter 5 – Technology and Structure

The Propositions of James D. Thompson

http://www.nickols.us/ThompsonPropositions

Chapter 5 – Technology and Structure

5.1: Under norms of rationality, organizations group positions to minimize coordination costs.

5.1a: Organizations seek to place reciprocally interdependent positions tangent to one another, in a common group which is (a) local and (b) conditionally autonomous.

5.1b: In the absence of reciprocal interdependence, organizations subject to rationality norms seek to place sequentially interdependent positions tangent to one another, in a common group which is (a) localized and (b) conditionally autonomous.

5.1c: In the absence of reciprocal and sequential interdependence, organizations subject to norms of rationality seek to group positions homogeneously to facilitate coordination by standardization.

5.2: When reciprocal interdependence cannot be confined to intragroup activities, organizations subject to rationality norms seek to link the groups involved into a second-order group, as localized and conditionally autonomous as possible.

5.3: After grouping units to minimize coordination by mutual adjustment, organizations under rationality norms seek to place sequentially interdependent groups tangent to one another, in a cluster which is localized and conditionally autonomous.

5.4: After grouping units to solve problems of reciprocal and sequential interdependence, organizations under norms of rationality seek to cluster groups into homogeneous units to facilitate coordination by standardization.

5.4a: When higher-priority coordination requirements prevent the clustering of similar positions or groups, organizations seek to blanket homogeneous positions under rules which cut across group boundaries, and to blanket similar groups under rules which cross divisional lines.

5.4b: When organizations employ standardization which cuts across multiple groupings, they also develop liaison positions linking the several groups and the rule-making agency.

5.4c: Organizations with sequential interdependence not contained by departmentalization rely on committees to accomplish the remaining coordination.

5.4d: Organizations with reciprocal interdependence not contained by departmentalization rely on task-force or project groupings to accomplish the remaining coordination.

Topic-

Plastic Pollution Is A Global Problem We Can’t Ignore

More than 90% of plastic isn’t recycled and it’s estimated to take anywhere from 500 to 1,000 years for plastic to break down in landfills. If it isn’t recycled or incinerated, this trash often finds its way into streams, rivers and oceans where animals can’t help but eat plastic, often because it smells like food to them.

Article

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/plastic-waste-pollution-ocean_n_5dcc2afae4b0d43931cddd52?ncid=APPLENEWS00001

#45 Daniel Katz & Robert Kahn (1966)
Organizations and the System Concept
Shafritz, Jay M., Ott, J. Stevens, and Jang, Yong Suk (2005). Classics of Organization Theory, 6th Edition, Belmont, CA, Thomson Wadsworth Publishers, www.wadsworth.com .