You will select two pathological conditions, from the powerpoints attached, related to one specific system that was discussed on this course (for example you can select Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and Arrythmias, which are both related to the cardiovascular system.) You will research the diagnosis, signs, symptoms, laboratory tests and treatment procedures for each condition.
Please note:
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1. Your PowerPoint assignment should be based on the pathological conditions chosen from your specific system. Look up information regarding signs, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of the conditions chosen in addition to any procedures and lab tests that apply.
2. You also need to relate the medical terms you use in your presentation to class discussions and readings (highlight or underline the terms used, divide them, label them and define them).
3. You will need to use at least two references (peer reviewed articles or reliable websites) not including the textbook for each pathologic condition.
4. Material should be accurate, properly organized and researched. Use figures, pictures and audiovisuals to reflect the content of your presentation.
5. Assignment should be 10-12 slides (not including your title slide and your reference slide) and should be in PowerPoint format.
Chapter 5
Digestive System
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Learning Objectives
Name the organs of the digestive system and describe their locations and functions.
Describe disease processes and symptoms that affect these organs.
Define combining forms for organs and the meaning of related terminology using these word parts.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 5.1
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Introduction
Digestive or gastrointestinal system
performs three main functions:
digestion
absorption
elimination
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Define, discuss, and describe the three main functions of the digestive system.
What are enzymes, and what function do they serve in the digestive process?
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INTRODUCTION:
DIGESTION
Food is broken down and travels through the gastrointestinal tract.
Digestive enzymes aid breakdown of complex nutrients.
Proteins → amino acids
Sugars → glucose
Fats → fatty acids
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INTRODUCTION:
ABSORPTION
Digested food passes into bloodstream through walls of small intestine.
Nutrients travel to all cells of the body
Cells burn nutrients to release energy stored in food.
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INTRODUCTION:
ELIMINATION
Body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into bloodstream.
The large intestine concentrates feces.
The wastes pass out of the body through the anus.
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Organs of the Digestive System
The gastrointestinal tracts begins with the oral cavity.
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In which major systems of the digestive tract do digestion, absorption, and elimination occur?
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Oral Cavity
Major parts of the oral cavity
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Quiz students to complete labels.
What is mastication?
What is deglutition?
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Oral Cavity
Major parts of the oral cavity
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Quiz students to check answers using completed labels.
What is mastication?
What is deglutition?
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Oral Cavity (cont’d.)
Upper permanent teeth within the dental arch
→
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Quiz students to complete labels.
Discuss the following terms: labial surface, buccal surface, facial surface, lingual surface, mesial surface, distal surface, occlusal surface, and incisal edge.
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Oral Cavity (cont’d.)
Upper permanent teeth within the dental arch
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Quiz students to check answers using completed labels.
Discuss the following terms: labial surface, buccal surface, facial surface, lingual surface, mesial surface, distal surface, occlusal surface, and incisal edge.
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Oral Cavity (cont’d.)
Anatomy of a tooth
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Quiz students to complete labels.
What is a root canal and why is it performed?
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Oral Cavity (cont’d.)
Anatomy of a tooth
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Quiz students to check answers using completed labels.
What is a root canal and why is it performed?
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Oral Cavity (cont’d.)
Salivary glands
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
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Quiz students to complete labels.
How many salivary glands surround the oral cavity?
How do salivaryenzymes aid digestion?
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Pharynx
Deglutition
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The pharynx is the common passageway for both air and food.
What potential problems do you see with this arrangement?
How does the body address this problem?
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Pharynx
Deglutition
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The pharynx is the common passageway for both air and food.
What potential problems do you see with this arrangement?
How does the body address this problem?
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Esophagus/Stomach
Parts of the stomach
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The esophagus is a 9 or 10 inch muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach.
What is a bolus?
How does the esophagus move the bolus toward the stomach?
What are the three parts of the stomach and what are their functions?
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Esophagus/Stomach
Parts of the stomach
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The esophagus is a 9 or 10 inch muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach.
What is a bolus?
How does the esophagus move the bolus toward the stomach?
What are the three parts of the stomach and what are their functions?
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The Digestive Tract
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Quiz students to complete labels.
What is the name of the pigment produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin during red blood cell destruction?
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The Digestive Tract
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Quiz students to check answers using completed labels.
What is the name of the pigment produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin during red blood cell destruction?
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Small Intestine (cont’d.)
Villi in the lining of the small intestine
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What is the function of the villi?
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Large Intestine
Parts of the large intestine
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Also known as the colon.
The large intestine extends from the end of the ileum to the anus.
The large intestine receives the fluid waste from digestion and stores it until it can be released from the body.
What are the three sections of the colon and what are their functions?
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Large Intestine
Parts of the large intestine
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Also known as the colon.
The large intestine extends from the end of the ileum to the anus.
The large intestine receives the fluid waste from digestion and stores it until it can be released from the body.
What are the three sections of the colon and what are their functions?
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Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
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Quiz students to complete labels in Figure 5-9.
What is emulsification?
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Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
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Quiz students to check answers using completed labels in Figure 5-9.
What is emulsification?
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Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d.)
Besides producing bile and
releasing bilirubin, the liver:
helps maintain normal blood glucose levels
manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting
removes toxins and poisons from the blood
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How does the liver maintain blood glucose levels?
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QUICK QUIZ:
1. What happens if bilirubin cannot leave the body and remains in the bloodstream?
gluconeogenesis
emulsification
hyperbilirubinemia
glycogenolysis
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Correct answer is C hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice) which can show yellow discoloration of the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes.
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Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d.)
The pancreas and its functions
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The pancreas is both an exocrine and endocrine organ.
As an exocrine organ, it produces enzymes to digest starch (amylase), fat (lipase), and proteins (protease)
As an endocrine organ it secretes insulin.
What is the function of insulin?
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Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus
Food Pathway through the GI Tract
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Quiz students by having them complete the flow chart of how food progresses through the GI tract.
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Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus
Food Pathway through the GI Tract
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QUICK QUIZ:
2. Which term is the first part of the large intestine?
cecum
duodenum
jejunum
pylorus
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Correct answer is A, the cecum is the first part of the large intestine. hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice) which can show yellow discoloration of the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes.
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QUICK QUIZ:
3. Which term means swallowing?
mastication
deglutition
emulsification
peristalsis
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Correct answer is B, deglutition which means swallowing.
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology
Examples of Combining Forms
Combining Form Meaning Terminology
bucc/o cheek buccal mucosa
celi/o belly, abdomen celiac
dent/i tooth dentibuccal
esophag/o esophagus esophageal
sialaden/o salivary gland sialadenitis
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Define combining forms for organs and the meanings of related terminology using these word parts.
Name two medical terms (not mentioned above) from the word forms listed.
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology (cont’d.)
Three types of anastomoses
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-stomy, when used with two or more combining forms for organs, means the surgical creation of an opening between those organs inside the body.
Anastomosis is the surgical connection between two body parts such as vessels, ducts, or bowel segments.
In what other places might anastomoses be made?
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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology (cont’d.)
Examples of Suffixes
Suffix Meaning Terminology
-ase enzyme lipase
-chezia defecation hematochezia
-iasis abnormal condition choledocholithiasis
-prandial meal postprandial
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Define suffixes for organs and the meanings of related terminology using these word parts.
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QUICK QUIZ:
4. Which term means inflammation of the lip?
cholecystitis
celiac
appendicitis
cheilitis
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Correct answer is D, cheilitis.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 5.2
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Pathology
of the Digestive System
Examples of signs and symptoms:
anorexia – lack of appetite
ascites – abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
eructation – gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
steatorrhea – fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter
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Discuss symptoms such as ascites, borborygmus, constipation, diarrhea, dysphagia, flatus, hematochezia, jaundice, melena, and nausea.
Based on your knowledge of the functions of the liver, how might cirrhosis cause ascites?
For more signs and symptoms, see chapter 5 8e Pathology Section.
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Pathologic Conditions
Oral Cavity and Teeth:
aphthous stomatitis – inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers
dental caries – tooth decay
herpetic stomatitis- inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpesvirus.
oral leukoplakia- white plaques or patches
periodontal disease- inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth and surrounding bone.
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Discuss herpetic stomatitis, oral leukoplakia, and periodontal disease.
How does tooth decay progress? How is it treated?
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Pathologic Conditions
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
achalasia – failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax
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What kind of diet do physicians recommend to relieve symptoms of achalasia?
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Pathologic Conditions
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
esophageal varices – swollen, varicose veins at lower end of the esophagus.
gastric carcinoma – malignant tumor of the stomach.
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Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.
What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?
LES is lower esophagus sphincter.
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Pathologic Conditions
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
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Pathologic Conditions
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) – solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach
peptic ulcer – Open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum.
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Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.
What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?
LES is lower esophagus sphincter.
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Pathologic Conditions
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
hernia – Protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it.
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Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.
What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?
LES is lower esophagus sphincter.
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Pathologic Conditions
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
(Small and Large Intestines)
anal fistula – Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus.
colonic polyposis – Polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon.
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Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.
What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?
LES is lower esophagus sphincter.
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Pathologic Conditions
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
(Small and Large Intestines)
colorectal cancer – Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or both.
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Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.
What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?
LES is lower esophagus sphincter.
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Pathologic Conditions
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
(Small and Large Intestines)
Crohn disease – Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract.
diverticulosis – Abnormal side pockets (outpouchings in the intestinal wall.
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Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.
What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?
LES is lower esophagus sphincter.
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dysentery – Painful, inflamed intestines
hemorrhoids – Swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region
ileus – Failure of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
Pathologic Conditions
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
(Small and Large Intestines)
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Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.
What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?
LES is lower esophagus sphincter.
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Pathologic Conditions
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
(Small and Large Intestines)
intussusception – Telescoping of the intestines
IBS – Irritable bowel syndrome- group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension
ulcerative colitis – Chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers
volvulus – Twisting of the intestines on itself
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Discuss the following terms: gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, and peptic ulcer.
What is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma? How is it treated?
LES is lower esophagus sphincter.
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cholelithiasis – gallstones
in the gallbladder
Pathologic Conditions
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
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What is biliary colic?
What type of surgery is performed to remove the gallbladder and stones?
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Pathologic Conditions
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
cirrhosis – chronic degenerative disease of the liver
pancreatitis – inflammation of the pancreas
viral hepatitis – inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
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What causes cirrhosis of the liver?
The Language Of Medicine
8th edition
Davi-Ellen Chabner
Chapter 9
Male Reproductive System
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Learning Objectives
Name, locate, and describe the functions of the organs of the male reproductive system.
Define some abnormal conditions and infections that affect the male reproductive system.
Differentiate among several types of sexually transmitted infections.
Learning Objectives (cont’d.)
Define many combining forms used to describe the structures of the this system.
Describe various laboratory tests and clinical procedures that are pertinent to the disorders of the male reproductive system, and recognize related abbreviations.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their contexts, such as medical reports and records.
Chapter 9
Lesson 9.1
Introduction
The male sex cell is called a spermatozoon, or sperm cell.
The sperm cell carries its nuclear hereditary material, or chromosomes, in its head region.
The tail consists of a flagellum, which makes the sperm cell mobile.
What are the parts of a sperm cell and what is the sperm cell’s purpose?
How does sperm navigate?
Introduction (cont’d.)
Only one spermatozoon out of 300 million sperm cells released during ejaculation can fertilize a single female ovum.
If more than one egg is present in the fallopian tubes during ejaculation, multiple fertilizations are possible.
Ask students to describe the process of fertilization.
Introduction (cont’d.)
Twins resulting from the fertilization of separate ova by separate sperm cells are called fraternal twins.
Twins resulting from the fertilization of a single egg by a single sperm are called identical twins.
