NURSING: EVIDENCED-BASED PRACTICE PROJECT

Topic: Improving Medication Adherence in Diabetic Patients in Home Health Care Settings

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Please see the attached project,

Improving Medication Adherence in Diabetic Patients in Home Health Care Settings

Submitted

Bola Odusola-Stephen

Direct Practice Improvement Project Proposal

Doctor of Nursing Practice

Grand Canyon University

Phoenix, Arizona

January 22, 2021

GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY

Improving Medication Adherence in Diabetic Patients in Home Health Care Settings
by
Bola Odusola-Stephen

Proposed Comment by Author: Please note that this page will change with your final DPI manuscript development. Make sure you begin to use the DPI Project Template after obtaining IRB approval.

January 22, 2021

DPI PROJECT COMMITTEE:

Mary Guhwe, DNP, Manuscript Chair

Bamidele Jokodola, DNP, Committee Member

Abstract Comment by Author: The abstract is an accurate, nonevaluative, concise summary or synopsis of the research project. It is not an introduction and is usually the last thing written. The purpose of the abstract is to assist future investigators in accessing the project material and other vital information contained in the practice improvement project. Although only a relatively few people typically read the full practice improvement project after publication, the abstract will be read by many scholars and investigators. Consequently, great care must be taken in writing this section of the practice improvement project. The abstract is a concise statement of the nature of the project and content of the practice improvement project. The content of the abstract covers the problem statement, clinical questions, methodology, design, data analysis procedures, location, sample, theoretical foundations, results, and implications. The abstract does not appear in the

Table of Contents

and has no page number. Abstracts must be double-spaced and no longer than 1 page. The abstract must be fully justified with no indentions and no citations. Refer to the APA Publication Manual, 6th Edition, for additional guidelines for the development of the practice improvement project abstract.
DNP 955 Learners will do the abstract and stop at Data Results.
Comment by Author: This is a requirement, stop at Data Results 🙂 Comment by Author: Need to revise this WHOLE section.

Rationale/Background: Provide one to two statements describing the nature of the project topic and introducing the problem.

Purpose: State the purpose of the project. Please make sure your purpose statement is the same throughout the manuscript.

Theoretical Framework: Include approximately one to two statements summarizing the theoretical framework.

Project Method and Design: Include approximately two to four statements summarizing the methodology and design.

Data Results: Identify the population and the sample size. Briefly describe the approach for data analysis and results of statistical tests. State whether the results were statistically significant and include numeric values.

Implications: Conclude the abstract with one to two statements describing how the results of your project directly impacted practice at your site, and recommendations for what should be done in the future based on the findings of the project. Comment by Author: You may use these headings to separate the content, or you may remove the headings and make the abstract one single paragraph.

Keywords: Abstract, assist future investigators, 150 to 250 words, vital information Comment by Author: Make sure to add the keywords at the bottom of the abstract to assist future investigators.

Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Project 1
Background of the Project 5
Problem Statement 6
Purpose of the Project 7
Clinical Question(s) 9
Advancing Scientific Knowledge 11
Significance of the Project 13
Rationale for Methodology 14
Nature of the Project Design 15
Definition of Terms 17
Assumptions, Limitations, Delimitations 20
Summary and Organization of the Remainder of the Project 23

Chapter 2: Literature Review

25
Theoretical Foundations 27
Review of the Literature 29
Theme 1 31
Theme 2 32
Summary 36
Chapter 3: Methodology 40
Statement of the Problem 41
Clinical Question 42
Project Methodology 44
Project Design 46
Population and Sample Selection 48
Instrumentation or Sources of Data 51
Validity 52
Reliability 53
Data Collection Procedures 54
Data Analysis Procedures 56
Potential Bias and Mitigation 59
Ethical Considerations 62
Limitations 64
Summary 66
References 68
Appendix A 70
Appendix B 72

Appendix C

Revised 4/21/2020 by: Dr. Suzette Scheuermann (Please remove this footer)

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Project Comment by Author: Resources to utilize-
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0241909
https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/improving-adherence-in-the-treatment-of-type-2-diabetes
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11991549_Medication_Adherence_in_Elderly_Patients_Receiving_Home_Health_Services_Following_Hospital_Discharge
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/8/1/e015332.full
https://www.jmir.org/2020/8/e17015/
https://twu-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/11274/10723/ADENIRAN-DISSERTATION-2018 ?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

According to __Author (Year)___, diabetes impacts one in ___how many___ Americans. Furthermore, the prevalence of diabetes continues to rise and is projected to increase by ___what percent___ by ___what year___ (CITE). There are two types of diabetes that plague a large proportion of Americans. Type I diabetes is __what___ (CITE). Type II diabetes is __what__ (CITE). There are ways to curtail the onset of Type II diabetes; however, once individuals are diagnosed with diabetes, there is no cure (CITE).

Among individuals with Type II diabetes, proper and effective medication adherence is critical (CITE). According to the World Health Organization (2003), “increasing the effectiveness of adherence interventions may have a far greater impact on the health of the population than any improvements in specific medication treatment.” Furthermore, ___Author (Year)___ stated that more than half of the __American?___ population does not adhere to the prescribed medication regiment, thereby resulting in various health-related challenges. Health-related challenges associated with poor medication adherence include ____what____ (CITE). For individuals with Type II diabetes, lacking medication adherence can mean the difference between life and death (CITE).

Various researchers have denoted the critical role that home healthcare providers play in promoting enhanced medication adherence (Bussell, Cha, Grant, Schwartz, & Young, 2017). Furthermore, the World Health Organization (WHO), as cited by Brown and Bussell (2011), explained that there are five factors that impact medication adherence, which include: (1) patient-related factors, (2) socioeconomic factors, (3) therapy-related factors, (4) condition-related factors, and (5) the health system/health care team-related factors. For the purpose of this project, the project investigator (PI) will explore the role that health care team embers play in enhancing medication adherence among home health care patients. Comment by Author: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5510928/#B1

Criterion Comment by Author: All of the criterion tables must be removed prior to all AQR, IRB, and final submissions.

^ To remove the table, click on the icon noted when the table is clicked on. Right click on this icon and delete table.

Learner Score
(0, 1, 2, or 3)

Chairperson Score
(0, 1, 2, or 3)

Comments or Feedback

Introduction
This section briefly overviews the project focus or practice problem, why this project is worth conducting, and how this project will be completed. (Three or four paragraphs or approximately one page)

A practice improvement project topic is introduced.

Discussion provides an overview of what is contained in the chapter.

This section is written in a way that is well structured, has a logical flow, and uses correct paragraph structure, sentence structure, punctuation, and APA format.

NOTE: Once the document has been approved by your chairperson and your committee and is ready to submit for AQR review, please remove all of these assessment tables from this document.
Score 0 (not present); 1 (unacceptable; needs substantial edits); 2 (present but needs some editing); 3 (publication ready).

Background of the Project

Home-based healthcare has existed since 1909 (Choi et al., 2019). Since its inception, home-based healthcare has been perceived as a more costly method of patient care as compared to expenses associated with hospitalization (CITE). In the early 20th century, home-based healthcare was mainly practiced due to financial disparities, specifically since many individuals were unable to afford hospitalized care. Furthermore, home-based healthcare was also practiced due to medical inaccessibility, which often existed in ___what types of communities____ (Choi et al., 2019).

Present day, home-based healthcare is often selected due to an individual’s personal preferences. There are some situations in which individuals prefer the comforts of their own home as compared to that of a hospital or group home. As older generations continue to age, they often prefer to remain in their home for as long as possible. Given the needs of older generations and the impact of advances in healthcare and technology, home-based healthcare has grown exponentially (CITE). While home-based healthcare is not appropriate for all patients, Szanton et al. (2016) noted that this care option is best when an individual’s condition can be managed without admission to a hospital. Patients who have diabetes and/or hypertension are often recipients of home-based healthcare (CITE).

Home healthcare providers often visit patients ___how many times per week___ and engage in __which of the following activities___. During patient visits, home healthcare providers are responsible for ___what tasks___ (CITE). One of the paramount functions of home healthcare providers is to ensure that patients are adhering to their medication regiment (CITE). According to Author (Year), medication adherence is predicated on medication understanding and education, which should be conveyed by home healthcare providers (CITE).

Adhering to diabetes medication regiment requirements can be complex. In fact, in a study by ___whom (year)___, the researchers noted that ___what percent___ of diabetic patients did not properly monitor their glucose levels nor did they adhere to medication requirements. Dr. Goldbach, who is the Chief Medical Officer for Health Dialogue, stated, “Especially for people with chronic illness that are facing challenges like depression, or transportation, or complexity of medication regimens – that these interpersonal, trusted interactions with a nurse tend to be very effective” (Heath, 2019, para. 8). Patients with diabetes often express difficulties in adhering to medication regimens, thereby reinforcing the critical role of receiving education from home healthcare providers (CITE). Comment by Author: https://patientengagementhit.com/news/patient-education-communication-key-for-medication-adherence

In a study by Author (Year), home healthcare patients expressed that they did not have sufficient knowledge about the requirements associated with diabetes treatment. Often times, diabetic home healthcare patients fail to practice medication adherence, thereby resulting in health complications, which is due to unmanaged health conditions. Through ensuring that diabetic patients have sufficient knowledge of how to properly adhere to medication regimens, health-related issues due to lacking adherence can be prevented (Neupane et al., 2017). Comment by Author: This statement is incorrect. How does home correctly rendered home based care increase mortality and morbidity?

