I need 15 paged Paper.

I attached my Initial draft and the annonated Bibliography that i did. 

Topic : Frequent use of Emergency Department in Saudi Public Hospitals: Implications for Primary Health Care Services

Due in 30 hours. 

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Written Capstone Research Project accounts for 50% of your grade. Students are required to prepare their capstone research utilizing appropriate research design procedures. The proposal must include the following: 

I. I. Title Page: The title page should contain the title of the paper (no more than 15 words), the author’s name, course name and number, institutional affiliation, capstone advisor, and date. Follow APA style for appropriate formatting. 

I. II. Abstract: The abstract is a short summary of the paper generally between 200 – 250 words in length. The abstract should start with a brief theme sentence to orientate the reader about the overall issue addressed in the article. This sentence should grab the reader’s attention. The abstract should then indicate the main aim or purpose of the study. Next, the academic and/or practical importance of the study should be explained. The methodology used in the study should also be briefly described. The main findings of the study should be 

HCA 598 (20/SP) 4 

I. summarized. A statement of conclusions should indicate the contribution made by the study in filling gaps in the literature. Finally, the practical or managerial implications of the study’s findings should be highlighted where appropriate. 

I. III. Keywords: Include no more than 8 keywords that reflect the discipline, sub-discipline, theme, research design and context (industry and/or geographic location) of the study. 

I. IV. Introduction: The introduction can be described as the “executive summary” that provides readers a glimpse of what is to come and must grab the reader’s attention. In other words, the introduction must effectively “sell” the paper. This section includes the following: (1) the broad theme or topic of the study, (2) the academic and practical importance of the study, (3) a summary of the available literature with the most important previous studies that are relevant to the current research cited, (4) an indication of the most important gaps, inconsistencies and/or controversies in the literature that the current study will address, (5) a clear indication of the the core research problem/question to be addressed, the specific research objective that will guide your research, the context in which the study will be conducted, and the units of analysis of the study, (6) an outline of the structure of the rest of the article. 

The Introduction addresses the first criteria of the grading rubric “Identification and Development of a Solution for a Domestic or Global Health Services Management or Public Health Problem or Issue” 

I. V. Methods: This section includes a detailed description of the research methods that will be employed in your capstone project. The following areas must be addressed: (1) population and sample including the sample selection criteria, (2) study design, (3) data sources, (4) methods of data collection, (5) study variables (e.g., independent and dependent variables) specified in operational terms, (6) analytic methods to be used (make sure to identify the specific statistical procedures and discuss their appropriateness). You should describe your methodological choices in enough detail so that a reader who is not involved in your study will know exactly what you did and why. 

I. VI. Literature review: The literature review represents the core of the paper. This section includes (1) a brief discussion of where the specific topic under consideration fits into the “bigger picture” of the overall area under investigation, (2) conceptual definitions of all the key concepts/constructs included in the study, (3) a focused and synthesized discussion of relevant previous research findings involving the constructs/concepts relevant to your study, (4) a summary of existing approaches to the measurement of the relevant constructs, and (5) sufficient theoretical support for the hypothesis to be tested/problem to be addressed. 

The Literature Review addresses the rubric criteria one through six “identify and utilize appropriate Healthcare Economics, Health Policy, Marketing and Branding, and Financial Analysis Approaches to Develop and Propose Solutions using a Strategic Approach.” You must obtain at least two articles for each criteria. HCA 598 (20/SP) 5 

I. VII. Findings & Discussion: This section includes the key findings of your capstone project and appropriate managerial and policy recommendations. The following must be addressed: (1) a restatement of the paper’s main purpose, (2) a reaffirmation of the importance of the study by restating its main contribution, (3) a summary of the results in relation to the research objective WITHOUT introducing new material, (4) a detailed description of the key findings of your capstone project, (5) the managerial and policy implications of your key findings, (6) limitations of your capstone project and future managerial and policy recommendations, (7) insightful (i.e., non-obvious) directions or opportunities for future research on the topic. 

This section addresses the final criteria of the grading rubric “Evaluate Outcomes” 

I. VIII. References: A list of references must be included at the end. You are required to include at least 10 references from peer-reviewed research journals, using the “APA” style. You may use citations from trade journals, web sites, or other published or unpublished sources to supplement, but not replace, the minimum 10 peer-reviewed journal citations. 

Oral Presentation accounts for 30% of your grade. You are expected to prepare a 42” x 30 poster addressing the key information and findings of your capstone project and present it on campus to HCA faculty, students, and guests during finals week of the semester. The date and time will be provided during the first month of the semester. If travel to campus is a geographic challenge, you can record a professional presentation addressing the key information and findings of your capstone project. This exception must be granted by the program director. 