Fraternal twins. Notice the 6-week-old embryos in two separate amnionic sacs
What is the difference between fraternal and identical twins?
Which twins are a perfect genetic match?
Introduction (cont’d.)
The organs of the male reproductive system are designed to produce and release billions of sperm cells throughout the man’s lifetime.
The hormone called testosterone is responsible for the bodily characteristics of the male (such as beard, pubic hair and deeper voice).
Describe the role of testosterone.
What is the difference between the number of eggs vs. sperm cells?
Anatomy
What are the male gonads called and where are they located?
How does temperature affect the scrotum?
What is the function of the interstitial cells and where are they located?
What are the supportive tissues of the testes?
Answers are on next slide
Anatomy
Testes or testicles
Scrotum
Perineum
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymus
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicles
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
Prostate Gland
Bulbourethral glands
Penis
Glans penis
Prepuce
Anatomy
Anatomy (cont’d.)
Internal structure of the testis and the epididymis
Anatomy (cont’d.)
Label the passage of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the outside of the body.
Anatomy (cont’d.)
The passage of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the outside of the body.
Vocabulary
bulbourethral gland
Cowper gland
ejaculation
ejaculatory duct
epididymis (pl. epididymides)
flagellum
fraternal twins
What is the difference between a bulbourethral gland and the Cowper gland?
Which terms relate to the ejaculatory process?
What type of twin can produce conjoined twins?
What is impotence?
Vocabulary
glans penis
identical twins
Impotence
interstitial cells of the testis
parenchyma
perineum
prepuce (or foreskin)
What is the difference between a bulbourethral gland and the Cowper gland?
Which terms relate to the ejaculatory process?
What type of twin can produce conjoined twins?
What is impotence?
Vocabulary
prostate gland
scrotum
semen
seminal vesicle
seminiferous tubules
spermatozoon (pl. spermatozoa)
What is the difference between a bulbourethral gland and the Cowper gland?
Which terms relate to the ejaculatory process?
What type of twin can produce conjoined twins?
What is impotence?
Vocabulary
sterilization
stroma
testis (pl.: testes)
testosterone
vas deferens)
What is the difference between a bulbourethral gland and the Cowper gland?
Which terms relate to the ejaculatory process?
What type of twin can produce conjoined twins?
What is impotence?
QUICK QUIZ:
1. Which term refers to the fold of skin covering the tip of the penis?
A. Stroma
B. Vas deferens
C. Prepuce
D. Seminal vesicle
CORRECT Answer is C, prepuce.
COMBINING FORMS AND TERMINOLOGY
andr/o male
balan/o glans penis
cry/o cold
crypt/o hidden
epididym/o epididymis
gon/o seed
hydr/o water, fluid
orch/o, orchi/o testis, testicle
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS AND TERMINOLOGY
prostat/o prostate gland
semin/i semen, seed
sperm/o spermatozoa, semen
terat/o monster
test/o testis, testicle
varic/o varicose veins
vas/o vessel duct
zo/o animal life
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS AND TERMINOLOGY
SUFFIXES
-genesis formation
-one hormone
-pexy fixation, put in place
-stomy new opening
Suffix Meaning
Chapter 9
Lesson 9.2
Pathologic Conditions
How is hydrocele treated?
What are the risks of an undescended testis?
How common is carcinoma of the testes?
What are varicoceles?
What is the treatment for testicular torsion?
Pathologic Conditions
How are carcinoma of the prostate and prostatic hyperplasia diagnosed?
How are they treated?
Pathologic Conditions (cont’d.)
Hypospadias
Surgical repair involves exciding a portion of the prepuce, wrapping it around a catheter, suturing it to the distal part of the urethra, bringing it to the end of the penis.
What are the odds of a male having hypospadias?
How is hypospadias treated?
How is phimosis treated?
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
Common Infections
chlamydial infection
gonorrhea
herpes genitalis
syphilis
What are the symptoms of a chlamydial infection? Gonorrhea? Herpes genitalis? Syphilis?
What types of drugs are given to treat these infections?
Which infections can occur without symptoms?
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures
Laboratory Tests
PSA test
semen analysis
What does the PSA test measure?
What does a semen analysis look for? When might this test be performed?
QUICK QUIZ:
2. What does the PSA test for?
A. Levels of infection
B. Sperm Mobility
C. Sperm Motility
D. Levels of an antigen
CORRECT Answer is D, PSA tests for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood. Elevated levels of PSA are associated with enlargement of the prostate gland and may be a sign of prostate cancer.
.
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures
Clinical Procedures
transurethral resection of the prostate
What procedure treats prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)? How is it performed?
What is the purpose of a digital rectal exam?
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures
Clinical Procedures
Vasectomy
How does the urologist perform a vasectomy?
Are there any side affects to a vasectomy?
What is reversal of a vasectomy vasovasostomy
QUICK QUIZ:
3. What is the term that means removal of the prostate?
A. orchiectomy
B. prostatecomy
C. vasectomy
D. prostatitis
CORRECT Answer is b
ABBREVIATIONS
BPH benign prostatic hyperplasia
DRE digital rectal examination
GU genitourinary
HSV herpes simplex virus
PID pelvic inflammatory disease
PSA prostate-specific antigen
RPR rapid plasma reagin
ABBREVIATIONS
STI sexually transmitted diseases
TRUS transrectal ultrasound
TUIP transurethral incision of the prostate
TUMT transurethral microwave thermotherapy
TUNA transurethral needle ablation
TURP transurethral resection of the prostate
REVIEW SHEET
andr/o __________
balan/o __________
cry/o __________
crypt/o __________
epididym/o __________
gon/o __________
hydr/o __________
orch/o, orchi/o __________
Combining Form Meaning
ANSWERS ON NEXT SLIDE
REVIEW SHEET
andr/o male
balan/o glans penis
cry/o cold
crypt/o hidden
epididym/o epididymis
gon/o seed
hydr/o water, fluid
orch/o, orchi/o testis, testicle
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
prostat/o __________
semin/i __________
sperm/o __________
terat/o __________
test/o __________
varic/o __________
vas/o __________
zo/o __________
Combining Form Meaning
ANSWERS ON NEXT SLIDE.
REVIEW SHEET
prostat/o prostate gland
semin/i semen, seed
sperm/o spermatozoa, semen
terat/o monster
test/o testis, testicle
varic/o varicose veins
vas/o vessel duct
zo/o animal life
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
-genesis __________
-one __________
-pexy __________
-stomy __________
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
-genesis formation
-one hormone
-pexy fixation, put in place
-stomy new opening
Suffix Meaning
QUICK QUIZ:
4. Which term means “no sperm or semen are produced”?
A. aspermia
B. oligospermia
C. anorchism
D. spermolytic
CORRECT Answer is A, aspermia
What are the parts of a sperm cell and what is the sperm cell’s purpose?
How does sperm navigate?
Ask students to describe the process of fertilization.
What is the difference between fraternal and identical twins?
Which twins are a perfect genetic match?
Describe the role of testosterone.
What is the difference between the number of eggs vs. sperm cells?
What are the male gonads called and where are they located?
How does temperature affect the scrotum?
What is the function of the interstitial cells and where are they located?
What are the supportive tissues of the testes?
Answers are on next slide
What is the difference between a bulbourethral gland and the Cowper gland?
Which terms relate to the ejaculatory process?
What type of twin can produce conjoined twins?
What is impotence?
What is the difference between a bulbourethral gland and the Cowper gland?
Which terms relate to the ejaculatory process?
What type of twin can produce conjoined twins?
What is impotence?
What is the difference between a bulbourethral gland and the Cowper gland?
Which terms relate to the ejaculatory process?
What type of twin can produce conjoined twins?
What is impotence?
What is the difference between a bulbourethral gland and the Cowper gland?
Which terms relate to the ejaculatory process?
What type of twin can produce conjoined twins?
What is impotence?
CORRECT Answer is C, prepuce.
How is hydrocele treated?
What are the risks of an undescended testis?
How common is carcinoma of the testes?
What are varicoceles?
What is the treatment for testicular torsion?
How are carcinoma of the prostate and prostatic hyperplasia diagnosed?
How are they treated?
What are the odds of a male having hypospadias?
How is hypospadias treated?
How is phimosis treated?
What are the symptoms of a chlamydial infection? Gonorrhea? Herpes genitalis? Syphilis?
What types of drugs are given to treat these infections?
Which infections can occur without symptoms?
What does the PSA test measure?
What does a semen analysis look for? When might this test be performed?
CORRECT Answer is D, PSA tests for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood. Elevated levels of PSA are associated with enlargement of the prostate gland and may be a sign of prostate cancer.
.
What procedure treats prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)? How is it performed?
What is the purpose of a digital rectal exam?
How does the urologist perform a vasectomy?
Are there any side affects to a vasectomy?
What is reversal of a vasectomy vasovasostomy
CORRECT Answer is b
ANSWERS ON NEXT SLIDE
ANSWERS ON NEXT SLIDE.
CORRECT Answer is A, aspermia
Chapter 15
The Musculoskeletal System
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Learning Objectives
Define terms relating to the structure and function of bones, joints, and muscles.
Describe the process of bone formation and growth.
Locate and name the major bones of the body.
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Learning Objectives (cont’d.)
Analyze the combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes used to describe bones, joints, and muscles.
Explain various musculoskeletal disease conditions and terms related to bone fractures.
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Learning Objectives (cont’d.)
Describe important laboratory tests and clinical procedures related to the musculoskeletal system, and recognize relevant abbreviations.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.
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Chapter 15
Lesson 15.1
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Introduction
Musculoskeletal System: bones, muscles, and joints of the body
Bones: structural support and protection of internal organs
Muscles: internal and external movement
Joints: where bones come together/type determined by need for flexibility
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Which bones are located in the face?
Which bones support and protect the internal organs of the body?
Which muscles are most often used when an athlete is in training to run in a marathon?
What are common joint injuries?
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Physicians Associated with Musculoskeletal System
Orthopedist: MD, bones, bone disease
Rheumatologist: MD, joints
Osteopathic physician: DO, body able to heal itself with proper nutrition and bone alignment
Chiropractor: physical manipulation of the spinal column to relieve pressures on nerves
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Ask students who have had a broken bone to report to the class about the situation. Which bone was broken? How long did it take to heal? What was the treatment? Were any tests or procedures given prior to the diagnosis?
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BONE FORMATION
Ossification: replacement of cartilage with bone
Cells:
osteoblast: produce immature bony tissue that replaces cartilage
osteocyte: nourishes and maintains bone
osteoclast: reabsorb or digest bone (remodels bone)
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Discuss bone formation and remodeling throughout life.
What steps can people take to help with bone formation?
Calcium: what role does it play? How much is enough? Where can you find it?
How does phosphorous affect bones?
Why is Vitamin D so valuable to the bones?
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BONE FORMATION
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts work to deposit and tear down bone throughout life.
The skeleton is a source of calcium.
Proper formation of bone depends on sources of calcium, phosphorous, and vitamin D.
Calcium phosphate enzyme helps create hard bone from these sources.
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Which foods provide Vitamin D? How does Vitamin D affect bones?
How much Vitamin D do you need per day?
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BONE FORMATION
Reservoir for calcium storage
Calcium necessary for nerve transmittal to muscle, including heart muscle and muscles attached to bones
Calcium level maintained in blood by parathyroid gland, which secretes a hormone to release calcium from bone
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Where is the parathyroid gland located and how does it function?
What happens when you have too much calcium?
What happens if you have too little calcium?
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BONE STRUCTURE
Long, short, flat, sesamoid (in shape)
Diaphysis: shaft
Epiphysis: end
Metaphysis: cone-like flared portion between end and shaft
Epiphyseal line or plate: growth plate where cartilage replaced by bone for bone growth (in length)
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What minerals and vitamins help with bone formation?