Criterion

Learner Score (0, 1, 2, or 3)

Chairperson Score (0, 1, 2, or 3)

Comments or Feedback

Background of the Project
The background section explains both the history and the present state of the problem and project focus. This section summarizes the Background section from Chapter 2. (Two or three paragraphs)
I think this is somewhat done, but you’re focusing too much on home healthcare providers and should instead be focusing on their role in patient-related care, specifically in terms of medication adherence.

This section provides an overview of the history of and present state of the problem and project focus.

This section is written in a way that is well structured, has a logical flow, and uses correct paragraph structure, sentence structure, punctuation, and APA format.

Problem Statement Comment by Author: More research-
https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/medication-adherence-interventions_executive
THOUGHTS ABOUT THIS RESOURCE- https://www.hfproviders.org/documents/root/pdf_9a3a46fa03

Comment by Author: Problem statement format update from Revised Strategic Points.

At the selected project site, which is a home healthcare organization located in urban Texas, the stakeholders have cited that medication adherence among diabetic patients is lacking. In fact, according to data attained from the site’s electronic health record (EHR), home healthcare providers have documented that __X%__ of diabetic home health care patients are not adhering to their medication regiment. At the project site, failure to adhere to the prescribed medication regiment has resulted in ___what___ issues. Various researchers have noted the implications associated with lacking adherence to medication regiments, specifically among diabetic patients (CITE), thereby reinforcing the need for this practice improvement project.

According to Author (Year), healthcare providers play a critical role in ensuring medication adherence. While there are many reasons for lacking adherence among patients, for the purpose of this project, the WHO’s (Year) focus on the role of healthcare team members in enhancing medication adherence will be addressed.

This is where you need to include a TON of information about diabetic patients and why they are plagued by this problem (i.e., lacking medication adherence). Focus on your organization.

As previously noted, among diabetic patients, lacking medication inherence at the project site is __X%__. Nationally, in home healthcare settings, lacking adherence to diabetic regiment is __X%__ (CITE). In hopes of improving patient-related outcomes and reducing preventable issues, home healthcare nursing staff members will utilize medication adherence project tools, which were created by Starr and Sacks (2010). The tools utilized in this study, which are from the MAP Toolkit and Training Guide resources (Starr & Sacks, 2010), include: (1) a Questions to Ask Pad, (2) A Questions to Ask Poster, (3) a Medication Adherence Pad, and (4) the My Medications List. Before implementing these tools, the project investigator (PI) will educate home healthcare staff members about how to properly utilize these resources.

During the onset of this project, once home healthcare nursing staff members have attended the educational training session, patients will be educated about the importance of diabetes-related medication adherence. Specifically, nursing staff members will address the items of the Questions to Ask Pad and the Questions to Ask Poster. Then, patients will be asked the question noted on the Medication Adherence Pad, which states, “What gets in the way of taking your diabetes medicines?” To further understand some of the challenges associated with medication adherence, and to answer any additional questions or concerns noted by patients, the nursing staff members will keep detailed notes about rationale for medication non-adherence which is noted by patients. Finally, after providing patient-specific education, home healthcare nursing staff members will ask patients to complete the My Medications List. During every home healthcare meeting, nursing staff members will explore medication adherence concerns and adjust the My Medications List accordingly.

To explore the impact of the intervention, the PI will compare pre-project implementation data, from Month Date, Year to Month Date, Year, to post-project implementation data. Medication adherence data is available through the project site’s EHR. This project will take place over a four-week period from Month Date, Year to Month Date, Year. The ultimate goal of this project is to enhance medication adherence among Type II diabetes patients, through the involvement of home healthcare providers, thereby resulting in enhanced patient related outcomes.

Criterion

Learner Score
(0, 1, 2, or 3)

Chairperson Score
(0, 1, 2, or 3)

Comments or Feedback

Problem Statement
This section includes the problem statement, the population affected, and how the project will contribute to solving the problem. (Two or three paragraphs)

This section states the specific problem for investigation by presenting a clear declarative statement that begins with “It is not known if and to what degree/extent…,” or “It is not known how/why and….”

This section identifies the need for the project.

This section identifies the broad population affected by the problem.

This section suggests how the project may contribute to solving the problem.

This section is written in a way that is well structured, has a logical flow, and uses correct paragraph structure, sentence structure, punctuation, and APA format.

Purpose of the Project

The purpose of this quantitative quasi-experimental project is to determine if or to what degree the implementation of the MAP resources, which will be delivered by home healthcare nursing staff members, will impact medication adherence when compared to current practice among Type II diabetic patients, ages 35 to __#_, in a home healthcare setting in urban Texas. Medication adherence, which is the independent variable explored in this project, will be measured using data attained through the project site’s EHR. The MAP resources, which serve as the dependent variable explored in this project, include the (1) a Questions to Ask Pad, (2) A Questions to Ask Poster, (3) a Medication Adherence Pad, and (4) the My Medications List.

The selected project site, which is located in urban Texas, serves ___how many home healthcare patients___, on average, each month. Of the total number of patients, approximately ___how many__ patients have Type II diabetes. Patients with Type II diabetes, who are between the ages of __#__ and __#__, and are of sound mental status, will be the target population for this project. The goal of the PI is to improve medication adherence among Type II diabetic patients, through the implementation of the MAP resources.

This is where you need to provide 2-3 paragraphs about WHY this project is significant and include relevant in-text citations.

Criterion

Learner Score
(0, 1, 2, or 3)

Chairperson Score (0, 1, 2, or 3)

Comments or Feedback

Purpose of the Project
The purpose statement section provides a reflection of the problem statement and identifies how the project will be accomplished. It explains how the project will contribute to the field. (Two or three paragraphs)

This section presents a declarative statement: “The purpose of this project is….” that identifies the project design, population, variables (quantitative) to be investigated, and geographic location.

This section identifies project method as quantitative and identifies the specific design.

This section describes the specific population group and geographic location for the project.

This section defines the dependent and independent variables, relationship of variables, or comparison of groups (quantitative).

This section explains how the project will contribute to the field.

This section is written in a way that is well structured, has a logical flow, and uses correct paragraph structure, sentence structure, punctuation, and APA format.

Clinical Question(s) Comment by Author: Make sure you customize this. It is either Clinical Question or Clinical Questions depending on whether or not you have more than one.

This project will explore the impact of the MAP resources, which include the (1) a Questions to Ask Pad, (2) A Questions to Ask Poster, (3) a Medication Adherence Pad, and (4) the My Medications List, on improving medication adherence among diabetic patients, ages 35 to __how old___, who are receiving home-based care through the selected project site. The PI will explore how the use of the newly implemented MAP protocol contributes to medication adherence among patients over a four-week period. Pre-project data will be analyzed from ___Month X, 2021___ to ___Month X, 2021___, using the project site’s electronic health record, to determine medication adherence among patients. After the four-week implementation of the newly revised medication adherence protocol, using MAPS, post-project data will be explored.

Prior to the project’s implementation, nursing staff members of the selected project site assessed medication adherence ___how___. Unfortunately, the method of assessing medication adherence differed among nursing staff members. Medication adherence, before the implementation of this project, was documented ___by whom and confirmed how___ using the project site’s electronic health record. Since there was not site-specific patient protocol developed/utilized to encourage medication adherence among patients, this project is necessary to conduct.

At the selected project site, issues associated with nonadherence to medication regimens, among diabetic patients, has been an ongoing problem. In fact, according to __whom___ from the project site, ___what percent___ of diabetic home healthcare patients do not adhere to the medication regimen. Therefore, in hopes of improving medication adherence, which can result in improved patient-related outcomes (e.g., __name some outcomes___), the PI has selected MAP’s resources. Through introducing MAP resources into practice, when home healthcare providers interact with diabetic patients, it is likely that medication adherence will be improved.

The following PICOT question will guide this project: To what degree does the implementation of the newly implemented MAP protocol (i.e., the [1] a Questions to Ask Pad, [2] A Questions to Ask Poster, [3] a Medication Adherence Pad, and [4] the My Medications List) impact medication adherence when compared to no standardized protocol among Type II diabetic patients, ages 35 to __#__, in a home healthcare organization in Texas over four-weeks?

The following clinical questions guide this quantitative project:

Q1: Does using the MAP resources improve medication adherence among patients as compared to no standardized medication adherence protocol?

Criterion

Learner Score
(0, 1, 2, or 3)

Chairperson Score (0, 1, 2, or 3)

Comments or Feedback

Clinical Question(s)
This section narrows the focus of the project and specifies the clinical questions to address the problem statement. Based on the clinical questions, it describes the variables or groups for a quantitative project. (Two or three paragraphs) – You need to identify your variables… Hint: MAPS protocol.

This section states the clinical questions the project will answer, identifies the variables, and predictive statements using the format appropriate for the specific design.

This section includes a discussion of the clinical questions, relating them to the problem statement.- Do you want to add additional clinical questions?

This section is written in a way that is well structured, has a logical flow, and uses correct paragraph structure, sentence structure, punctuation, and APA format.

Advancing Scientific Knowledge

This quality improvement project seeks to enhance medication adherence among diabetic home healthcare patients through the use of the MAP resources. As previously noted, at the selected project site, medication adherence among home healthcare patients is lacking. In fact, according to __whom__, of all home healthcare patients, diabetes patients of the project site have the highest rates of medication nonadherence. According to information gathered from the home healthcare’s electronic health record, from ___Year__ to __Year___, ___% of diabetic patients did not adhere to their prescribed medication regimen. Issues associated with lacking medication adherence/nonadherence include ___what___ (CITE).