Running Head: PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SERVICE: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SERVICE: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 4

Primary health care services: Annotated Bibliography

Student’s Name:

Institution Affiliation:

Statistical Tools to Analyses Frequent ED users

Chiu, Y., Racine-Hemming’s, F., Dufour, I., Vanasse, A., Chouinard, M. C., Bisson, M., & Hudon, C. (2019). Statistical tools used for analyses of frequent users of the emergency department: a scoping review. BMJ Open, 9(5), e027750.

The research paper asserts that frequent users represent a small number of emergency department users however, these patients account for a large number of facility visits compared to the other population. Their utilization of ED is always conceded suboptimal. It would have been better if they were identified earlier and treated. This not only reduces crowding but also improves the efficiency and quality of care. The paper looks at how their characteristics can be identified and predict their emergency department use. Adequate statistical tools are required to carry out this function.

Utilization of Primary Care Centers

Alfaqeeh, G., Cook, E. J., Randhawa, G., & Ali, N. (2017). Access and utilization of primary health care services comparing urban and rural areas of Riyadh Providence, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. BMC health services research, 17(1), 106.

The research paper expounds more about access and utilization of PHCs between the rural and urban populations in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, the study examines utilization and experiences, in other areas of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The paper also focuses on the barrier that results in inaccessibility of primary healthcare services among the Saudis population. Some of the barriers include shortages of the healthcare workforce, distance from a rural area to the urban centers in search of services and the presence of a few primary healthcare centers resulting in congestions and overcrowding. The research paper focuses on giving relevant data to policymakers to provide efficient care services to the population of Saudi Arabia.

Alghanim, S. A., & Alomar, B. A. (2015). Frequent use of emergency departments in Saudi public hospitals: implications for primary health care services. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 27(2), NP2521-NP2530.

The research paper focuses on determining reasons, factors as well as prevalence related that the public emergency department in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The study also uses questionnaires to gather information from the adult patient concerning the Accessibility, demographic characteristics among other primary healthcare issues. According to the research paper, thirty percent of the visitors were seen as the frequent users’ of the emergency departments. A patient who was suffering from chronic illness were more likely to frequent IN the emergency department compared to other population. The study also asserts that those patients who were referred to as frequent users made numerous or multiple visits to the other healthcare facilities. Thus policymakers should come up with healthcare decisions that reduce the burden of frequenting emergency departments.

Trivedi, R. B., Post, E. P., Sun, H., Pomerantz, A., Saxon, A. J., Piette, J. D., … & Nelson, K. (2015). Prevalence, comorbidity, and prognosis of mental health among US veterans. American journal of public health, 105(12), 2564-2569.

The research paper evaluate the association of mental diseases with clinical outcome among the American veterans and examine the impact of primary care-mental health integration. Further the paper concludes that mental illness is related to the poor outcomes however mental health treatment in primary care is related to the lower risk of those outcomes. Besides integration of mental health assessment management and treatment of primary care setting disparities and fragmentation continue to exist among specific regions and population. Through VHA, PCMHI has been implemented to improve detection and screening of mental illness.

Abuhammad, S., & Dalky, H. (2019). Ethical Implications of Mental Health Stigma: Primary Health Care Providers’ Perspectives. Global Journal of Health Science, 11(12).

Stigma toward people suffering from mental health is not only widespread in developing world but developed countries as well. More so, veterans are expected by the society to remain story and as such they will not look for treatment due to stigma in the society. Stigma is not restricted to the specific population but professional health care providers play a key role as well. The research from developing countries is scarce as the purpose of the research paper is to explore healthcare provider’s attitude towards mental illness in primary care settings.

Running Head: FREQUENT USE OF EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT IN SAUDI PUBLIC 1 HOSPITAL: IMPLICATION FOR PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SERVICES

FREQUENT USE OF EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT IN SAUDI PUBLIC HOSPITAL: IMPLICATION FOR PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SERVICES 5

Frequent Use of Emergency Departments in Saudi Public Hospitals: Implications for Primary Health Care Services

Student’s Name:

Institution Affiliation:

Saudi Arabia faces a wide range of chronic conditions burden. Regardless of the increased numbers of the primary health care centers (PHCCs) as per the current evidence from the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, however limited. The current evidence asserts that utilization, as well as the access of PHCCs, which is crucial for the provision of intervention services, remains unequally distributed while the rural region is having poor access and utilization of the primary care services. There is limited evidence from Saudi Arabia, highlighting the barriers and facilitators influencing the access of and utilization of the “primary health care.”