What happens if a bone is incorrectly formed?
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Bone Structure (cont’d.)
(A) Divisions of a long bone and interior structure
(B) composition of compact (cortical) bone
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Fill in the correct names where the numbers are located using the text.
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Bone Structure (cont’d.)
(A) Divisions of a long bone and interior structure
(B) composition of compact (cortical) bone
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*
Fill in the correct names where the numbers are located using the text.
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Bone Structure (cont’d.)
Ends of bones covered by articular cartilage in the joint: cushions joint and allows it to move smoothly
Compact bone: contains haversian systems for blood vessels, nerves, and yellow bone marrow (mostly fat)
Cancellous (spongy/trabecular bone): spaces contain red bone marrow with elements for blood formation
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Which of these bones is porous? How does this occur?
As a child ages, what happens to the red bone marrow? Where is it located in young children?
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Bone Marrow
Yellow marrow: chiefly fat
Red marrow: rich with blood vessels and immature and mature blood cells in various stages of development; in later life replaced with yellow marrow
Ribs, pelvic bone, sternum, vertebrae, epiphyses of long bones
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What is the function of bone marrow?
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Bone Processes and Depressions
Processes: serve as attachments for muscles and tendons
Depressions: openings or hollow regions help join bones or serve as passageways for nerves and/or vessels
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What are the major named processes and depressions?
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Bone Processes and Depressions
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Bone Processes and Depressions
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Cranial Bones
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What are the important bones of the skull?
How do they correspond to the brain?
Why do newborn babies need to have their heads well protected?
What happens when a baby is severely shaken?
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Cranial Bones
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What are the important bones of the skull?
How do they correspond to the brain?
Why do newborn babies need to have their heads well protected?
What happens when a baby is severely shaken?
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Cranial Bones and
Associated Structures
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
temporomandibular (TMJ) joint
mastoid process
styloid process
Occipital bone
foramen magnum (depression)
Sphenoid bone
sella turcica (depression)
Ethmoid bone
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Which bones aid in chewing, seeing, and breathing?
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Facial Bones
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Ask students to insert correct names of bones in the numbered diagram.
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Facial Bones
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Ask students to review correct names of bones in the numbered diagram.
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Facial Bones (cont’d.)
Nasal bones
Lacrimal bones
Maxillary bones
Mandibular bones
Zygomatic bones
Vomer
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Which bones contain fossae for lacrimal gland and canals for duct?
What condition occurs if the maxillary bones do not separate at birth? (cleft palate)
Which bones might be adjusted during rhinoplasty?
What are the “cheek bones”?
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SINUSES
Air cavities located in facial and cranial bones. They lighten the skull and warm and moisten the air as it passes into the respiratory system.
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Vertebral Column and Vertebrae
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Why is the human vertebral column subject to injury?
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Vertebral Column and Vertebrae (cont’d.)
Vertebrae: 26 bone segments from base of skull to tailbone in five divisions and separated by pads of cartilage called intervertebral disks.
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
Coccyx: tailbone
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What are the 4 vertebral regions?
How many bones are there in each region?
Way to help students remember the numbers:
Cervical 7 am breakfast
Thoracic 12 pm lunch
Lumbar 5 pm dinner
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BONES
Thorax, Pelvis and Extremities
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Ask students to insert names on diagram with class.
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BONES
Thorax, Pelvis and Extremities
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Ask students to insert names on diagram with class.
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Thorax, Pelvis and Extremities (cont’d.)
Thorax
clavicle
scapula
sternum
ribs
Arm and Hand
humerus
ulna
radius
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
Pelvis
pelvic girdle
ilium
ischium
pubis
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Ask students to close their textbooks and then identify the bones listed on their own bodies.
Which are the true ribs? How are they connected to the sternum?
Which are false ribs? Why are they so designated?
Which are the proximal, middle, and distal phalanges?
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Bones of Leg and Foot
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There are seven bones of the leg and foot.
Have students identify bones shown in the figure.
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Bones of Leg and Foot and Associated Structures
Femur
acetabulum
Patella
Tibia
medial malleolus
Fibula
lateral malleolus
talus
Tarsals
calcaneus
talus
Metatarsals
Phalanges
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Which are the bones of the foot?
What happens if you wear shoes that are too small?
Which is the largest bone in the body?
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QUICK QUIZ:
The knuckle-like process at the end of a bone near the joint…
fossa
condyle
tubercle
diaphysis
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CORRECT Answer is B, condyle
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Process of bone formation____________
olecranon
ossification
osteoblast
xiphoid process
QUICK QUIZ:
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CORRECT Answer is B, ossification
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GENERAL TERMS
COMBINING FORMS
calc/o calcium
calci/o calcium
kyph/o posterior curvature in thoracic region
lamin/o lamina
lord/o curve
lumb/o loins, lower back
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
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GENERAL TERMS
COMBINING FORMS
myel/o bone marrow
orth/o straight
oste/o bone
scoli/o crooked
spondyl/o vertebra
vertebr/o vertebra
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
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GENERAL TERMS
SUFFIXES
-blast embryonic cell
-clast to break
-listhesis slipping
-malacia softening
-physis to grow
-porosis pore, passage
-tome instrument to cut
Suffix Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
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TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES
COMBINING FORMS
acetabul/o acetabulum (hip socket)
calcane/o calcaneus (heal)
carp/o carpals (wrist bones)
clavicul/o clavicle (collar bone)
cost/o ribs
crani/o cranium (skull)
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
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TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES
COMBINING FORMS
femor/o femur (thigh bones)
fibul/o fibula (smaller lower leg bone)
humer/o humerus (upper arm bone)
ili/o ilium (upper part of pelvic bone)
ischi/o ischium (part of pelvic bone)
malleol/o malleolus
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
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TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES
COMBINING FORMS
mandibul/o mandible (lower jaw bone)
maxill/o maxilla (upper jaw bone)
metacarp/o metacarpals (hand bones)
metatars/o metatarsals (foot bones)
olecran/o olecranon (elbow)
patell/o patella (kneecap)
pelv/i pelvis
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
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TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES
COMBINING FORMS
perone/o fibula
phalang/o phalanges (finger, toe bones)
pub/o pubis
radi/o radius
scapul/o scapula (shoulder blade)
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
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TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES
COMBINING FORMS
stern/o sternum (breastbone)
tars/o tarsals
tibi/o tibia (shin bone)
uln/o ulna (lower arm bone)
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
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PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS
Ewing sarcoma: malignant bone tumor
exostosis: bony growth on surface of bone
osteogenic sarcoma: malignant tumor arising from bone
osteomalacia: softening of bone
osteomyelitis: inflammation secondary to infection
osteoporosis
talipes: congenital abnormality of hindfoot involving the talus (clubfoot)
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Ask students to describe a Ewing sarcoma. How old are people who suffer from this condition? What treatment can be given?
Is there any treatment for clubfoot?
What is the difference between osteogenic sarcoma and bone cancer that has metastasized from the breast cancer or prostate?
How does a broken leg with internal fixation increase the chance of osteomyelitis?
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Pathologic Conditions
Fractures of Bones
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What is the definition of a fracture?
What are the common names used for specific types of fractures?
What does reduction mean as it pertains to fractures?
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Pathologic Conditions
Normal Bone
Bone with osteoporosis
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Image A = normal bone
Image B = bone with osteoporosis
What is osteoporosis? (decrease in bone density; thinning and weakening of bone)
How often should women get a bone density test?
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Chapter 15
Lesson 15.2
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Joints
Joint (articulation): coming together of two or more bones
Suture joints: immovable (skull)
Synovial joints: freely movable (ball and socket types, e.g. hip or shoulder), (hinge type, e.g., elbow, knee, ankle)
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What are some examples of places on the body with joints?
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Synovial Joints
Joint capsule surrounds bone
Ligaments band bones together
Bones covered by articular cartilage
Synovial membrane lies under capsule and lines synovial cavity; filled with synovial fluid
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Bursae
Closed sacks of synovial fluid with a synovial membrane located near, but not within a joint. Needed where sliding must take place
Common sites:
between tendons (connective tissue connecting muscle to bone) and bones
between ligaments (binding bone to bone) and bone
between skin and bones (with prominent bony anatomy)
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Name examples of bursae, such as elbow, knee and shoulder joints.
Which sports injuries are related to this topic?
Which bursae are associated with the knee and elbow?
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Joints
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Give the students examples of joints that look like the ones depicted in these figures.
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QUICK QUIZ:
Connective tissue that binds muscles to bones____________
ligament
articulation
synovial membrane
tendon
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CORRECT Answer is D, tendon
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COMBINING FORMS
ankyl/o stiff
arthr/o joint
articul/o joint
burs/o bursa
chondr/o cartilage
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
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COMBINING FORMS
ligament/o ligament
rheumat/o watery flow
synov/o synovial membrane
ten/o tendon
tendin/o tendon
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
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COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
SUFFIXES
-desis to bind, tie together
-stenosis narrowing
Suffix Meaning
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Pathologic Conditions
Arthritis: inflammation of joints
Ankylosing spondylitis: chronic progressive stiffening of joints, mostly spine
Gouty arthritis: inflammation due to excessive uric acid in body
Osteoarthritis (OA): loss of articular cartilage and formation of bone spurs at articular surfaces
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): autoimmune reaction against joint tissues (synovial membrane)
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Can young people suffer from arthritis?
What is the most common complaint of older individuals?
What treatments are available for people who suffer from osteoarthritis? Rheumatoid arthritis?
What is commonly known as degenerative joint disease?
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Osteoarthritis and
Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Why do osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis occur?
What are the differences between the two types of arthritis?
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Pathologic Conditions
Bunion: swelling of medial aspect of joint between big toe and first metatarsal bone
Carpal tunnel syndrome: compression of median nerve as it passes between ligament and bones and tendons of the wrist.
Dislocation: displacement of bone from a joint
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Why do women get bunions more often than men?
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Pathological Joint Conditions (cont’d.)
Carpal tunnel syndrome
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Why is carpal tunnel syndrome considered a repetitive stress injury?
What can be done to alleviate carpal tunnel syndrome?
Ask students if they have suffered from carpal tunnel syndrome, and if so, what treatment was applied?
Ganglion: fluid filled cyst arising from joint capsule or tendon in the wrist
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Pathologic Conditions
Ganglion: a fluid-filled cyst arising from the joint capsule or a tendon in the wrist.
Herniation of an intervertebral disk: abnormal protrusion of the disk into the neural canal or against spinal nerves.
Lyme disease: recurrent arthritis, myalgia, malaise and neurologic and cardiac symptoms.
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How is sciatica related to herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)?
What is the cause of Lyme disease?
What is the main carrier of Lyme disease in the U.S.? (deer tick)
Define the term “vector”.
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Pathologic Conditions (cont’d.)
Sprain: trauma to joint with pain, swelling and injury to ligaments
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): chronic inflammatory disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system, heart and lungs affecting collagen in tendons, ligaments, bones, and cartilage all over the body
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Ask the students if they have ever had a sprain to an ankle or knee.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), commonly called “lupus,” is believed to be an autoimmune disease. What is the accepted treatment?
Why does a rheumatologist treat a lupus patient? (arthritis)
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Chapter 15
Lesson 15.3
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Muscles
Three types of muscles: striated, smooth, cardiac
Striated: under voluntary control—they move all the bones as well as face and eyes
Smooth: control is involuntary—they move internal organs (digestive tract, blood vessels, ducts of glands)
Cardiac: not consciously controlled and found exclusively in the heart
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Which muscles are striated in appearance, smooth in character?