Various researchers have noted the critical role that patients and providers play in medication adherence. In fact, according to ___whom___, patients often do not adhere to their medication regimens because ___what reasons___. To enhance medication adherence, providers can provide education about the critical nature of adherence, can offer information about issues associated with nonadherence, can assist patients in overcoming noted medication concerns, and more. For the purpose of this project, the aforementioned provider-specific medication adherence support will be provided using (1) a Questions to Ask Pad, (2) A Questions to Ask Poster, (3) a Medication Adherence Pad, which all comprise aspects of the MAP protocol.

In addition to the important role that nursing staff members play in terms of a patient’s medication adherence, patients also need to be committed to ensuring they are complying with their medication regimen. Lacking adherence to the prescribed medication regimen, by diabetic patients, can result in ___what issues___ (CITE). At the selected project site, issues associated with lacking diabetes medication adherence have resulted in ___what negative patient-related outcomes___. Through providing patients with resources and support related to medication adherence, through the three MAP resources, and by empowering patients to keep track of their medication regimen, patient adherence can improve. To empower patients to enhance their medication adherence, the My Medications List, which is available through MAP, will be utilized.

In addition to project site-specific medication adherence issues, various researchers have noted that medication adherence among diabetic patients is lacking a great deal. In fact, in a study conducted by ___whom___, medication adherence among diabetic patients was ___what %___. Furthermore, ___Author (Year)___ noted that medication adherence, despite the implementation of ___what initiative___ only improved by __what %___. Various researchers have cited the benefits associated with patient-provider engagement and collaboration in improving medication adherence. Therefore, to answer a call by researchers (CITE SOME) to improve medication adherence among diabetic patients, the MAP protocol will be used. Ultimately, through improving medication adherence among diabetic patients, of the selected project site, using the MAP protocol, it is likely that a sitewide protocol can be utilized to enhance medication adherence among all patients. Although the project targets diabetes patients, the findings might provide insight about how to improve medication adherence among other home-based care populations (i.e., those with hypertension, heart disease, etc.).

Criterion

Learner Score
(0, 1, 2, or 3)

Chairperson Score
(0, 1, 2, or 3)

Comments or Feedback

Advancing Scientific Knowledge
This section specifically describes how the project will advance population health outcomes on the topic. It can be a small step forward in a line of current project, but it must add to the current body of knowledge in the literature. It identifies the gap or need based on the current literature and discusses how the project will address that gap or need. This section summarizes the Theoretical Foundations section from Chapter 2. (Two or three paragraphs)

This section clearly identifies the gap or need in the literature that was used to define the problem statement and develop the clinical questions.

This section describes how the project will address the gap or identified need in the literature.

This section identifies the theory or model upon which the project is built.

This section describes how the project will advance the theory or model upon which the project is built. – What theory are you using? This is not addressed. You need to identify a theory.

This section is written in a way that is well structured, has a logical flow, and uses correct paragraph structure, sentence structure, punctuation, and APA format.

Significance of the Project

The rise in chronic diseases has resulted in the need for more patient care options (CITE). Lately, to meet the unique needs of various population groups, home-based care has gained popularity. Individuals who qualify for home-based care options must meet ___what criteria___. When individuals/patients receiving home-based care fail to adhere to the care requirements set forth, negative outcomes can ensue (CITE).

Medication adherence among home-based healthcare patients is of the upmost importance (CITE). In fact, in a study conducted by __Whom___, medication adherence among home healthcare patients was lacking a great deal. Due to lacking medication adherence/nonadherence, home healthcare patients experienced ___what adverse health-related outcomes___, thereby, at points, resulting in discontinuation of home-based healthcare.

Through empowering healthcare providers to adequately address medication questions and patient concerns and by ensuring the patients keep track of their medication regiment, it is likely that medication adherence can improve, thereby resulting in a reduction in adverse events. According to a study by ___Author (Year)___, when the MAP resources were utilized, adherence to medication increased by ___%. The findings noted by Author (Year), reinforce the beneficial nature of implementing the MAP resources, as this can improve the quality of patient care received.

You might want to do a paragraph about caring for diabetes patients and the expenses associated with lacking medication adherence among diabetic patients.

Criterion

Learner Score
(0, 1, 2, or 3)

Chairperson Score
(0, 1, 2, or 3)

Significance of the Project
This section identifies and describes the significance of the project and the implications of the potential results based on the clinical questions and problem statement. It describes how the project fits within and will contribute to the current literature or the clinical site practice. It describes potential practical applications from the project. (Three or four paragraphs)

This section provides overview of how the project fits within other current literature in the field, relating it specifically to other studies.

This section describes how addressing the problem will impact and add value to the population, community, or society.

This section is written in a way that is well structured, has a logical flow, and uses correct paragraph structure, sentence structure, punctuation, and APA format.

Rationale for Methodology

To answer the PICOT question, the PI will utilize a quantitative methodology. Specifically, the PI will examine if implementing the MAP resources will improve medication adherence over a four-week period as compared to a four-week period before, when no medication adherence protocol was utilized. Medication adherence data, at the selected project site, is available through the site’s electronic health record. When homecare providers meet with patients, they attain information about medication adherence. Before the implementation of this project, there was not universal, site-specific protocol used by providers to encourage medication adherence among patients. Therefore, when meeting with patients, healthcare providers only asked, “Are you taking your medications?” Based upon the response of the patient, the healthcare provider updated the patient’s chart, in the EHR, accordingly.

During the implementation of this project, healthcare providers will begin by addressing patient-specific questions through the use of three MAP resources: a Questions to Ask Pad, (2) A Questions to Ask Poster, and (3) a Medication Adherence Pad. Any patient-specific concerns regarding medication, medication accessibility, etc. will be addressed. These concerns will also be documented by nursing staff members in the patient’s paper-based files and electronic chart. After the patient’s questions and concerns are addressed, the MAP resource entitled the “My Medications List” will be presented to patients. The healthcare provider will explain the My Medications List and determine an appropriate medication timeline for patients to adhere to, which should encourage medication adherence. During each subsequent visit, with the patient, over the four-week period, the healthcare provider will ask patients if they have additional questions about their medication(s) or prescribed regimen. Then, providers will ask if patients are adhering to their “My Medications List” requirements.

Pre-project data and post-project data, following the four-week implementation period of this project, will be analyzed. Specifically, the PI will report the impact of the newly implemented protocol on improving medication adherence among diabetes patients through comparing adherence rates from the month during which the project took place to adherence rates, each month, during 2020 and 2021.

A quantitative methodology is appropriate for this project, as numerical data regarding adherence will be analyzed. According to Creswell and Creswell (2017), a quantitative methodology is best suited for projects that require data in numerical form. Quantitative research is presented using charts and graphs. These charts and graphs will allow readers to compare medication adherence rates pre-project implementation and post-project implementation.

Criterion

Learner Score
(0, 1, 2, or 3)

Chairperson Score (0, 1, 2, or 3)

Comments or Feedback

Rationale for Methodology
This section clearly justifies the methodology the investigator plans to use for conducting the project. It argues how the methodological framework is the best approach to answer the clinical questions and address the problem statement. It uses citations from textbooks and articles on DPI project methodology or articles on related studies. (Two or three paragraphs) – This is what you need to further develop. What similar studies about medication adherence have used a quantitative approach? Explain these studies.

This section identifies the specific project method for the project.

This section justifies the method to be used for the project by discussing why it is the best approach for answering the clinical question and addressing the problem statement. – Addressed.

This section uses citations from textbooks or literature on the DPI project methodology to justify the use of the selected methodology.- Somewhat addressed, but needs more details.

This section is written in a way that is well structured, has a logical flow, and uses correct paragraph structure, sentence structure, punctuation, and APA format.

Nature of the Project Design

A quantitative methodology, which employs a quasi-experimental design, will be used for this project. Quasi-experimental designs are used to compare data before and after the implementation of an initiative/intervention. According to Chiang (2015), “In a pretest-posttest design, the dependent variable is measured once before the treatment is implemented and once after it is implemented” (Chapter 7, para. 6). Often times, quasi-experimental designs are carried out when research occurs in a controlled environment. While this project will not take place in a controlled environment, a quasi-experimental design was selected since this design is more cost-effective than an experimental project design (CITE). Furthermore, since data pre-project implementation and post-project implementation needs to be collected and analyzed to explore the impact of the intervention, a quasi-experimental design is most appropriate. Comment by Author: Citation?

Pre-intervention data that will be attained for this project is available through the project site’s EHR. Specifically, each time that a home healthcare provider engages with patients, the provider asks a variety of questions related to the patient’s health. Examples of questions explored include: (1) ______, (2) _____, (3) _____, and (4)______. Medication adherence is an important topic of exploration. Any information attained about a patient’s medication adherence/nonadherence is documented by the home healthcare provider and is entered into the project site’s EHR. Therefore, pre-project data regarding medication adherence is already available in the EHR. Medication adherence questions are not always asked by healthcare providers, since an organization-wide policy does not exist.

The home healthcare organization, which will serve as the project site, is located in Texas. Patients of the home healthcare organization range in age from __what__ to __what___. Patients have a variety of health-related diagnoses; however, for the purpose of this project, only patients with diabetes will be included in the sample. According to recent data, attained from the project’s site electronic health record, on ___what date___, of the ___how many patients___ who are receiving home healthcare through the project site, ___how many patients have diabetes____. Of the patients with diabetes, ___how many___ are eligible to participate in this project. Patients who are eligible to participate in this project are between the ages of 35 to _#_, do not have a mental impairment (e.g., ___name some___) that would prevent them from understanding the nature of the project or engagement requirements, and have been diagnosed with Type II diabetes. While ___how many patients___ are eligible to participate, according to data attained from the project site’s EHR on __what date___, this data does not reflect the patient census at the time of the project.