There is frequent utilization of the emergency department in Saudi public hospitals. Frequent users are individuals who make numerous visits to the emergency department (ED) for a given period. However, there is a lack of census that defines the frequent users of ED services or care. Frequent users can account for a smaller portion of emergency department users but account for a large number of the visits. Such a population displays characteristics such as low socioeconomic status with mental as well as physical health issues (Alghanim, & Alomar, 2015). Frequent use of ED can result in overcrowding of the facilities leading to a low quality of care. Despite the presence of literature, there is no specific literature review that has been published yet concerning the statistical tools used for the examination of ED frequent users. Thus the goal of the research is to come up with a list of statistical tools applied in variable associated with the regular use or explaining the risk of becoming the frequent user. Also, the study will expound on factors affecting facilitation and utilization of PHCCs in both rural and the urban region of Riyadh province of the KSA

For the research, Riyadh province will be the target site for the study. Based on the population density of both urban and rural area Of Riyadh will be identified, and the five regions with the highest and lowest “population density” will be picked. The two areas will be picked as they will meet the sample size. We will also perform a scoping review through the five-stage methodology framework. We searched sites such as Scopus, CINAHL, PubMed database using the search strategies redesigned by the expert or specialist, more so, out f of 4564 potential abstracts, we will pick about 112 journals or articles founded on the defined criteria and also presented in the content analysis. The method of data collection would be through survey and the use of public health surveillance information. The independent variables would be factors like age, region, income, and gender (Alfaqeeh et al. 2017). On the other hand, independent variables would be income variables.

The number of PHCCs facilities increased by 2013; however, there is still a shortage of services and resources such as the number of beds (Alghanim, & Alomar, 2015). This has made Riyadh province unable to cater for its people health-wise, resulting to frequenting and crowding of PHCCs facilities and hospitals. The government is expected to increase a total of 155 PHCCs through the country. Therefore the number of beds will increase, and the frequent users will not cause commotion in the hospitals (Alfaqeeh et al. 2017). Riyadh has one of the lowest number of doctors compared to other provinces in Saudi Arabia. This is due to the increase in the population in the province. This may be a weak argument because provinces with the highest population and rural areas like Baha, Qasim, and Najran have a higher PHCCS as well as doctors (Yaya et al. 2017). This information holds that in the provinces with secondary cities and less socio-economically developed Are not typically associated with shortages of shortages nor PHCCs (Alghanim, & Alomar, 2015). Additionally, a large proportion of workers in Saudis are non-Saudis, and this results in the highest number of turnovers of the staff. Most of Saudis also “tend to migrate to western countries to further their studies.” After completion of studies, they are retained in those countries. AS a result, the Saudis healthcare workforce continues to be small.

The distance to the PCCs facilities is seen as the greatest barrier to accessing of the services. Distance is seen as the barrier despite of the other factors such as income, gender, and age for the case of majority of the rural residents (Alghanim, & Alomar, 2015). More so, the study will also explain how it is less of a barrier for someone to live in an urban center. Utilization of primary care services depends on the distance. Service provision is another factors that influences access to primary care services.

The low rate of patient satisfaction is experienced in Saudi Arabia public hospitals. Factors such as poor patient care and physical examination are bound to occur. The study will also ascertain if there is the existence of primary healthcare services all the time based on the participant’s response (Abuhammad, & Dalky, 2019). We will also inquire if the patient had gotten the test result on time or if the physician explained to them in a way they can understand their medical status. More so, we will find out if the patient worked into the PHCCs with an appointment or not. In most cases, the patient dislikes the system that lacks m booking of the appointment. Frequent users, in this case, can cause commotions and overcrowding, which leads to poor services in PHCCs. Other factors we will look at opening time. Opening time of the hospital can act as a barrier for access to primary care services. Some of the recommendation that would be made out of this study the need for recruiting more PHCCs physicians. The policymaker will understand the holistic picture of health care status and deliver a more efficient services, and then they will have to build more PHCCs facilities.

References

Abuhammad, S., & Dalky, H. (2019). Ethical Implications of Mental Health Stigma: Primary Health Care Providers’ Perspectives. Global Journal of Health Science, 11(12).

Alfaqeeh, G., Cook, E. J., Randhawa, G., & Ali, N. (2017). Access and utilization of primary health care services comparing urban and rural areas of Riyadh Providence, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. BMC health services research, 17(1), 106.

Alghanim, S. A., & Alomar, B. A. (2015). Frequent use of emergency departments in Saudi public hospitals: implications for primary health care services. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 27(2), NP2521-NP2530.

Yaya, S., Bishwajit, G., Ekholuenetale, M., Shah, V., Kadio, B., & Udenigwe, O. (2017). The urban-rural difference in satisfaction with primary healthcare services in Ghana. BMC health services research, 17(1), 776.