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Types of Muscle
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Go over the figure with students, pointing to the parts of the arm where they are most likely to notice striations.
Ask the students to describe smooth muscles.
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Types of Muscle
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Go over the figure with students, pointing to the parts of the arm where they are most likely to notice striations.
Ask the students to describe smooth muscles.
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Named Skeletal Muscles
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Go over the figure with the students. Ask them to label.
Students who exercise or are in weight training may be familiar with various muscle groups.
Can students name some muscle groups that are not pictured here? (e.g., latissimus dorsii, abductors, adductors)
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Named Skeletal Muscles
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Go over the figure with the students.
Students who exercise or are in weight training may be familiar with various muscle groups.
Can students name some muscle groups that are not pictured here? (e.g., latissimus dorsii, abductors, adductors)
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Actions of Muscles
flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
rotation
dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
supination
pronation
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Go over these definitions and demonstrate the movement on individuals.
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Actions of Muscles (cont’d.)
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QUICK QUIZ:
Movement AWAY from the midline of the body____________
adduction
abduction
flexion
dorsiflexion
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*
CORRECT Answer is B, adbuction
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COMBINING FORMS
fasci/o facia
fibr/o fibrous
leiomy/o smooth muscle
my/o muscle
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES
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COMBINING FORMS
myocardi/o heart muscle
myos/o muscle
plant/o sole of the foot
rhabdomy/o skeletal muscle connected to bones
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES
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SUFFIXES
-asthenia lack of strength
-trophy development, nourishment
Suffix Meaning
COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES
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PREFIXES
ab- away from
ad- toward
dorsi- back
poly- many, much
Prefix Meaning
COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES
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Pathologic Conditions
Muscular dystrophy: group of inherited diseases with progressive muscle weakness and degeneration without nervous system involvement
Polymyositis: chronic inflammatory myopathy; may be an autoimmune disorder
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Muscular dystrophy typically affects children.
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Laboratory Tests Related to Muscle
Antinuclear antibody test (ANA)
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Rheumatoid factor test (RF)
Serum calcium (Ca)
Serum creatine kinase (CK)
Uric acid test
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*
For what conditions might an ESR be requested?
For what conditions would CK be indicated?
What is a uric acid test used to diagnose? (gout)
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Clinical Procedures Related to Bones, Joints, and Muscle
Arthrocentesis
Arthrography
Arthroplasty
Arthroscopy
Bone density test
Bone scan
Computed tomography (CT)
Diskography
Electromyography (EMG)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Muscle biopsy
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*
If there are tests that students have seen before, discuss why they are appropriate for use in muscle-related disorders.
If they are new, discuss how they are uniquely able to diagnose and treat conditions pertaining to muscle.
Chapter 8
Female Reproductive System
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Learning Objectives
Name the organs of the female reproductive system, their locations, and combining forms.
Explain how these organs and their hormones function in the processes of menstruation and pregnancy.
Identify abnormal conditions of the female reproductive system and of the newborn child.
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Learning Objectives (cont’d.)
Describe important laboratory tests and clinical procedures used in gynecology and obstetrics, and recognize related abbreviations.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.
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Chapter 8
Lesson 8.1
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INTRODUCTION
Sexual Reproduction
Union of the nuclei of ovum and sperm cell
Ovum and Sperm cells are called gamete
Each Gamete contains half the number of chromosomes of a normal body cell.
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INTRODUCTION
Gametes
(ovum and sperm cell)
Gametes are produced in the gonads.
Female gonads are the ovaries; male gonads are the testes.
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Fertilization
An ovum leaves the ovaries and travels through the fallopian tube.
Fertilization takes place if sperm cells are present and unite with the ovum.
Fertilized egg implants then divides to form a ball of cells, called a zygote (and later an embryo and then a fetus).
INTRODUCTION
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QUICK QUIZ:
Fertilized egg implants then divides to form a ball of cells, called a….
Embryo
Fetus
Follicle
Zygote
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CORRECT Answer is D–zygote
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ORGANS OF THE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Label the diagram
Organs of the female reproductive system,
lateral view.
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*
Students should label the figure: 1. ovaries, 2. fallopian tobule, 3. uterus, 4. cul-de-sac, 5. vagina, 6.Bartholin glands, 7. clitoris, 8.perineum (see slide 9 for answers)
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Organs of the Female Reproductive System
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Cul-de-Sac
Vagina
Bartholin glands
Clitoris
Perineum
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Organs of the female reproductive system, lateral view.
ORGANS OF THE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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Label the diagram
Organs of the female reproductive system
anterior view
ORGANS OF THE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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*
See next slide for answers.
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Organs of the Female Reproductive System- Anterior View
Ovary
Utero – Ovarian ligament
Ovarian Follicles
Ovum
Corpus Luteum
Fallopian tube
Fimbriae
Uterus: Fundus and Corpus
Endometrium
Myometrium
Uterine Serosa
Cervix
Vagina
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Organs of the female reproductive system
anterior view
ORGANS OF THE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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*
Refer to page 254 in text
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The Breast
sagittal view
ORGANS OF THE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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*
What is the role of sinuses in the breast?
Name the parts of the breast nipple.
Which hormones stimulate lactation?
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The Breast
sagittal view
ORGANS OF THE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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*
What is the role of sinuses in the breast?
Name the parts of the breast nipple.
Which hormones stimulate lactation?
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MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCY
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Day 1-5 Blood cells, endometrial cells, and glandular
secretions discharge from the body
Day 6-12 Estrogen aids repair of endometrium.
The ovum grows in the follicle.
Day 13-14 Egg leaves the ovary and passes through
the fallopian tube
Day 15-28 Corpus luteum secretes progesterone;
uterus lining builds up.
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*
Describe the menstrual cycle.
What is the first menstrual cycle called? (menarche)
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MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCY
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
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Does lack of fertilization cause low or high levels of progesterone and estrogen?
At what stage is the egg most likely to be fertilized?
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MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCY
PREGNANCY
If fertilization occurs, the egg implants in the uterine endometrium
Placenta forms within the uterine wall
Amnion holds the fetus in an amniotic cavity
Nutrients, oxygen and wastes exchange between fetus and mother
Placenta produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
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What is the placenta derived from?
What are the chorion and the amnion?
What is amniotic fluid?
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MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCY
A, Implantation in the uterus.
B, Embryo’s relationship to the placenta
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See next slide for labels
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MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCY
A, Implantation in the uterus.
B, Embryo’s relationship to the placenta
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QUICK QUIZ:
Corpus luteum secretes this monthly to build up the lining of the uterus…..
A. adreniline
B. estrogen
C. Progesterone
D. hCG
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CORRECT Answer is C—progesterone
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QUICK QUIZ:
3. During Pregnancy what does the placenta secrete?
adreniline
hCG
progesteron
estrogen
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*
CORRECT Answer is B—hGC human chorionic gonadotropin
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MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCY
PREGNANCY
Progesterone maintains placenta development
Uterus expands as fetus grows
Normal delivery fetal position in cephalic presentation (head first)
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*
Which hormone does the placenta produce?
What does a pregnancy test look for? (urine vs. blood)
How long does it take the fetus to reach the epigastric region?
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MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCY
PREGNANCY
THREE PHASES of Labor
Dilation of the cervix
Birth of the infant
Delivery of the placenta
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*
Which hormone does the placenta produce?
What does a pregnancy test look for? (urine vs. blood)
How long does it take the fetus to reach the epigastric region?
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MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCY
A, Cephalic presentation. B, Delivery of the placenta.
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HORMONAL INTERACTIONS
Pituitary secretes:
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Pituitary stops producing FSH and LH
During pregnancy
With oral contraceptives
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*
What is negative feedback?
How do oral contraceptives work?
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Hormonal Interactions (cont’d.)
Menopause
Gradual ending of the menstrual cycle
Normally begins between 45 and 55
Estrogen levels fall
Option for Estrogen replacement therapy (careful consideration of risks required)
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*
How does the IUD function to prevent pregnancy?
How does the diaphragm work to prevent pregnancy?
What are the risks of either method?
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Chapter 8
Lesson 8.2
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VOCABULARY
adnexa uteri
amnion
areola
Bartholin glands
cervix
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Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
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chorion
clitoris
coitus
corpus luteum
cul-de-sac
VOCABULARY
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Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
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embryo
endometrium
estrogen
fallopian tube
fertilization
fetus
VOCABULARY
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Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
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fimbriae
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
gamete
genitalia
gestation
gonad
VOCABULARY
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Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
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gynecology
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
hymen
labia
lactiferous ducts
VOCABULARY
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Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
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luteinizing hormone (LH)
mammary papilla
menarche
menopause
menstruation
VOCABULARY
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Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
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myometrium
neonatology
obstetrics
orifice
ovarian follicle
ovary
VOCABULARY
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Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
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ovulation
ovum
parturition
perineum
pituitary gland
VOCABULARY
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Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
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placenta
pregnancy
progesterone
puberty
uterine serosa
VOCABULARY
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Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
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uterus
vagina
vulva
zygote
VOCABULARY
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Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
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QUICK QUIZ:
4. Which term refers to the inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus?
A. Endometrium
B. Fallopian tube
C. Chorion
D. Amnion
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*
CORRECT Answer is A, endometrium
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COMBINING FORMS
amni/o amnion
cervic/o cervix, neck
chori/o chorion
chorion/o chorion
colp/o vagina
Combining Form Meaning
TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES
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COMBINING FORMS
culd/o cul-de-sac
episi/o vulva
galact/o milk
gynec/o woman, female
hyster/o uterus, womb
Combining Form Meaning
TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES
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COMBINING FORMS
lact/o milk
mamm/o breast
mast/o breast
men/o menses, menstruation
metr/o uterus
Combining Form Meaning
TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES
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COMBINING FORMS
my/o muscle
myom/o muscle tumor
nat/i birth
obstetr/o pregnancy
o/o egg
Combining Form Meaning
TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES
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COMBINING FORMS
oophor/o ovary
ov/o egg
ovari/o ovary
ovul/o egg
perine/o perineum
Combining Form Meaning
TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES
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COMBINING FORMS
phor/o to bear
salping/o fallopian tubes
uter/o uterus
vagin/o vagina
vulv/o vulva
Combining Form Meaning
TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES
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SUFFIXES
-arche beginning
-cyesis pregnancy
-gravida pregnancy
-parous to bear, bring forth
Suffix Meaning
TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES
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SUFFIXES
-rrhea discharge
-salpinx uterine tube
-tocia labor, birth
-version act of turning
Suffix Meaning
TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES
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PREFIXES
dys- painful
endo- within
in- in
intra- within
multi- many
Prefix Meaning
TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES
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PREFIXES
nulli- no, not, none
pre- before
primi- first
retro- backward
Prefix Meaning
TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXES
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QUICK QUIZ:
5. Which term means removal of the breast?
A. hysterectomy
B. mastectomy
C. mastitis
D. mammoplasty
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*
CORRECT Answer is B—mastectomy. Mammoplasty means surgical repair of the breast, while mastitis means inflammation of the breast and hysterectomy means removal of the uterus.
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PATHOLOGY: Uterus
Carcinoma of the cervix
Malignant cells within the cervix
Cervicitis
Inflammation of the cervix
Carcinoma of the endometrium
Malignant tumor of the uterus
Endometriosis
Endometrial tissue located outside the uterus
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*
Name the risk factors for carcinoma of the cervix.
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PATHOLOGY: Uterus
Fibroids
Benign tumors of the uterus
Figure shows location of uterine ibroids.
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*
Name the risk factors for carcinoma of the cervix.
What is conization?
How is conization used to diagnose and treat CIS?
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Pathology: Gynecological and Breast
Breast
Carcinoma of the breast
Fibrocystic disease
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*
What is the most common type of breast cancer?