Criterion

Learner Score
(0, 1, 2, or 3)

Chairperson Score (0, 1, 2, or 3)

Comments or Feedback

Nature of the Project
This section describes the specific project design to answer the clinical questions and why this approach was selected. It describes the project sample as well as the process that will be used to collect the data on the sample. – Done.

This section describes the selected design for the project. – Done.

This section discusses why the selected design is the best design to address the problem statement and clinical questions as compared to other designs.- I think this is good.

This section briefly describes the specific sample and the data collection procedure to collect information on the sample. Briefly describes how the design supports the intervention and solution to the practice problem.

This section is written in a way that is well structured, has a logical flow, and uses correct paragraph structure, sentence structure, punctuation, and APA format.

Definition of Terms

The following terms were used operationally in this project:

Diabetes. For the purpose of this study, Type II diabetes is the topic of exploration. While there are two types of diabetes (Type I and Type II), unless otherwise specified, the term diabetes references Type II diabetes. Diabetes references a medical condition that is characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood. Once diagnosed with Type II diabetes, patients can manage their diagnosis with medication/insulin (CITE).

Home-based healthcare. The term home-based healthcare or home healthcare references the medical care that is provided to patients in the comfort of the patient’s home (CITE). Home-based healthcare services differ depending on a patient’s needs, diagnosis, and other factors.

Medication adherence. The term medication adherence references the extent to which a patient, caregiver, or home nurse follows the recommended guidelines on managing a medical condition (CITE). For the purpose of this project, medication adherence among patients is being examined.

Term.
Write the definition of the word. This is considered a Level 3 heading. Make sure the definition is properly cited (Author, 2010). Comment by Author: This is how each of your terms should be listed in this section. Comment by Author: You MIGHT want to add some information about pre and post intervention data.

Criterion

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Definitions of Terms
This section defines the project constructs and provides a common understanding of the technical terms, exclusive jargon, variables, phenomena, concepts, and sundry terminology used within the scope of the project. Terms are defined in lay terms and in the context in which they are used within the project. (Each definition may be a few sentences to a paragraph in length.)

This section Defines any words that may be unknown to a lay person (words with unusual or ambiguous means or technical terms) from the evidence or literature. – I started and edited this for you.

This section defines the variables for a quantitative project. – You need to add this information.

Definitions are supported with citations from scholarly sources. – Insert citations, as noted, where I write (CITE).

This section is written in a way that is well structured, has a logical flow, and uses correct paragraph structure, sentence structure, punctuation, and APA format.

Assumptions, Limitations, Delimitations

As with all practice improvement projects, there are assumptions, limitations, and delimitations that must be addressed. For the purpose of this project, the PI assumes that medical non-adherence among diabetes patients is caused by lacking knowledge, inaccessibility to resources, etc., which will be analyzed using the MAP resources. As noted by ___whom___, through further understanding the needs, concerns, and experiences of patients, health care providers can foster stronger patient-provider relationships, thereby enhancing communication and dialogue, which ultimately improves patient-related outcomes. Additionally, the PI assumes that after engaging in dialogue with patients and thoroughly addressing their concerns, that medication-related barriers will be minimized. Furthermore, in alignment with the literature, the PI assumes that medication adherence will improve when patients are provided with a detailed schedule, which is patient-drive and provider-supported, using the MAP resource entitled the “My Medications List.”

This project is limited because patients are responsible for self-reporting their medication adherence. While the PI assumes that patients will be honest about medication adherence, or lack thereof, there is no way to confirm medication adherence among patients. In addition to self-reporting limitations, the PI is also limited by the fact that COVID-19 is impacting healthcare organizations. Therefore, since COVID-19 guidelines change, fairly regularly, due to new literature and findings, impacts to the home healthcare delivery model may occur. Additionally, this project is limited to an urban location. Therefore, patients who are in rural areas, who may have different needs or challenges, will not be involved in this project. Finally, this project is limited to a four-week data collection period, during which the intervention will take place. Given the complexities, at points, which are associated with behavior modification (CITE), it is possible that the optimal level of medication adherence might not be achieved by all patients.

Project delimitations also exist. This project is delimited in the sense that only patients with diabetes, ages 35 to __#__, will be included as participants. Since the main focus of this project is to explore medication adherence among diabetes patients, which is a concern at the project site, the PI has delimited this project to only diabetes patients. Furthermore, as noted previously, this project is only being conducted in one urban area, which is located in the southeastern region of the United States, thereby impacting the generalizability of any findings.

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Assumptions, Limitations and Delimitations
This section identifies the assumptions and specifies the limitations, as well as the delimitations, of the project. (3-4 paragraphs)

This section states the assumptions being accepted for the project (methodological, theoretical, and topic-specific).

This section provides rationale for each assumption, incorporating multiple perspectives, when appropriate.

This section identifies limitations and delimitations of the project design.

This section is written in a way that is well structured, has a logical flow, and uses correct paragraph structure, sentence structure, punctuation, and APA format.

Summary

and Organization of the Remainder of the Project

Chapter 1 provided detailed support for utilizing the MAP resources to aid in improving medication adherence among diabetic patients of the project site. A quantitative, quasi-experimental design will be utilized to explore the impact of the MAP intervention on improving medication adherence among Type II diabetes patients of the selected project site. The project site has a history of lacking medication adherence among diabetic patients, which is due to a multitude of factors (e.g., name some). Through utilizing the MAP resources, which foster communication among home healthcare providers and patients, and equipping patients to use the “My Medications List,” it is likely that medication adherence will improve.

This project will be carried out over a four-week period. To analyze the impact of the intervention, pre- and post-project data will be attained, by the PI, from the project site’s electronic health record. Data will be analyzed by the PI, with the support of a statistician, through using SPSS. No patient-related data will be attained. There are various benefits associated with this intervention, which impact individuals (patients and providers), groups (family members and communities), and society as a whole.

Chapter 2 provides a detailed summary of the literature collected that is related to the project’s PICOT question. Information about the theoretical framework will be detailed. Furthermore, Chapter 2 is broken down into ___how many___ sections, which highlight information about ___what___ that was attained from ___year___ to ___year___. The information presented in Chapter 2 provides readers with further topic-related knowledge, which has been published in peer-reviewed journals.

Chapter 3 presents research methodology details, which will be employed by the PI. The information presented in Chapter 3 includes information about the selected research detail, the target population, and the sample size. Furthermore, data collection tools (specifically the MAP resources) and data analysis procedures will be discussed. The reliability and validity of the project instruments will be detailed. Furthermore, ethical considerations for collecting data will be addressed.

Chapter 4 will present research findings, which will be analyzed using statistical methods. Results regarding the descriptive and inferential data analyses will be offered. Furthermore, a brief discussion of project-related findings will be provided. Information in Chapter 4 will be presented using graphics and tables. Chapter 5 will present conclusions and recommendations drawn from the project’s results. The impact of the findings, in terms of practical and theoretical knowledge will be offered.

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Organization of the Remainder of the Project
This section summarizes the key points of Chapter 1 and provides supporting citations for those key points. It then provides a transition discussion to Chapter 2, followed by a description of the remaining chapters.

This section summarizes key points presented in Chapter 1.

This section provides citations to support key points.

Chapter 1 summary ends with transition discussion to Chapter 2.

This section is written in a way that is well structured, has a logical flow, and uses correct paragraph structure, sentence structure, punctuation, and APA format.

Chapter 2: Literature Review Comment by Author: This section should be a minimum of 20-25 pages.

Diabetes is a medical condition that is characterized by high sugar levels in the blood. It can be managed with drugs and insulin. Blood sugar serves as the major producer of energy in the body. Any condition interfering with blood sugar levels and mechanisms would bring about disruptions to the normal body activities. Optimal diabetes control usually needs patient associated engagement in various types of self-care associated activities, including the adherence of patients to the identified medication associated regimens along with adjustments to various lifestyle associated modifications and even the monitoring of the blood glucose associated levels (Jajarmi et al., 2019).

Since diabetes is a lifestyle disease, it can be easily prevented and avoided by making lifestyle changes. Managing the disease can also be made easier by making lifestyle changes as well as adhering to medication. This is important since it will help in avoiding of many challenges and complications that may arise from diabetes. one of the most problematic issues associated with home care for the patients suffering from Diabetes is Adherence to medications. According to Bonney (2016), patients usually take their identified medication as is prescribed solely 50% of the time. This along with the reluctance to be involved in the sharing of the details associated with medication taking behavior have been identified as less than optimal by healthcare providers. This project hopes to shed light on medication adherence and how it affects the quality of home-based care in diabetes patients. It hopes to understand the role of educating patients on medication adherence in improving their adherence to medication and also understand the impact of improved adherence on the patients.

Chapter 2 provides both a theoretical and empirical framework through which the medication taking behaviors of diabetes patients undergoing home-based healthcare is investigated. The chapter is divided into theoretical and empirical sections. The theoretical section reviews two theories namely attachment theory and social cognitive behavior theory. In the empirical section, literature from previous studies and projects is reviewed and study gaps are identified in them which differentiate the reviewed projects from this project. The DPI project utilized databases as well as literature sources which have been systemically searched for the identified systematic reviews that report various aspects associated with diabetic adherence. A total of eighteen18 systematic reviews were realized as well as utilized in the advancement of the DPI conceptual framework. In overall, there was a total of six key sub-themes and many other subthemes for the project and that emerged which are all focused on thoroughly to enhance the comprehension of the DPI. Each of these key sub themes are discussed comprehensively along with in in-depth study. Most of the identified interactions were considered to be within the patient associated elements which usually not only interact with other kinds of theses but are also within the same theme. Comment by Author: I gave you feedback on this previously, you can not only have systematic reviews in your literature review. You need to revisit this Comment by Author: The writing is unclear here and needs editing for grammar and flow

Theoretical Foundations

According to Liu and Butler (2017), medication adherence is considered to be the largest challenge that healthcare workers and patients are facing in their daily lives. It is often considered to be a critical issue, which usually deserves higher level of attention. Inspiration along with the act of supporting patients to take their identified medications as prescribed can be a great issue. The Direct Practice Improvement (DPI) project utilizes two key theories to explain the relationship between medical non-adherence to patients and how medical adherence can be enhanced among the diabetic patients through improved interventions. Comment by Author: The writing here needs editing for flow and clarity

Attachment theory. The first theory is the attachment theory. This is defined as being a psychological, evolutionary, and ethological associated theory in relation to the aspects of relationships between individuals. This is a famous theory that had been used in the healthcare practices for a long time thus will be a suitable framework to be used in this case that entails creating the best interventions made for enhancing medical adherence with the diabetic patients.

The most vital tenet concerning the attachment theory is usually considered to be that young children usually need to advance a relationship with at least a single primary caregiver for the identified normal social and emotional advancement. The theory was designed by the prominent psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby. Within this theory, the term attachment is usually utilized to refer to an affection bond or tie that is between a person and their attachment figure who in this case is usually considered to be the caregiver (Liu & Butler, 2017).

Some types of bonds may be considered to be reciprocal such as those occurring between two adults, however, the bond between a child and a caregiver are usually on the basis of the need of the child for safety, security and even protection. This is usually considered to be essential in both infancy and childhood phases of life. This given theory usually proposes that children are involved in the creation of attachment to their careers instinctively for the key associated purpose regarding survival along with the untimely as well as genetic replication.

The biological purpose for the use of this theory is the facilitation of survival while the psychological aim about the theory is to offer security thus making it a suitable theory to use. Attachment theory is considered to not be an exhaustive description associated with human relationships nor is it considered to be synonymous with love or affection, however these can be utilized in indication of the fact that bonds still exist. In the child to adult types of relationships, the child is usually referred to as the attachment while the caregiver is usually defined as being the reciprocal equivalent who in this case is called to be the care giving bond (Hunter & Maunder, 2016).

The modern attachment theory is usually focused on three key principles which entail bonding as an intrinsic human need along with regulation associated with emotion as well as fear to improve vitality and in the promotion of addictiveness along with development. Common attachment behaviors as well as emotions are usually displayed in most of the social primates including humans and are considered to be adaptive. The long-term associated evolution possessed by these types of species usually involves selection for the identified social behaviors which enable people and group survival more likely.

The commonly observed types of attachment behavior in toddlers staying near the familiar individuals are based on safety advantages in the identified environment both in early adaptation and our current world. Bowlby perceived the identified environment associated with the early adaptation as being the same to the current and also similar to the hunter-gatherer communities. There is a survival advantage in the identified capacity to effectively sense possibly dangerous conditions like the issue of unfamiliarity, loneliness, and rapid approach. In the identified internal models is entailed the regulation, interpretation and the prediction of attachment associated behavior in the identified self and the attachment figure.

The advancement of attachment is considered to be a transactional process. Particular attachment associated behavior usually starts with the predictable apparently innate behaviors in the infancy stage of life. They usually alter with age in various ways that are usually determined partly by the identified experience as well as partly by the various sit-upon elements. As the various attachments get altered throughout life, they do so in techniques that are shaped by the identified relationships.

In accordance with Hunter and Maunder (2016), there are two key reasons why the attachment theory is considered as being effective to be utilized in the following DPI. First and foremost, the theory acts as a solid foundation for the enhanced comprehension regarding the identified development of ineffective coping techniques as well as the underlying dynamics associated with the emotional difficulties of the person. Clinicians can help those people that have attachment anxiety and avoidance in the comprehension of the manner in which previous experiences with their caregivers or their significant others have helped in shaping their identified coping patterns to their various experiences of distress.

Secondly, the clinicians can help the people who have attachment anxiety and avoidance to find the best alternative way to meet their various needs. Most of the individuals who usually seek help want to learn the way in which they can employ different strategies for coping with the various dysfunction in their daily lives along with effectively modifying their various dysfunctional or even inappropriate coping techniques. This is an essential aspect since the caregivers need to form attachment first before delivering the advice and interventions to the diabetic patients on how they can adhere to their medications. It is important to note that for effective outcomes to be realized in these diabetic patients, there is the need to ensure that all the basic needs of the patients are effectively met as well as other types of strategies that are considered effective for changing the individual maladaptive techniques used in conjunction with the theory (Hunter & Maunder, 2016).

Social cognitive theory (SCT). The other vital theory that can be utilized in the facilitation of the DPI project is the social cognitive theory. Social cognitive theory is a famous theory that is usually utilized in the explanation of the manner in which human behavior is associated with dynamic, reciprocal, and progressive types of interaction that exist between the person and the given surrounding (Bosworth, 2015). The common types of theoretical basis associated with the cognitive theory is considered to be learning since it usually posits that the identified human behavior is effectively learned. Therefore, the SCT is famous because it often proposes that identified behavior aspects are an outcome of the cognitive processes which individuals usually develop via the social acquisition associated with knowledge.

According to Bosworth (2015), the theory usually bases its focus on the identified concept regarding behavioral capability which usually states that prior to any individual acting in a certain situation, the individual needs to have knowledge on what they need to do and the manner in which they need to do it. Bandura’s (YEAR) conceptual model regarding the reciprocal associated determinism is often utilized in addressing all the personal determinants associated with health. Bandura postulated that an identified person or individual is engaged in a cognitive, vicarious, self-reflective, and even a self-regulatory process to attain a given goal. He went further to state that individuals usually effect alterations in themselves via their identified actions in anticipatory and proactive ways through the exercising of control over their given behavior via their well thought types of procedures and even motivations (Bosworth, 2015).

Bandura (Year) asserted that without having any kind of aspirations individuals usually course through life unmotivated and uncertain regarding their specific capabilities. Nonetheless, he also stated that people who take part in health promoting behavior have self-belief which enables them to fully take part in control over their thoughts, feelings, and actions. Therefore, the individuals who usually take part in self-control associated with health associated habits is involved in the reduction of key health associated risks leading to healthier and highly productive lives (Bosworth, 2015). In accordance with Bandura, although the prominent SCT usually acknowledge that the associated knowledge regarding the health associated risks along with the given benefits associated with treatment are considered to be necessary in the performance of health associated behaviors, this is in itself not adequate. Comment by Author: This reads award, please edit

Self-influences are regarded as necessary in the attainment or the various alterations which will lead to the desired health associated outcomes in the identified patients. This concept is usually referred to as self-efficacy. The two types of cognitive processes which are involved in influencing behavior in the identified SCT are usually referred to as the self-efficacy and outcome expectations (Bosworth, 2015)

In accordance with Hadler (2020), the social cognitive theory is considered to be essential during healthcare workers’ counseling regarding various patients that have chronic medical illnesses like HIV and even diabetes. It can be utilized in the offering of help to the given patients in the learning of the vital information associated with HIV and AIDS as well as the related health issues like adherence. Support groups for people who have this could also utilize this social cognitive associated theory along with various behavioral techniques to effectively empower patients to effectively negotiate the various issues that are around medication adherence along with the establishment of effective supportive types of relationship which are efficient in strengthening the ability of the patient to stick to medication plans.

All these are associated with improved adherence as well as effective clinical results. Issues that are around the disclosure associated with the underlying conditions that some patients are subjected to are considered to be skills which could be effectively taught in the identified support groups and which could cause improved medication adherence. The reason why these two theoretical frameworks are used in this situation of diabetic patients who do not adhere to medications is because special intervention is needed to convince diabetic patients to adhere to medications and this will be installed in them as knowledge for behavioral change that will influence a positive change that will cause the patients to adhere to their medications.

Review of the Literature

Medication adherence is considered to be the largest challenge that the healthcare workers as well as their patients are facing in their daily lives. It is often considered to be a critical issue which usually deserves higher level of attention. Inspiration along with the act of supporting of patients to take their identified medications as has been prescribed can be a great issue. The cognitive associated perspective on the identified health associated behavior is usually on the identified assumption that our thoughts along with beliefs usual influence our personal emotions and behavior.

It is important to note that the key focus of people working in the healthcare facility with diabetic patients, consider them as critical patients in the manner in which the identified patients are entailed in the conceptualization of the different health associated threats along with is involved in the appraisal or the elements which are involved in facilitating adherence or even serving as barriers to effective treatment of people.

Although adherence to antiretroviral therapy is considered a predictor of effective clinical associated outcomes among diabetic patients, it is a crucial challenge, and strict adherence is usually considered not to be usual

Medication adherence
.
This refers to the art of taking medication as prescribed by healthcare practitioners. This is done in most cases by people in the hospital, and these are health care practitioners. This is through giving prescriptions as they are supposed to. For home-based diabetic patients, they might be missing the opportunity to have a physical person monitoring their recovery process. For those that are home-based, the process is done by those present in that very time. However, their adherence and track of the body changes can play a significant role (Ahmed et al., 2018). Comment by Author: Please see DPI template for appropriate formatting of your headings and subheadings i.e differentiating between themes and subthemes Comment by Author: The writing here is not clear, please edit

Enhancing medication adherence. To handle the issue of medication adherence among the diabetic patients who have had an issue with the adherence to medication needs to come up with a variety of strategies that have been attained from scholarly reviews as well as journals for purposes of well researched data on the concept. Appropriate types of medications are usually considered to be the identified cornerstone regarding the prevention as well as disease treatment yet according to numerous research carried out, there is solely about half of the individual patients who adhere the instructions of their prescribed medication (Bosworth, 2015). This usually causes a common as well as a costly public health associated challenge especially for the healthcare system in the US.