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PATHOLOGY:
Ovaries
Ovarian carcinoma
Malignant tumor of the ovary
Ovarian cysts
Collections of fluid within a sac in the ovary
Fallopian Tubes
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Examples: salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis
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Pathology: Breast
Carcinoma of the breast
Image A shows (arrows) mammogram of invasive carcinoma of the breast.
Image B is a cut section of invasive ductal cardinoma of the breast.
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Chapter 8
Lesson 8.3
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PATHOLOGY: Pregnancy
Abruptio placentae
Premature separation of the implanted placenta
Choriocarcinoma
Malignant tumor of the placenta
Ectopic pregnancy
Misplaced implantation of egg
Placenta previa
Preeclampsia
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*
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
Which term describes the emergence of the placenta before the baby?
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PATHOLOGY: Neonatal
Down syndrome
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Hyaline membrane disease
Hydrocephalus
Meconium aspiration syndroms
Pyloric stenosis
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PATHOLOGY: Neonatal
APGAR SCORING CHART
Assessment of newborn
Scoring 1 to 5 mins after birth
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*
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Clinical Tests and Procedures
Clinical tests
Pap smear
Pregnancy test
Procedures
X-rays:
mammography
Gynecological procedures:
cauterization,
cryosurgery,
Dilatation and Curettage
Procedures during pregnancy:
amniocentesis
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*
For what tests is a speculum used?
What types of x-rays are used to examine the reproductive organs?
What is the purpose of hysterosalpingography (HSG)?
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Clinical Procedures
Gynecological procedures
Conization
Removal of a cone-shaped section of the cervix.
Figure shows LEEP for cone biospsy
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*
See page 276 for text reference
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Clinical Procedures
Gynecological procedures
Laparoscopic
oophorectomy
A, Ovary placed in plastic bag.
B, Extracted through the laparoscope
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*
See page 276 for text reference
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Clinical Tests and Procedures
Procedures
Procedures during pregnancy
Amniocentesis
Needle placement guided by ultrasound images.
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*
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REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
amni/o _________
cephal/o _________
cervic/o _________
chori/o, chorion/o _________
colp/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
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Answers on next slide
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COMBINING FORMS
amni/o amnion
cephal/o head
cervic/o cervix, neck
chori/o, chorion/o chorion
colp/o vagina
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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COMBINING FORMS
culd/o _________
episi/o _________
galact/o _________
gynec/o _________
hyster/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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*
Answers on next slide
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COMBINING FORMS
culd/o cul-de-sac
episi/o vulva
galact/o milk
gynec/o woman, female
hyster/o uterus, womb
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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COMBINING FORMS
lact/o _________
mamm/o _________
mast/o _________
men/o _________
metr/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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Answers on next slide
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COMBINING FORMS
lact/o milk
mamm/o breast
mast/o breast
men/o menses, menstruation
metr/o uterus
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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COMBINING FORMS
my/o _________
myom/o _________
nat/i _________
obstetr/o _________
olig/o _________
o/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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Answers on next slide
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COMBINING FORMS
my/o muscle
myom/o muscle tumor
nat/i birth
obstetr/o midwife
olig/o scanty
o/o egg
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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*
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COMBINING FORMS
oophor/o _________
ov/o _________
ovari/o _________
ovul/o _________
perine/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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Answers on next slide
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COMBINING FORMS
oophor/o ovary
ov/o egg
ovari/o ovary
ovul/o egg
perine/o perineum
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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*
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COMBINING FORMS
phor/o _________
py/o _________
salping/o _________
uter/o _________
vagin/o _________
vulv/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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Answers on next slide
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COMBINING FORMS
phor/o to bear
py/o pus
salping/o fallopian tubes
uter/o uterus
vagin/o vagina
vulv/o vulva
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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SUFFIXES
-arche _________
-cele _________
-cyesis _________
-ectasis _________
-ectomy _________
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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SUFFIXES
-arche beginning
-cele hernia
-cyesis pregnancy
-ectasis stretching, dilation
-ectomy removal, excision
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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SUFFIXES
-flexion _________
-genesis _________
-gravida _________
-itis _________
-pareunia _________
-parous _________
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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SUFFIXES
-flexion flexible
-genesis producing; forming
-gravida pregnancy
-itis inflammation
-pareunia sexual intercourse
-parous to bear, bring forth
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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SUFFIXES
-plasia _________
-plasty _________
-ptosis _________
-rrhagia _________
-rrhaphy _________
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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SUFFIXES
-plasia development, formation
-plasty surgical repair
-ptosis dropping, sagging
-rrhagia bursting forth (blood)
-rrhaphy suture
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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SUFFIXES
-rrhea _________
-salpinx _________
-scopy _________
-stenosis _________
-stomy _________
Suffix Meaning
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SUFFIXES
-rrhea discharge
-salpinx uterine tube
-scopy visual examination
-stenosis tightening
-stomy new opening
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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*
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SUFFIXES
-tocia _________
-tomy _________
-tresia _________
-version _________
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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Answers on next slide
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SUFFIXES
-tocia labor, birth
-tomy process of cutting
-tresia opening
-version act of turning
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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PREFIXES
bi- _________
dys- _________
endo- _________
in- _________
intra- _________
multi- _________
Suffix Meaning
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PREFIXES
bi- two
dys- painful
endo- within
in- in
intra- within
multi- many
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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PREFIXES
nulli- _________
oxy- _________
peri- _________
pre- _________
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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PREFIXES
nulli- no, not, none
oxy- swift, sharp
peri- surrounding
pre- before
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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PREFIXES
primi- _________
pseudo- _________
retro- _________
uni- _________
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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PREFIXES
primi- first
pseudo- false
retro- backward
uni- one
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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*
*
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CORRECT Answer is D–zygote
*
Students should label the figure: 1. ovaries, 2. fallopian tobule, 3. uterus, 4. cul-de-sac, 5. vagina, 6.Bartholin glands, 7. clitoris, 8.perineum (see slide 9 for answers)
*
*
See next slide for answers.
*
Refer to page 254 in text
*
What is the role of sinuses in the breast?
Name the parts of the breast nipple.
Which hormones stimulate lactation?
*
What is the role of sinuses in the breast?
Name the parts of the breast nipple.
Which hormones stimulate lactation?
*
Describe the menstrual cycle.
What is the first menstrual cycle called? (menarche)
*
Does lack of fertilization cause low or high levels of progesterone and estrogen?
At what stage is the egg most likely to be fertilized?
*
What is the placenta derived from?
What are the chorion and the amnion?
What is amniotic fluid?
*
See next slide for labels
*
*
CORRECT Answer is C—progesterone
*
CORRECT Answer is B—hGC human chorionic gonadotropin
*
Which hormone does the placenta produce?
What does a pregnancy test look for? (urine vs. blood)
How long does it take the fetus to reach the epigastric region?
*
Which hormone does the placenta produce?
What does a pregnancy test look for? (urine vs. blood)
How long does it take the fetus to reach the epigastric region?
*
*
What is negative feedback?
How do oral contraceptives work?
*
How does the IUD function to prevent pregnancy?
How does the diaphragm work to prevent pregnancy?
What are the risks of either method?
*
*
Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
*
Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
*
Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
*
Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
*
Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
*
Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
*
Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
*
Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
*
Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
*
Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
*
CORRECT Answer is A, endometrium
*
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*
*
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CORRECT Answer is B—mastectomy. Mammoplasty means surgical repair of the breast, while mastitis means inflammation of the breast and hysterectomy means removal of the uterus.
*
Name the risk factors for carcinoma of the cervix.
*
Name the risk factors for carcinoma of the cervix.
What is conization?
How is conization used to diagnose and treat CIS?
*
What is the most common type of breast cancer?
*
*
*
*
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
Which term describes the emergence of the placenta before the baby?
*
*
*
For what tests is a speculum used?
What types of x-rays are used to examine the reproductive organs?
What is the purpose of hysterosalpingography (HSG)?
*
See page 276 for text reference
*
See page 276 for text reference
*
*
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Chapter 7
Urinary System
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*
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Learning Objectives
Name the organs of the urinary system and describe their locations and functions.
Give the meaning of various pathological conditions affecting the urinary system.
Recognize the uses and interpretation of urinalysis as a diagnostic test.
Define combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes of the urinary system’s terminology.
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*
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Learning Objectives (cont’d.)
List and explain some clinical procedures, laboratory tests, and abbreviations that pertain to the urinary system.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.
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*
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Chapter 7
Lesson 7.1
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*
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Introduction
Nitrogenous wastes
urea
creatinine
uric acid
Kidneys
Filter nitrogenous wastes to form urine
Maintain proper balance of
Water
Eletrolytes
Acids
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*
Why is nitrogenous waste excreted from the body in a soluble rather than gaseous form?
By what medium does urea travel to the kidneys?
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Introduction (cont’d.)
Kidneys also secrete
Hormones
Renin: enzymatic hormone important in adjusting blood pressure
Erythropoietin: hormone that stimulates the red blood cell production in bone marrow
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*
Kidneys also adjust amount of water and electrolytes for proper muscle and nerve function.
Are there other important functions performed by the kidneys?
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Anatomy of the Major Organs
Organs of the Urinary System in a Male
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*
Have students name the organs of the urinary system labeled 1-4 in the figure.
What is the size and weight of a normal kidney?
What function is performed by the ureters?
What function is performed by the urinary bladder?
What function is performed by the urethra?
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Anatomy of the Major Organs
Organs of the Urinary System in a Male
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*
Have students name the organs of the urinary system labeled 1-4 in the figure.
What is the size and weight of a normal kidney?
What function is performed by the ureters?
What function is performed by the urinary bladder?
What function is performed by the urethra?
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Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d.)
Female
Urinary System
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*
How does the female urinary system differ from the male urinary system?
What is the trigone and what function does it perform?
What is micturition?
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Female
Urinary System
Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d.)
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*
How does the female urinary system differ from the male urinary system?
What is the trigone and what function does it perform?
What is micturition?
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QUICK QUIZ:
1. What is micturition?
Nitrogenous waste
Urination; voiding
Outer section of the kidney
Triangular area in the bladder
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*
Correct answer is B, urination; voiding
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How Kidneys Produce Urine
Blood enters kidneys through right and left renal arteries
Arterioles carry blood to capillaries
Glomeruli filter blood
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*
The renal artery branches into smaller arteries, arterioles, and glomeruli located throughout the cortex of the kidneys.
What is a glomerulus?
There are approximately one million glomeruli in the cortex of each kidney.
How does the kidney regulate blood pressure?
Why is maintenance of proper blood pressure important to the kidneys’ function?
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How Kidneys Produce Urine
Blood enters kidneys through right and left renal arteries
Arterioles carry blood to capillaries
Glomeruli filter blood
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*
The renal artery branches into smaller arteries, arterioles, and glomeruli located throughout the cortex of the kidneys.
What is a glomerulus?
There are approximately one million glomeruli in the cortex of each kidney.
How does the kidney regulate blood pressure?
Why is maintenance of proper blood pressure important to the kidneys’ function?
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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)
Glomerulus and Bowman Capsule
Blood passes through glomeruli
Bowman capsule surrounds each glomerulus
Renal tubule is attached to each Bowman capsule
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*
What functions do the glomerulus, Bowman capsule, and renal tubule perform in the production of urine?
Why don’t proteins and blood cells usually appear in the urine?
What is the process of reabsorption?
What is secretion?
What substances make up urine? (Note: These substances become toxic if allowed to accumulate.)
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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)
Glomerulus and Bowman Capsule
Blood passes through glomeruli
Bowman capsule surrounds each glomerulus
Renal tubule is attached to each Bowman capsule
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*
What functions do the glomerulus, Bowman capsule, and renal tubule perform in the production of urine?
Why don’t proteins and blood cells usually appear in the urine?
What is the process of reabsorption?
What is secretion?
What substances make up urine? (Note: These substances become toxic if allowed to accumulate.)
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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)
Three steps in the formation of urine
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
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*
What functions are performed in each of the three steps in the formation of urine?
The combination of a glomerulus and a renal tubule is called a nephron. (There are more than 1 million nephrons in a kidney.)
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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)
Three steps in the formation of urine
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
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*
What functions are performed in each of the three steps in the formation of urine?
The combination of a glomerulus and a renal tubule is called a nephron. (There are more than 1 million nephrons in a kidney.)
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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)
Glomerulus and
a renal tubule combine to form a unit called a nephron.
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*
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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)
Glomerulus and
a renal tubule combine to form a unit called a nephron.
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*
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QUICK QUIZ:
Approximately how many nephrons are in a kidney?
100,000,000
10,000,000
1,000,000
100,000
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*
Correct answer is C, 1 million
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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)
All collecting tubules lead to the
renal pelvis
Calyces or calices
are small, cup-like regions of the renal pelvis
Illustration shows section of kidney
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*
Notice how secretion and reabsorption are functions of the same organs.
Cup-like regions in the renal pelvis are called calyces or calices.
Where do all connecting tubules lead?
The renal pelvis narrows to form the ureter.
To which organ does the ureter lead?
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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)
All collecting tubules lead to the renal pelvis
Calyces or calices are small, cup-like regions of the renal pelvis
Illustration shows section of kidney
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*
Notice how secretion and reabsorption are functions of the same organs.
Cup-like regions in the renal pelvis are called calyces or calices.
Where do all connecting tubules lead?
The renal pelvis narrows to form the ureter.
To which organ does the ureter lead?
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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)
Process of forming and expelling urine
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*
How is urine flow from the bladder to the urethra controlled?
What triggers the need to urinate?
Urine finally exits the body through the urinary meatus.
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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.)
Process of forming and expelling urine
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*
How is urine flow from the bladder to the urethra controlled?
What triggers the need to urinate?
Urine finally exits the body through the urinary meatus.
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Vocabulary
arteriole
Bowman capsule
calyx or calix
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*
Refer to p. 216 for definitions.
How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?
Which organs are involved in filtering urine?
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arteriole
Bowman capsule
calyx or calix
Small artery.
Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus
Cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to p. 216 for more detailed definitions.
How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?
Which organs are involved in filtering urine?
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catheter
cortex
creatinine
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to p. 216 for definitions.
How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?
Which organs are involved in filtering urine?
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catheter
cortex
creatinine
Tube for injecting or removing fluids
Outer region
Waste product of muscle metabolism
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to p. 216 for more detailed definitions.
How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?
Which organs are involved in filtering urine?
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electrolyte
erythropoietin (EPO)
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to p. 216 and 217 for definitions.
How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?
Which organs are involved in filtering urine?
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electrolyte
erythropoietin (EPO)
A chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water.
A hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate production of red blood cells by bone marrow.
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to p. 216 and 217 for more detailed definitions.
How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?
Which organs are involved in filtering urine?
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filtration
glomerulus
hilum
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to p. 217 for definitions.
How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?
Which organs are involved in filtering urine?
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filtration
glomerulus
hilum
Passive process whereby some substances pass through a filter or other material.
Tiny ball of capillaries in the cortex of kidney.
Depression in the part of an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave.
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to p. 217 for more detailed definitions.
How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?
Which organs are involved in filtering urine?
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kidney
meatus
medulla
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to pp. 217 for definitions.
What path does waste take through the urinary system?
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kidney
meatus
medulla
One of two bean-shaped organs behind the abdominal cavity.
Opening or canal
Inner region
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to pp. 217 for definitions.
What path does waste take through the urinary system?
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micturition
nephron
nitrogenous waste
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to pp. 218 for definitions.
What path does waste take through the urinary system?
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micturition
nephron
nitrogenous waste
Urination.
The functional unit of the kidney where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place.
Substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine.
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to pp. 218 for more detailed definitions.
What path does waste take through the urinary system?
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potassium (K+)
reabsorption
renal artery
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to pp. 218 for definitions.
What path does waste take through the urinary system?
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potassium (K+)
reabsorption
renal artery
An electrolyte important to body processes.
Renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream.
Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney.
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to pp. 218 for more detailed definitions.
What path does waste take through the urinary system?
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renal pelvis
renal tubule
renal vein
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to pp. 220-221 for definitions.
What path does waste take through the urinary system?
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renal pelvis
renal tubule
renal vein
Central collection region in the kidney
Microscopic tube in the kidney in which urine is formed after filtration.
Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart.
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to pp. 218 for more detailed definitions.
What path does waste take through the urinary system?
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renin
sodium (Na+)
trigone
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to p. 221 for definitions.
What is another term for urination?
What is renin and where is it formed?
Where is the trigone located?
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renin
sodium (Na+)
trigone
An enzymatic hormone synthesized, stored, and secreted by the kidney.
An electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys.
Triangular area in the urinary bladder in which ureters enter and the urethra exits.
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to p. 221 for definitions.
What is another term for urination?
What is renin and where is it formed?
Where is the trigone located?
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urea
ureter
urethra
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to p. 221 for definitions.
What is another term for urination?
What is renin and where is it formed?
Where is the trigone located?
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urea
ureter
urethra
Major nitrogenous waste product excreted in urine.
Tube leading from each kidney to the urinary bladder.
Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
Vocabulary
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*
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uric acid
urinary bladder
urination
voiding
Vocabulary
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*
Refer to p. 221 for definitions.
What is another term for urination?
What is renin and where is it formed?
Where is the trigone located?
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uric acid
urinary bladder
urination
voiding
A nitrogenous waste product excreted in the urine.
Hollow muscular sac that holds and stores urine.
Process of expelling urine.
Emptying of urine from the urinary bladder; urination or micturition.
Vocabulary
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*
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STRUCTURES
cali/o , calic/o _________
cyst/o _________
glomerul/o _________
meat/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
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*
Refer to pp. 219 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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STRUCTURES
cali/o , calic/o calyx (calix)
cyst/o urinary bladder
glomerul/o glomerulus
meat/o meatus
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
Combining Form Meaning
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*
Refer to pp. 219 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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STRUCTURES
cyst/o cystitis ________________
Combining Form Terminology Meaning
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
Bacterial infections often cause acute or chronic cystitis. In acute cystitis, the bladder contains blood as a result of mucosal hemorrhage (see figure, Acute cystitis).
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*
Refer to pp. 220-226 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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STRUCTURES
cyst/o cystitis inflammation of the urinary bladder
Combining Form Terminology Meaning
Bacterial infections often cause acute or chronic cystitis. In acute cystitis, the bladder contains blood as a result of mucosal hemorrhage (see figure, Acute cystitis).
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
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*
Refer to pp. 220-226 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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STRUCTURES
nephr/o ___________
pyel/o ___________
ren/o ____________
trigon/o ____________
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
Combining Form Meaning
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*
Refer to pp. 220-221 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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STRUCTURES
nephr/o kidney
pyel/o renal pelvis
ren/o kidney
trigon/o trigone
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
Combining Form Meaning
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*
Refer to pp. 220-221 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
STRUCTURES
nephr/o hydronephrosis _________________
Combining Form Terminology Meaning
Obstruction of urine flow may be caused by renal calculi (stone) as shown in figure. Notice the buildup of excess fluid in the kidney.
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*
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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STRUCTURES
nephr/o hydronephrosis Condition of excess fluid (water) in the kidney.
Combining Form Terminology Meaning
Obstruction of urine flow may be caused by renal calculi (stone) as shown in figure. Notice the buildup of excess fluid in the kidney.
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
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*
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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STRUCTURES
ureter/o __________
urethr/o __________
vesic/o __________
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
Combining Form Meaning
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*
Refer to pp. 221 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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STRUCTURES
ureter/o ureter
urethr/o urethra
vesic/o urinary bladder
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
Combining Form Meaning
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*
Refer to pp. 221 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
albumin/o ________
azot/o ________
bacteri/o ________
dips/o ________
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
Combining Form Meaning
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*
Refer to pp. 221-222 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
albumin/o albumin
azot/o nitrogen
bacteri/o bacteria
dips/o thirst
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
Combining Form Meaning
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*
Refer to pp. 221-222 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
ket/o, keton/o __________
lith/o __________
noct/o __________
olig/o __________
-poietin __________
Combining Form
Or Suffix Meaning
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
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*
Refer to pp. 222 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
ket/o, keton/o ketone bodies
lith/o stone
noct/o night
olig/o scanty
-poietin substance that forms
Combining Form
Or Suffix Meaning
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
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*
Refer to pp. 222 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
py/o __________
-tripsy __________
ur/o __________
urin/o __________
-uria __________
Combining Form
Or Suffix Meaning
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
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*
Refer to pp. 222-223 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
py/o pus
-tripsy to crush
ur/o urea
urin/o urine
-uria urination; urine condition
Combining Form
Or Suffix Meaning
Terminology: Structures,
Substances and Urinary Symptoms
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*
Refer to pp. 222-223 for definitions.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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Urinalysis
Tests included in a Urinalysis
Color
Appearance
pH
Protein
Glucose
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*
Colorless urine = large amount of water in urine. Smoky-red or brown indicates presence of blood in urine.
Normal pH is 6.5 (slightly acidic).
Protein test looks for albumin, which indicates a leak in the glomerular membrane.
Glucose presence signals possibility of diabetes.
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Urinalysis (cont’d.)
Tests included in a Urinalysis
Specific gravity
Ketone bodies
Sediment
Phenylketonuria
Bilirubin
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*
Specific gravity reflects amounts of wastes and minerals.
Ketone bodies appear when the body breaks down fat.
Sediment are abnormal particles.
Phenylketonuria indicates a lack of enzyme, especially in infants. PKU test measures this.
Bilirubin results from a hemoglobin breakdown.
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QUICK QUIZ:
In a urinalysis, what does the test specific gravity reflect?
A. The chemical nature of urine
B. Presence of albumin
C. Blood in the urine
D. Amount of wastes, minerals and solids in the urine
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*
Correct Answer is D, specific gravity compares the density of urine with that of water.
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Chapter 7
Lesson 7.2
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*
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Pathologic Conditions
Kidney
glomerulonephritis
interstitial nephritis
nephrolithiasis
nephrotic syndrome
polycystic kidneys (PKD)
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*
See pp. 225-226.
Glomerulonephritis is the inflammation of the kidney due to infection and can lead to hypertension and renal failure if untreated.
What is interstitial nephritis?
What procedure might a physician recommend for a patient with nephrolithiasis?
Nephrotic syndrome is a collection of symptoms caused by excessive protein in the urine.
Polycystic kidneys are a hereditary condition of progressive growth of cysts.
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Pathologic Conditions
Kidney
polycystic
kidney
disease (PKD)
PKD–The kidneys contain masses of cysts. Typically polycystic kidneys weight 20 times more than their usual weight.
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*
See pp. 225-226.
Glomerulonephritis is the inflammation of the kidney due to infection and can lead to hypertension and renal failure if untreated.
What is interstitial nephritis?
What procedure might a physician recommend for a patient with nephrolithiasis?
Nephrotic syndrome is a collection of symptoms caused by excessive protein in the urine.
Polycystic kidneys are a hereditary condition of progressive growth of cysts.
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Pathologic Conditions (cont’d.)
Kidney
pyelonephritis
renal cell carcinoma
renal failure
renal hypertension
Wilms tumor
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*
See p. 229.
Pyelonephritis is the inflammation of the renal pelvis and renal medulla and is the most common type of kidney infection.