Since the aspect and issue of inappropriate as well as inefficient medication adherence is considered to be a complex change with a variety of contributing causes, there is no universal solution (Rodriguez, 2019). The following theme breaks down into three subcategories which form the basis of the sub-themes associated with this theme. The sub-themes are used to offer comprehensive analysis of all the vital types of interventions which are considered to be effective at enhancing medication Adherence among the diabetic patients but were also considered to be potentially scalable that is they are easy to implement in any given scenario in even large population (Bosworth, 2015). Key traits that make these interventions effective are discussed throughout the DPI. The information offered under each sub-theme is vital in enhancing proven as well as low rescue and even the cost-effective solutions to enhance Medication Adherence.

Strengthening the Relationships with Patients

Patients usually put into consideration their identified HCPs the major along with most dependent source of data regarding their health associated condition along with the treatment, and they are usually considered to be highly likely to effectively follow the treatment types of plan when they are involved in having good relationship with their HCP due to confidence and trust that has been built over time. Relationship building in healthcare is considered to be a vital aspect in the day to day lives of healthcare practitioners due to the nature of their job which necessitates that they all maintain long term relationship with their patients for enhanced medication as well as treatment outcomes (Heston, 2018).

Trust is usually developed throughout time with the same types of HCP in any kind of mutual relationship between them and the identified specific patients. The patients in these cases usually consider that their identified HCP possesses the highest level of competence along with actually cares about their identified health. Mistrust usury develops when the given patients attain unrealistic as well as inconsiderate and even insensitive advice from their identified HCPs as well as feel some kind of emotional distance from them.

Medication Nutrition Education Therapy

Appropriate nourishment assumes a vital function in infection counteraction and treatment. Numerous patients comprehend this connection and seek doctors for direction, diet, and diligent work. Nonetheless, real doctor practice is regularly deficient, intending to the nourishment parts of infections, for example, malignancy, adiposity, and diabetes. Doctors do not feel significant, specific, or sufficiently set up to give nourishment guiding, which might be identified with problematic information on fundamental sustenance science realities and comprehension of potential sustenance intercessions. Truly, nourishment training has been underrepresented at numerous clinical schools and residency programs.

This usually makes it hard for the desired coordination as well as level of friendship that is needed for the effective as appropriate manage the issue of diabetes to be attained. When the caregivers are considered to be not friendly as well as not welcoming, it becomes hard to convince the patients on taking their medicine, yet they have a negative perception and attitude towards their care giver (In Mahmoud, 2019). The identified patients who are usually engaged in some meaningful types of partnerships are usually considered to be highly receptive to the various messages that have been delivered by their identified health care associated team.

As an outcome, the given patients usually tend to be in possession of some kind of anti-ballistic perceptions regarding the identified severity of the disease along with the benefits that come with the treatment of the disease and how medical adherence can attend to enhanced efficiency along with results in the healthcare work with the diabetic patients. Therefore, in this case, the factors that are entailed in impacting medication adherence are referred to as the severity of the diabetes illness along with the advantages associated with the treatment.

It is a vital theme which helps in understanding that the different types of patients that have close relationship with their caregivers are associated with high likelihood of following medications prescribed to them (Sherman & Bednash, 2015). Any patient who is considered to be engaged in an identified partnership or even relationship with the caregiver is usually considered to be highly likely to be entailed in disclosing their various clues which helps the identified HCPs in the employment of numerous personalized models to offering support to medication adherence efforts. Attaining a careful comprehension is considered essential in the comprehension or the needs of patients via appropriate patient- provider types of Communication which are vital in the employment of the practical approaches to enhancing medication adherence as has been suggested throughout this DPI.

Importance of Adhering to Medication Regimen

An estimated American adult of about 35% is considered to possess basic as well as the below-basic health associated literacy. This has been recognized globally and is associated with causing their incapability to read as well as write and understand any kind of message that is indicated on the prescribed medicines or the treatment sheets. Health literacy had been considered to be a vital aspect in the receiving of any kind of services. First and for foremost, it helps in helping the identified diabetic patients to not miss out on any fine detail needed for them to put into consideration and has not been written carefully thus can seek clarification on such aspects unlike if one cannot read not clarify on anything. Literacy is the ability to read as well as be able to understand the different aspects that people highlighted them to them (Glanz& Viswanath, 2015).

For these same reasons, the world practitioners have been involved in the coming up with different strategies that can be used in the reduction of health literacy levels among taunts that have diabetes. It is vital to put this theme into consideration and should be a first priority since it is what makes the basis along with the foundation of having long term sustained profitability rates as they will be able to explain themselves to the identified people that will help them in making sure that they adhere to all their given medication.

It is always vital to adopt the universally implemented as well as published precautions that are made against the identified medication non-adherence as well as the low health associated literacy. This is famous for its nature of purpose. It is always utilized to offer effective encouragement of the various identified HCPs to carry out an assumption that the given patients are not being involved in taking their identified medications as they are prescribed to. Prescriptions need to be taken seriously for them to offer exceptional results and for the continued well-being for the patients who have critical illnesses like Diabetes.

The use of simple language by HCPs as well as medication manufacturers is another vital way, they can be utilized to help in teaching back types of techniques. These methods have been utilized in the enhancement of adherence among many types of non-adherence medication patients. Most of the times people opt to not take their medication as they cannot read all the instructions written on the medicine and are afraid that they will die especially in the cases that they mistake those drugs for poison or some drug that may look like a famous poison causing deash. This is a key issue that has left most of the people victims of non-adherence (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2018).

Reading instructions and making a patient understand what is written in a medicine bottle or package should never be taken for granted as it is key for determining the manner in which patients will effectively or ineffectively adhere to the given drugs for treatment and disease control purposes. So that the identified medical practitioner can be aware and sure that what they have explained to the patients has been delivered safely as well as appropriately, there is the need for them to do a verification test. The patients as well as their identified support individuals need to be effectively asked to offer an explanation in their own words what they have understood from everything the practitioner have told them regarding their health along with drug management and intake. This teaching back method is vital in offering additional data on the key topic of interest thus should be used often.

Concerns associated with the issues of side effects can be considered to be challenges to the aspect of medication associated regimen adherence especially when the given advantages associated with taking the identified medication are not properly along with effectively comprehended. To minimize the identified potential associated concerns that are associated with the side effects of drugs since this can be identified as one of the reasons why these patients may opt to not adhere to the medications in fear that they will experience the side effects and be greatly inconvenienced, there is the need for HCPs to offer the relevant data regarding the common types of side effects when they are entailed in the prescription process.

There have been issues of people and patients dying or experiencing very negative and disturbing side effects when it comes to them taking the desired drugs by their doctors. These cases have always been used as forms of examples to explain the reason why people have been reluctant to take the medications for prolonged periods. For most of the critical illnesses, the medication is usually made to be taken for a long time for increased efficiency. This has caused many to withdraw from the medication due to the prolonged side effect issues that is associated with it (Institute of Medicine [IOM], 2016).

For instance, when offering a prescription or the metformin, there is the need to inform patients that are suffering from diarrhea during their time of prescription to anticipate that the loose bowel issues will be over in about a week if the drug is continued to enable the adherence of the drug. It is also vital to offer brief expansions due to the issue of time limitations along with engaging other members regarding the health care associated team in the provision of more additional education can be essential. This can be in the form of printed handouts as well as websites and in the use of teaching module which should be readily available for use with the identified patients.

In summary, the level of medication illiteracy among Americans is assumed to be high. This significantly contributes to the difficulties faced by patients when they are required to follow instructions. There is need for practitioners to take time and educate the patients on the right measures to take. Learned patients will have better understanding of the actions to take, and which can positively impact what they are after.

Tools for Building Patient Self Efficacy as well as Support Adherence

Using tools along with instruments that are considered effective along with appropriate is vital in supporting adherence in different ways and in achieving self-efficacy among the various patients. Positive family along with social support are considered to be vital aspects associated with adherence to the issue of Diabetes management (Rodríguez, 2019). If vital, the engagement of the family members can enhance self-care activities for the patients suffering from Diabetes, including the eating of effective and healthy foods as well as keeping fit and in monitoring the identified blood glucose and even adherent to medication.

An innovative method that entails patients in the identified medication associated reconciliation process through a given web portal to undertake the verification of their various regimens along with the clarification and the verification of any types of inaccuracies after the identified hospital discharge has been received to enhance Medication adherence as well as in the decrement of the potential adverse drug associated events (Forman & Shahidullah, 2018).

In this case, there may be higher roles for the engagement of patients with their identified electronic medical types of records so that they can appropriately verify along with help in the maintenance of accuracy associated with their medication list to undertake the reflection of their actual taking of drugs. Also, the use of screening tests is vital in understanding how well patients are taking their drugs. If there is no consistency in medication taking then motivation aspects should be utilized to enhance Adherence (European Medical & Biological Engineering Conference & Nordic-Baltic Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics, 2018). Comment by Author: Reference looks off.

In summary, the utilization of tools and instruments simultaneously plays an essential role in upholding medication adherence. Having a supporting and positive minded family also plays an essential role in supporting self-efficacy of the patients. Innovation should be incorporated in searching for medications. This will be advantageous because of the contemporary rapid advancement in technology.

Diabetes Care Concepts

When dealing with patients that have been considered to be reluctant in taking their medication, it is vital that the various care concepts in diabetes patients is understood. It helps in the effective integration of all the Interventions that have been mentioned in theme 1 for enhanced efficiency in the overall improvement of diabetic patients concerning adherence to medications that she been prescribed to them to help them in quick recovery and in the management of the illness for a longer term.

The following theme offers comprehensive knowledge as well as in depth illustrations on the distinct components associated with the clinical control regarding patients have been diagnosed with diabetes. The review offers effective clinical practice associated guidelines which have been considered to be the key to the enhancement of the population associated health, however for the identified optimal outcomes as well as diabetes care ought to be individualized for every identified patient.

Patient-Centeredness

Patient centeredness entails ensuring that all the identified interventions described in the first theme are focused on the individual patient who is being helped in having effective adherence to the given medication during home care settings. Patients who have been diagnosed with various critical illness and have been asked to go home for home-based care have been associated with lack or poor adherence to the medications they are given when they are discharged from the hospital. It is a global issue that has raised consent for the need to understand how to go about it for enhanced feasibility in treatment of illnesses (Steinberg & Miller, 2015).

Practice recommendations whether they are focused on the identified evidence as well as expert opinion are usually intended to offer the desired guidance on an overall approach to care (Costa & Alvarez-Risco, 2018). The science as well as the art associated with medicine usually come together when the identified clinician is experiencing or has experienced some sort of situation whereby, they have to make treatment associated recommendations for any patient who would be considered to not have effectively met the eligibility associated criteria for the studies on which the given guidelines were based.

Recognition of what an individual needs is vital, and it can be achieved through the use of the studies that offer standards for when as well as the manner in which to adapt the given recommendations. Since the patients who suffer from diabetes usually possess highly increased risk for the identified cardiovascular illness, a patient centered approach needs to entail a plan that should be utilized in the reduction of the various cardiovascular risk through offering the address of the identified blood associated pressure along with the identified lipid control and even in smoking associated prevention and even creation and other aspects (Major Topics in Type 1 Diabetes, 2020). Comment by Author: Formatting off.

Diabetes Across the Life Span

An increment in the identified proportion associated with patients that suffer from diabetes are usually considered to be mostly the adults (Balogh & Institute of Medicine, 2015). For the less salutary reasons, the identified incidences associated with Type II diabetes is considered to be highly increasing in the creating in the children as well as the young adults. Patients that possess the Type II diabetes as well as those that have Type I diabetes are considered to be having good lives even in their older age which is regarded as a stage of life whereby there is minimal evidence from the identified clinical traits to be used in the guidance of therapy (Bonney, 2016). All these toes of demographic alterations are usually involved in highlighting another key challenge to the high-quality diabetic patients care. In this case, the identified need is usually considered to be the enhancement of the coordination between clinical teams as well as patients in the effective transitioning via the dysfunction phases enticed in life span (Corcora & Roberts, 2015). Comment by Author: Reference needs to be fixed.

Advocacy for Individuals with Diabetes

Advocacy is a very vital aspect in healthcare since they deal with patients that need their utmost help as well as care for them to go back to their previous health state (D’Onofrio & Sancarlo, 2018). Advocacy is an aspect that can be referred to as an active support as well as engagement to effectively develop a cause as well as a policy (Mollaoglu, 2018). Furthermore, advocacy is usually needed to enhance the loves of individuals suffering from patients. Given the various issues in diabetic patients such as the high toll that the issue of obesity as well as physical inactivity and even the various alterations that take place in the society determinants at the identified root regarding these issues can be solved using advocacy (Stanislaw & Michael, 2017). Comment by Author: Bola, there are significant formatting as well as content and writing issues with your literature review. Please take the time to review examples of DPI projects in DC network as well as the template before our teleconference to discuss all of these changes. You definitely also need writing/editing assistance as it is really difficult to get your point across if the writing has mechanical errors etc We will need to discuss your literature review during our teleconference Comment by Author:

Summary

Medication associated adherence among most of the critical illness patients such as those suffering from diabetes as illustrated in the project is considered to be a key challenge for the identified patients that have chronic diseases like diabetes. Optimal adherence to the identified prescribed medications can be entailed in the decrement of complications along with enhancing clinical outcomes and in saving healthcare associated costs. The following DPI has been comprehensive through the review of diabetic patient care concepts issue of non-adherence along with the time to look deeper for the issue of non-adherence as well as the manner in which to undertake the evaluation of the identified patients appropriately along with effectively in a clinical setting along with has offered practical solutions to helping in the improvement of the medication associated adherence (Major Topics in Type 1 Diabetes, 2020). Comment by Author: Fix.

Medication adherence is considered to be the largest challenge that the healthcare workers as well as their patients are facing in their daily lives. It is often considered to be a critical issue which usually deserves higher level of attention. Inspiration along with the act of supporting of patients to take their identified medications as has been prescribed can be a great issue, however it is considered to possess the capability to possess the highest effect on their identified long term associated health as the well as on the economic well-being regarding the healthcare system of the nation.

The identified theories point to the possibility of solving the problem of poor medication taking behaviors by the use of attachment and social learning. The theories point out that medication taking is learnt and can be enhanced through the use of cognitive behavior change. The theories also point out that attachment between a health care provider and patient can form the basis of positive interaction between them leading to trust which then enables the health care provider to ingrain adherence into their patients. Comment by Author: This did not really come out doing your discussion of the attachment theory and this is why my feedback was that it does not really align with your project. Remember that you only need two and one has to be a nursing theory. In addition a change theory is needed since this is a change you are making based on evidence.

The empirical review point to the complications caused by lack of medication adherence in diabetes patients. It also highlights possible ways in which health care providers can help patients better adhere to medication through strategies such as advocacy and patient centeredness. Overall, medication adherence is important to the treatment and effective management of diabetes in patients and health care providers can play a vital role in ensuring that diabetes patients learn the importance of adherence. Comment by Author: This summary section still needs work. Remember that the summary needs should:
• Synthesize the information from all of the prior sections in the literature review and use it to define the key strategic points for the project.
• Summarize the gaps and needs in the background and introduction and describe how it informs the problem statement.
• Identify the theories or models describing how they inform the clinical questions.
• Use the literature to justify the design, variables, data collection instruments or sources, and population to be evaluated.
• Relates the literature back to the DPI-project topic and the practice problem.
• Build a case (argument) for the project in terms of the value of the project and how the clinical questions emerged from the review of literature.
• Explain how the current theories, models, and topics related to the project will be advanced through your project.
• Summarize key points in Chapter 2 and transition into Chapter 3.
This section should help the reader clearly see and understand the relevance and importance of the project to be conducted. The Summary section transitions to Chapter 3 by building a case for the project, in terms of project design and rigor, and it formulates the clinical questions based on the gaps and tensions in the

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Summary
This section restates what was written in Chapter 2 and provides supporting citations for key points. It synthesizes the information from the chapter using it to define the “gaps” in or “evidence –based practice needs” from the literature, the theories or models to provide the foundation for the project, the problem statement, the primary clinical question, the methodology, the design, the variables or phenomena, the data collection instruments or sources, and population. It then provides a transition discussion to Chapter 3.

This section synthesizes the information from all of the prior sections in the Review of Literature and uses it to define the key strategic points for the project.
This section summarizes the gaps and needs in the background and introduction and describes how it informs the problem statement.
This section identifies the theories or models and describes how they inform the clinical questions.
This section uses the literature to justify the design, variables or phenomena, data collection instruments or sources, and answer the clinical questions on your selected intervention protocol, clinical setting and patient population.be evaluated.

This section builds a case for the project in terms of the value of the project.

This section explains how the current theories, models, and topics related to the DPI project will be advanced through your intervention and outcomes.

This section summarizes key points in Chapter 2 and transition into Chapter 3.

This section is written in a way that is well structured, has a logical flow, and uses correct paragraph structure, sentence structure, punctuation, and APA format.

Chapter 3: Methodology

Medication adherence is a critical aspect in minimizing the impact of negative patient-related outcomes among those with chronic illnesses. According to Ahmed et al. (2018), medication adherence, for the purpose of this practice improvement project, refers the extent to which a home-based care patient can correctly take his/her medication in the absence of health practitioners. Medication adherence requires the patient to totally adhere and comply with all the medical instructions given (CITE).

At the selected project site, patients with Type II diabetes often failed to adhere to their prescribe medication regimen. In fact, among all home-based healthcare patients, of the project site, diabetes patients do not adhere to their medication regimens approximately ____% of the time. Various researchers have noted the importance of educating patients about medication adherence, partaking in patient provider conversations about the importance of medication adherence, and creating methods to assist patients in further adhering to their prescribe medication regimen (CITE). Through the use of the MAP resources, which incorporate education and patient accountability, it is the hope of the PI that medication adherence, at the project site, among Type II diabetes patients, ages 35 to __#__ will improve.

This quality improvement project will be guided by the PICOT question, which seeks to explore the impact of a intervention and improving medication adherence among Type II diabetes patients. The question explored reads: To what degree does the implementation of the newly implemented MAP protocol (i.e., the [1] a Questions to Ask Pad, [2] A Questions to Ask Poster, [3] a Medication Adherence Pad, and [4] the My Medications List) impact medication adherence when compared to no standardized protocol among Type II diabetic patients, ages 35 to __#__, in a home healthcare organization in Texas over four-weeks?