Renal cell carcinoma is adult cancer of the kidney—2% of all adult cancers.
What occurs during renal failure?
How does renal hypertension differ from essential hypertension?
Wilms tumor is a malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood and is an example of an eponym.
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Pathologic Conditions
Kidney
Renal cell
carcinoma
(hypernephroma)
Cancerous tumor
of the kidney
in adulthood.
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*
See pp. 226 for more detail.
Glomerulonephritis is the inflammation of the kidney due to infection and can lead to hypertension and renal failure if untreated.
What is interstitial nephritis?
What procedure might a physician recommend for a patient with nephrolithiasis?
Nephrotic syndrome is a collection of symptoms caused by excessive protein in the urine.
Polycystic kidneys are a hereditary condition of progressive growth of cysts.
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Pathologic Conditions (cont’d.)
Urinary bladder
Bladder cancer
Associated conditions
Diabetes insipidus
Diabetes mellitus
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*
Bladder cancer is the most common form of malignancy in the urinary system.
What risk factors are associated with bladder cancer?
Diabetes insipidus: inadequate secretion or resistance of the kidney to antidiuretic hormone
Diabetes mellitus: inadequate secretion or improper utilization of insulin
How does each of these conditions affect the kidneys?
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QUICK QUIZ:
A term that means frequent (voluntary) urination at night is:
Anuria
Nocturia
Diuresis
Hematuria
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*
Correct answer is nocturia.
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Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures
Laboratory tests
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
creatinine clearance test
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*
Which procedure tests for uremia?
Which test measures the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood?
What is azotemia?
What role do the kidneys play in BUN levels?
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Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
CLINICAL PROCEDURES
X-Ray Studies
CT scan
kidneys, ureters, & bladder (KUB)
renal angiography
retrograde pyelogram (RP)
voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
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*
How do these x-rays differ?
Which tests require contrast material?
Why is it important to measure the size of the kidneys (KUB)?
Which tests require urinary catheterization?
Why would someone have RP instead of IVP?
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CT-Computed Tomography
The scan with contrast shows a benign cyst on the kidney.
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
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*
See page 228 for more detailed description.
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VOIDING CYSTOURETHROGRAM
(VCUG)showing a normal female urethra. The bladder is filled with contrast material, followed by x-ray imaging.
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
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*
See page 228-229 for more detailed description.
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CLINICAL PROCEDURES
Ultrasound Examination
ultrasonography: imaging urinary tract structures using high frequency sound waves
Radioactive Studies
radioisotope scan: image of kidney after injecting a radioisotope (that concentrates in the kidney) into the bloodstream
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
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*
What is hydronephrosis?
What might cause the kidney to be enlarged?
What can be diagnosed in the urinary system using sound waves?
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CLINICAL PROCEDURES
Magnetic imaging
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): using magnetic field and radio waves to produce images in all three planes of the body
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
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*
How is an MRI of the kidney performed?
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Other Clinical Procedures
cystoscopy
dialysis
lithotripsy
renal angioplasty
renal biopsy
renal transplantation
urinary catheterization
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
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*
Cystoscopy allows for visual examination through a hollow metal tube.
What is the difference between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis?
What procedure might be required to remove kidney stones?
Describe the process of catheterization.
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Hemodialysis (HD)
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
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*
How is a cytoscopy performed?
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Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
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*
CAPD can be performed continuously by the patient without artificial support.
What other peritoneal dialysis procedures may be performed?
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Abbreviations
ADH _______________
ARF _______________
BILI _______________
BUN _______________
CAPD _______________
Cath _______________
CCPD _______________
CKD _______________
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*
Which abbreviations stand for disorders, which are measurements, and which are procedures?
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ADH antidiuretic hormone
ARF acute renal failure
BILI bilirubin
BUN blood urea nitrogen
CAPD continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
Cath catheter; catheterization
CCPD continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis
CKD chronic kidney disease
Abbreviations (cont’d.)
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*
Which abbreviations stand for disorders, which are measurements, and which are procedures?
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CL- _____________________
CRF _____________________
C & S _____________________
cysto _____________________
ESRD _____________________
HCO3- _____________________
HD _____________________
IC _____________________
Abbreviations (cont’d.)
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*
Which items are pathologies, and which are treatments?
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CL- chloride, a kidney excretion
CRF chronic renal failure
C&S culture and sensitivity testing
cysto cystoscopic examination
ESRD end-stage renal disease
HCO3- bicarbonate, an electrolyte conserved by the kidney
HD hemodialysis
IC interstitial cystitis, chronic inflammation of the bladder wall
Abbreviations (cont’d.)
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*
Which items are pathologies, and which are treatments?
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K+ __________________
KUB __________________
Na+ __________________
PD __________________
pH __________________
PKU __________________
sp gr __________________
UA __________________
UTI __________________
VCUG __________________
Abbreviations (cont’d.)
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*
Ask students to identify the category of metabolite, treatment, condition, or test.
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K+ potassium, an electrolyte
KUB kidney ureter and bladder
Na+ sodium, an electrolyte
PD peritoneal dialysis
pH symbol for degree of acidity or alkalinity
PKU phenylketonuria
sp gr specific gravity
UA urinalysis
UTI urinary tract infection
VCUG voiding cystourethrogram
Abbreviations (cont’d.)
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*
Ask students to identify the category of metabolite, treatment, condition, or test.
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QUICK QUIZ:
The abbreviation RP is associated with which of the following?
A. Fluid is injected into the peritoneal
cavity and then drained out
B. Contrast is injected into the urinary
bladder and ureters and x-rays are
taken of the urinary tract.
C. Nitrogenous wastes removed from
patient’s blood
D. An electrolyte secreted by renal tubules
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*
CORRECT Answer is B abbreviation is for retrograde pyelogram
Incorrect answer A. is CAPD, continous ambulatory periotoneal dialysis
Incorrect Answer C is HD, hemodialysis
Incorrect Answer D is K+ potassium
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REVIEW SHEET
albumino/o ____________
angi/o ____________
azot/o ____________
bacteri/o ____________
cali/o, calic/o ____________
cyst/o ____________
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*
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
albumino/o albumin (protein)
angi/o vessel (blood)
azot/o urea; nitrogen
bacteri/o bacteria
cali/o, calic/o calyx (calix)
cyst/o urinary bladder
REVIEW SHEET
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dips/o ____________
glomerul/o ____________
glycos/o ____________
hydr/o ____________
isch/o ____________
ket/o; keton/o ____________
REVIEW SHEET
combining forms
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dips/o thirst
glomerul/o glomerulus
glycos/o sugar
hydr/o water
isch/o to hold back; back
ket/o; keton/o ketones; acetones
REVIEW SHEET
combining forms
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lith/o ____________
meat/o ____________
necr/o ____________
nephr/o ____________
noct/o ____________
ogli/o ____________
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combining forms
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lith/o stone
meat/o meatus
necr/o death
nephr/o kidney
noct/o night
ogli/o scanty
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combining forms
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py/o __________
pyel/o __________
ren/o __________
trigon/o __________
ur/o __________
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combining forms
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py/o pus
pyel/o renal pelvis
ren/o kidney
trigon/o trigone
ur/o urine; urinary tract
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combining forms
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ureter/o ____________
urethro ____________
urin/o ____________
vesic/o ____________
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combining forms
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ureter/o ureter
urethr/o urethra
urin/o urine
vesic/o urinary bladder
REVIEW SHEET
combining forms
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-ectasis ______________
-ectomy ______________
-emia ______________
-esis ______________
-gram ______________
-lithiasis ______________
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
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-ectasis stretching; dilation
-ectomy removal; excision
-emia blood condition
-esis condition
-gram record
-lithiasis condition of stones
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
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-lithotomy ____________________
-lysis ______________
-megaly ______________
-ole ______________
-osis ______________
-pathy ______________
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
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-lithotomy incision for removal of a stone
-lysis breakdown
-megaly enlargement
-ole little; small
-osis condition
-pathy disease
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
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-plasty _________________
-poietin _______________
-ptosis _______________
-rrhea _______________
-sclerosis _______________
-stomy ___________________
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
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-plasty surgical repair
-poietin substance that forms
-ptosis droop; sag
-rrhea flow; discharge
-sclerosis hardening
-stomy new opening (to form a mouth)
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
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-tomy _____________
-tripsy ___________
-uria ___________
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
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-tomy process of cutting
-tripsy to crush
-uria urination
REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
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a-, an- _____________
anti- _____________
dia- _____________
dys- _____________
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PREFIXES
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a-, an- not; without
anti- again
dia- complete
dys- bad; painful
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PREFIXES
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en- __________
peri- __________
poly- __________
retro- __________
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PREFIXES
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en- in; within
peri- surrounding
poly- many, much
retro- behind; back
REVIEW SHEET
PREFIXES
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The combining form dips/o means:
Stone
Scanty
Thirst
Water
QUICK QUIZ:
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C Thirst is the correct answer
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Which combining form means pus?
pyel/o
lith/o
ogli/o
py/o
QUICK QUIZ:
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*
D, py/o is the correct answer
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8. The combining form isch/o means:
Scanty
To hold back; back
Night
Trigon
QUICK QUIZ:
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*
B To hold back or back is the correct answer
Chapter 10
Nervous System
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Learning Objectives
Name, locate, and describe the functions of the major organs and parts of the nervous system.
Recognize nervous system combining forms and make terms using them with new and familiar suffixes.
Define several pathological conditions affecting the nervous system.
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Learning Objectives (cont’d.)
Describe some laboratory tests, clinical procedures, and abbreviations that pertain to the system.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in the proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.
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Chapter 10
Lesson 10.1
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Introduction
Nervous system:
Complex: 100 billion nerve cells
Voluntary and involuntary functions
Nerves carry electrical messages
External and internal receptors
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What are external stimuli?
How can internal chemicals be stimuli?
What are some of the involuntary body functions controlled by the nervous system?
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Introduction (cont’d.)
Nerve cells (neurons):
Microscopic
Collected into macroscopic nerves
Carry electrical messages all over the body
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*
Internal and external stimuli activate the cell membranes to release stored electrical energy called the nervous impulse.
External and internal receptors receive and transmit these impulses to the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system).
The central nervous system recognizes, interprets, and relays impulses to other nerve cells that extend through parts of the body such as muscles, glands, and organs.
What is the scope of influence nerve cells have on bodily function?
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General Structure of the Nervous System
Two major divisions:
Central nervous system
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
cranial nerves
spinal nerves
Autonomic nervous system
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Cranial nerves carry electrical impulses between the brain and the head and neck (except vagus nerve).
Spinal nerves carry impulses between the spinal cord and the chest, abdomen, and extremities.
Why is the 10th cranial nerve called the vagus nerve? What does it do?
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General Structure of the Nervous System (cont’d.)
Cranial and spinal nerves
Sensory nerves carry messages toward the brain (afferent)
Motor nerves carry messages from the brain (efferent).
Mixed nerves carry both sensory and motor fibers.
Sensory receptors
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What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary functioning?
What are parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves?
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General Structure of the Nervous System (cont’d.)
Autonomic nervous system:
Carries impulses from the central nervous system to organs.
Sympathetic nerves stimulate body under stress.
Parasympathetic nerves balance sympathetic system.
Slow heart rate
Lower blood pressure
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The autonomic nervous system contains a large group of nerves that function automatically.
It controls heart, blood vessels, glands, and involuntary muscles like intestines, and hollow organs such as stomach and urinary bladder.
Why is the autonomic nervous system necessary?
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Divisions of the Central and Peripheral Nervous System
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How are stimuli processed by the nervous system?
What are the parenchymal cells of the nervous system?
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Neurons, Nerves, and Glia
Neuron = individual nerve cell
Dendrites
Cell nucleus
Axon
Myelin sheath
Terminal end fibers (secrete neurotransmitters)
Neurotransmitters (transfer impulse across synapse)
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What structure carries the nerve impulse away from the cell body?
What substances are examples of neurotransmitters?
What is the singular form of “ganglia”?
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Neurons, Nerves, and Glia (cont’d.)
Label the parts of a neuron and review the path of a nervous impulse.
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Answers are on the next slide.
What are the parts of the neurons shown in this slide?
What structures comprise the parenchymal cells of the nervous system?
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Neurons, Nerves, and Glia (cont’d.)
Image shows the parts of a neuron. Review the path of a nervous impulse.
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What are the parts of the neurons shown in this slide?
What structures comprise the parenchymal cells of the nervous system?
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Neurons, Nerves, and Glia (cont’d.)
Glia cells:
Maintain health of nervous system
Do not transmit impulses
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How do the glia cells keep the nervous system healthy?
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Neurons, Nerves, and Glia (cont’d.)
Four types:
Astrocytes (astroglial cells)
Microglia (microglial cells)
Oligodendroglia (oligodendroglial cells)
Ependymal Cells
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These are the supportive, protective, and connective cells of the central nervous system.
(recap) What purpose does stromal tissue serve?
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Chapter 10
Lesson 10.2
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The Brain
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.
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The Cerebrum
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The brain is divided into right and left hemispheres.
The brain consists of four major lobes, including the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe.
What are the parts of the left cerebral hemisphere as shown in the diagram?
What primary functions are carried out by the different lobes of the brain?
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The Brain (cont’d.)
Cerebrum
Largest section of brain
Surface has nerve cells called cerebral cortex (sulci are grooves, gyri are folds).
Manages speech, vision, smell, movement, hearing, and thought
4 lobes: Frontal, Occipital, Parietal, Temporal
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What is the purpose of the cerebral cortex?
How many major divisions can be applied to the entire cerebral cortex?
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The Brain (cont’d.)
Cerebellum
Coordinates voluntary movements
Maintains balance
Thalamus
Integrates and monitors impulses from skin (pain)
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What is the value of the ability to sense pain?
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The Brain (cont’d.)
Hypothalamus
Controls body temperature, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, and emotions
Regulates release of hormones from pituitary gland
Monitors sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
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How do messages travel from one side of the brain to another?
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The Brain (cont’d.)
The Brainstem
Pons
Bridges cerebrum and cerebellum with rest of the brain
Houses nerves for face and eyes
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The Brain (cont’d.)
The Brainstem
Medulla oblongata
Connects spinal cord to brain
Nerve tracts cross from side to side
Regulates:
Blood vessels
Heart
Respiratory system
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How does the word “crossover” apply to a function of the medulla oblongata?
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The Spinal Cord and Meninges
Spinal cord
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The spinal cord is the column of nervous tissue from the medulla oblongata to second lumbar vertebra.
It serves as a pathway for impulses to and from the brain.
The inner section of the cross-section of the spinal cord is gray matter.
The outer section of the cross-section of the spinal cord is white matter.
What is the difference between efferent and afferent neurons?
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The Spinal Cord and Meninges (cont’d.)
Meninges
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Meninges are the three layers of connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
What is the function of the outer dura mater? (channels blood to brain tissue)
What fluid lies between the arachnoid membrane and the subarachnoid space?
The inner pia mater offers a rich supply of blood vessels.
Where are the layers of the meninges in the figure?
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The Spinal Cord and Meninges (cont’d.)
Meninges
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Meninges are the three layers of connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
What is the function of the outer dura mater? (channels blood to brain tissue)
What fluid lies between the arachnoid membrane and the subarachnoid space?
The inner pia mater offers a rich supply of blood vessels.
Where are the layers of the meninges in the figure?
Meninges
Dura mater
Arachnoid membrane
Pia mater
CSF= Cerebrospinal fluid
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VOCABULARY
acetylcholine
afferent nerves
arachnoid membrane
astrocyte
autonomic nervous system
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Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
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axon
blood-brain barrier
brainstem
cauda equina
cell body
VOCABULARY
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Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
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central nervous system
cerebellum
cerebral cortex
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
cerebrum
VOCABULARY
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Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
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dendrite
dura mater
ependymal cell
efferent nerves
ganglion/ganglia
glial cells
gyrus
VOCABULARY
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Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
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hypothalamus
medulla oblongata
meninges
microglial cell
motor nerves
myelin sheath
VOCABULARY
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Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
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nerve
neuron
neurotransmitter
oligodendroglial cell
parasympathetic nerves
parenchyma
peripheral nervous system
VOCABULARY
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Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
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pia mater
plexus
pons
receptor
sciatic nerve
sensory nerves
spinal nerves
VOCABULARY
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Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
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stimulus/stimuli
stroma
sulcus
sympathetic nerves
synapse
thalamus
Vagus nerve
ventricles of the brain
VOCABULARY
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Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms
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QUICK QUIZ:
1. A sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded fold on the surface of the cerebrum
A. microglial
B. gyrus
C. parenchyma
D. stroma
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CORRECT Answer is B, gyrus
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2. The thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges
A. pia mater
B. dura mater
C. parenchyma
D. stroma
QUICK QUIZ:
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CORRECT Answer is A, pia mater
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COMBINING FORMS
AND TERMINOLOGY
ORGANS AND STRUCTURES
cerebell/o cerebellum
cerebr/o cerebrum
dur/o dura mater
encephal/o brain
gli/o glial cells
Combining Form Meaning
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ORGANS AND STRUCTURES
lept/o thin, slender
mening/o, meningi/o membranes, meninges
my/o muscle
myel/o spinal cord
neur/o nerve
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
AND TERMINOLOGY
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ORGANS AND STRUCTURES
pont/o pons
radicul/o nerve root
thalam/o thalamus
thec/o sheath (refers to meninges)
vag/o vagus nerve
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
AND TERMINOLOGY
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SYMPTOMS
alges/o, -algesia
-algia
caus/o
comat/o
esthesi/o, -esthesia
kines/o, -kinesia
excessive sensitivity to pain
pain
burning
deep sleep
feeling, nervous sensation
movement
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
AND TERMINOLOGY
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SYMPTOMS
-kinesis, kinetic
-lepsy
lex/o
-paresis
-phasia
movement
seizure
word, phrase
slight paralysis
speech
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
AND TERMINOLOGY
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SYMPTOMS
-plegia
-praxia
-sthenia
syncop/o
tax/o
paralysis
action
strength
cut off
order, coordination
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
AND TERMINOLOGY
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QUICK QUIZ:
3. Which term means nerve pain?
A. cephalgia
B. analgesia
C. hypalgesia
D. neuralgia
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*
CORRECT Answer is D, neuralgia
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QUICK QUIZ:
4. Which type of hematoma occurs between the skull and the dura as a result of a ruptured meningeal artery, usually after a fracture of the skull?
A. subdural
B. epidural
C. intracerebral
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CORRECT Answer is C, epidural. See page 346, figure 10-11 for more information.
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Chapter 10
Lesson 10.3
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Pathologic Conditions
Congenital Disorders
Hydrocephalus
Spina bifida
Spina bifida cystica
Spina bifida occulta
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*
How is hydrocephalus treated?
What are the two types of spina bifida? Ask students to describe the differences between the two types.
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Degenerative, Movement, and Seizure Disorders
Alzheimer disease (AD)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Epilepsy
Huntington disease
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Myasthenia gravis (MG)
Palsy
Parkinson disease
Tourette syndrome
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*
Which conditions are movement related?
Which conditions are degenerative?
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*
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Infectious Disorders
Herpes zoster (shingles)
Meningitis
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy
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What is a viral infection caused by chickenpox?
What types of meningitis exist, and how is meningitis treated?
What is the most malignant form of brain tumor?
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Traumatic Disorders
Cerebral concussion:
Temporary brain dysfunction after injury
Usually clears within 24 hours
Cerebral contusion:
Bruising of brain tissue through direct trauma to head
Neurological deficits persist longer than 24 hours
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What is the primary difference between a concussion and a contusion?
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Vascular Disorders
Thrombotic — blood clot in artery leading to the brain
Embolic — dislodged clot that travels to cerebral arteries
Hemorrhagic — a blood vessel, such as the cerebral artery breaks, and bleeding occurs
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What is the primary difference between a concussion and a contusion?
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Vascular Disorders
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There are three types of cerebrovascular accident (CVA): thrombotic, embolic, and hemorrhagic.
What is another name for CVA?
What causes a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
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Clinical Procedures
X-ray Tests
Cerebral angiography
Computed tomography (CT) of the brain
Other Procedures
MRI and MRA -Magnetic resonance Imaging and magnetic resonance angiography
EEG-Electroencephalography
Lumbar Puncture
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Which x-ray uses a contrast medium?
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Abbreviations
Abbreviations
AD
AFP
ALS
AVM
CNS
CT
CSF
CVA
Alzheimer disease
alpha-fetoprotein
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
arteriovenous malformation
central nervous system
computed tomography
cerebrospinal fluid
cerebrovascular accident
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Which items are disorders or injuries, and which are procedures?
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EEG
GABA
ICP
LP
MAC
MG
MRA
MRI
electroencephalogram
gamma-aminobutyric acid (neurotransmitter)
intracranial pressure; normal pressure is 5-15 mmHG
lumbar puncture
monitored anesthetic care
myasthenia gravis
magnetic resonance angiography
magnetic resonance imaging
Abbreviations
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Which items are pathologies, and which are tests?
What is an EEG used to measure?
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1/2 P
PET
Sz
TBI
TENS
TIA
tPA
hemiparesis
positron emission tomography
seizure
traumatic brain injury
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
transient ischemic attack
tissue plasminogen activator
Abbreviations
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Which of the items listed above are pathologies (describe them)?
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Practical Applications
What symptoms signal nervous system problems?
What tests are conducted to diagnose these problems?
Why are an MRI and an MRA ordered?
What are common pathologies of the nervous system?
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REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
alges/o ___________
angi/o ___________
caus/o ___________
cephal/o ___________
cerebell/o ___________
cerebr/o ___________
Combining Form Meaning
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COMBINING FORMS
alges/o sensitivity to pain
angi/o vessel, blood
caus/o burn, burning
cephal/o head
cerebell/o cerebellum
cerebr/o cerebrum
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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COMBINING FORMS
comat/o ___________
crani/o ___________
cry/o ___________
dur/o ___________
encephal/o ___________
esthesi/o ___________
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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COMBINING FORMS
comat/o deep sleep
crani/o skull
cry/o cold
dur/o dura mater
encephal/o brain
esthesi/o nervous sensation
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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COMBINING FORMS
gli/o _________
hydr/o _________
kines/o _________
lept/o _________
lex/o _________
mening/o, meningi/o _________
my/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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COMBINING FORMS
gli/o glue
hydr/o water
kines/o movement
lept/o thin, slender
lex/o word, phrase
mening/o, meningi/o membranes, meninges
my/o muscle
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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COMBINING FORMS
myel/o ___________
narc/o ___________
neur/o ___________
olig/o ___________
pont/o ___________
radicul/o ___________
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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COMBINING FORMS
myel/o spinal cord
narc/o sleep
neur/o nerve
olig/o scanty
pont/o pons
radicul/o nerve root
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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COMBINING FORMS
spin/o ___________
syncop/o ___________
tax/o ___________
thalam/o ___________
thec/o ___________
troph/o ___________
vag/o ___________
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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COMBINING FORMS
spin/o spine
syncop/o cut off
tax/o order
thalam/o thalamus
thec/o sheath (refers to meninges)
troph/o nourishment
vag/o vagus nerve
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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