This quality improvement project will be guided by the following question: To what degree does the implementation of family-led strategies impact medication (what) compared to pharmaceutical-led strategies among diabetic patients in home-based care in Texas over four weeks? Comment by Author: Remember that this section includes both a restatement of project focus and purpose statement for the project from Chapter 1, to reintroduce reader to the need for the project and a description of contents of the chapter. This is not your purpose statement

Chapter 3 will detail the project methodology. Information about the project’s design, selection of the sample, instrumentation, validity, and reliability will be presented. Additionally, data collection procedures, data analysis procedures, ethical considerations, and limitations will be included in this chapter.

This chapter will be explaining the methodology of this project. Information such as the project design, selection of the sample, instrumentation, validity, and reliability, data collection procedures, data analysis procedures, ethical considerations, and limitations will be included in this chapter.

Criterion Comment by Author: All of the criterion tables must be removed prior to all AQR, IRB, and final submissions.

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Introduction
This section includes both a restatement of project focus and purpose statement for the project from Chapter 1, to reintroduce reader to the need for the project and a description of contents of the chapter.

A brief introduction to the chapter describes the chapter purpose and how it is organized and summarizes the project focus and problem statement to reintroduce reader to the need for the project.

This section is written in a way that is well structured, has a logical flow, and uses correct paragraph structure, sentence structure, punctuation, and APA format.

Statement of the Problem

It is not known if or to what degree the implementation of the home healthcare-led Medication Adherence Project resources (e.g., the Questions to Ask Pad, the Questions to Ask Poster, and the Adherence Assessment Pad; intervention) will impact medication adherence (outcome) when compared to current practice among Type II diabetic home healthcare patients, ages 35 to ___what___, of a home healthcare organization located in urban Texas.
At the selected project site, which is a home healthcare organization located in urban Texas, the stakeholders have cited that medication adherence among diabetic patients is lacking. In fact, according to data attained from the site’s electronic health record (EHR), home healthcare providers have documented that __X%__ of diabetic home health care patients are not adhering to their medication regiment. At the project site, failure to adhere to the prescribed medication regiment has resulted in ___what___ issues. Various researchers have noted the implications associated with lacking adherence to medication regiments, specifically among diabetic patients (CITE), thereby reinforcing the need for this practice improvement project.

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Statement of the Problem:
This section restates the Problem Statement from Chapter 1.

This section is written in a way that is well structured, has a logical flow, and uses correct paragraph structure, sentence structure, punctuation, and APA format.

Clinical Question

Prior studies have demonstrated that medication adherence for patients in home-based care has not been a smooth process. Evidence shows that this is usually because there is nobody to monitor the progress of these patients. There is usually nobody to remind them to take medication the right way or adhere to their dietary instructions (Wolff & Baker, 2019). However, there are chances of improvement in this. The implementation of family-based medical adherence strategies can help to enhance medication adherence among diabetic patients in home-based programs. A family-led health education intervention will be carried out by the health care providers who will educate patients on the disease and how-to manage it, medication they should be taking and also the importance of adherence. This will be done during follow up sessions with patients in home-based healthcare.

There are a number of strategies and the outcome is strict medication adherence. A quantitative, quasi-experimental design approach has been chosen for this report. This approach will help to assess the effectiveness of family-led strategies in enhancing medication adherence among diabetic patients in home-based care as compared to pharmaceutical-led strategies. The project will be guided by the following clinical questions:

1.Does education on diabetes increase medication adherence in diabetic patients in home healthcare? Comment by Author: Use your PICOT question here

2. Do family-led strategies lead to better medication adherence in home-based diabetic patients?

The following table shows the characteristics of the variables involved.

Table 1

Characteristics of Variables

Variable

Variable Type

Level of Measurement

Family-led strategies

Independent

Nominal

Pharmaceutical-led strategies

Independent

Nominal

Medication adherence

Dependent

Ratio Comment by Author: You only have one independent variable because there are no comparisons

Project Methodology

A quantitative methodology is appropriate for use in this project because of the feasibility and clinical relevance associated with the practice improvement measurement. This will facilitate the discovery of the effectiveness of family-led strategies as compared to pharmaceutical-led strategies in medication adherence of diabetic patients in home-based care. It will get quantifiable and objective data related to the research question through the statistical analysis. This methodology was preferred rather than the qualitative methodology in this project because there will be a need to collect numeric data to assess the effectiveness of family-led strategies. The numerical data will be collected before and after the study. The results will then be compared and contrasted prior to making the necessary conclusions from the study. Qualitative data cannot be used to conduct this comparison. The quantitative methodology also allows for the numerical representation of the DPI findings so that specific and observable conclusions can be drawn. Descriptive statistics will be used to determine the relationship between the variables and to explain the differences in the two strategies and their impact (Queiros et al., 2017). Comment by Author: This will need editing as this is not research. There is still work to be done in this section re. clarifying exactly what variables you will quantitatively measure and how

The quantitative methodology aims to predict, control, or explain certain theories. To analyze data, this research methodology relies heavily on statistical analysis. According to Fain (2017), this research methodology focuses on objective measurements and analyzes the data collected through statistical, numerical, or mathematical analysis. It also uses computational techniques to manipulate preexisting statistical data. Usually, it is applied to test if or confirm whether certain theories and assumptions are true or false. According to Zaccagnini and Pechacek (2019), the two important foundational aspects of projects that use this research methodology are that they build on results and evidence from past research and that they usually form the basis for future research.

Project Design

This quality improvement project will use the quasi-experimental design as the principal evaluation method (Handley et al., 2018), while the design will assess how family-led strategies compare with pharmaceutical-led strategies in ensuring ensure medication adherence among patients with diabetes in home-based care programs. This approach will be used to determine if family-led strategies make a difference in medication adherence among diabetes patients in home-based care programs. Since this project aims to find out how the two interventions compare, measurement of numerical data will be necessary. An evaluation of the impact of each of the two strategies on medication adherence among diabetic patients in home-based care will also be conducted before and after the application of the strategy.

Family-led strategies among diabetic patients in home-based care have very notable differences with pharmaceutical-led strategies among patients in this care. The design of this project is a two-group pre- and post-intervention quasi-experiment design. The project design chosen for this project is a quantitative quasi-experimental design which will be used to assess the impact of family-led strategies on medication adherence among diabetic patients in home-based care programs. This research design is suitable for this project because the variables cannot be changed by the researcher (Handley et al., 2018).

Information on the gender and age of the patients identified for this project will be collected. A population of 50 diabetic patients has been identified for the project. The project research intends to use entire population as a sample diabetic patient in home-based care and the most valid and reliable instrument to be used in this project is questionnaires. Close- ended questionnaires will be utilized in this case. The project lead, in this case, is a comparison between the impact of family-led strategies and pharmaceutical-led strategies on medication adherence among diabetic patients in home-based care programs. Meanwhile, the pretest and posttest data that will be collected using questionnaires will be analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software.

An impact assessment of the strategies will be conducted before the implementation of the strategies and four weeks after the implementation of the strategies. This design will be applied to determine the relationship between the variables in the study. The project design chosen will facilitate the analysis of the comparison in the impact of family-led strategies and pharmaceutical-led strategies.

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Project Design
This section elaborates on the Nature of the Project Design for the Project (from Chapter 1) providing the rationale for the selected project design and includes a discussion of why the selected design is the best one to collect the data needed. Arguments are supported by citations from articles and books on methodology or design.

This section describes how the specific selected DPI project design will be used to collect the type of data needed to answer the clinical questions and the specific instruments or data sources that will be used to collect or source this data. This section discusses why the design was selected to be the best approach to answer the clinical question(s).

This section is written in a way that is well structured, has a logical flow, and uses correct paragraph structure, sentence structure, punctuation, and APA format.

Population and Sample Selection

The population from which the sample to be used in this project is diabetic patients in home-based care programs in Texas. This sample is convenient because it includes participants who would be directly impacted by the interventions involved in this research. For this project, patients in home-based care who are interested in increasing their knowledge of medication adherence will be the participants. The population will comprise of diabetic patients aged 35 years and above. The population will comprise of patients who are not in a position of being admitted to hospitals. According to a Texas Medicaid and Texas Diabetes council report (2018), there were 8,700 inpatient hospital claims and 88,988 outpatient hospital claims made by diabetes patients in the year 2018. The figure that will be used as target population in this project is the 88,988 outpatient claims. The sample size will be determined using the Taro Yamane formula: Comment by Author: Do not use this number as your N. Your home health agency only sees a percentage of this number so use the volume of diabetic patients at your home health agency for this calculation

n=N/1+ N(e)2

Where:

n= sample size

N= target population (88,988)

e=error term in this case 10% (0.1)

Thus, sample size is determined to be 99.88 rounded off to 100 patients.

Before data is collected from patients, they will be asked to sign an informed consent form which will explain to them the purpose of the project and also assure them of their confidentiality should they choose to participate in the study. The informed consent form will be administered with care making sure that patients are not coerced or promised benefits for participation. Only patients who agree to participate and sign the informed consent form will be included in the project.

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Population and Sample Selection
This section discusses the setting, total population, project population, and project sample. The discussion of the sample includes the project terminology specific to the type of sampling for the project.

This section describes the characteristics of the total (general) population and the project (target) population from which the project sample (sample) (project participants) is drawn.

This section describes the characteristics of the project population and the project sample and clearly defines and differentiates the sample for the project versus the number of people completing instruments on the project sample.

This section describes the project population size and project sample size and justifies the project sample size (e.g., power analysis) based on the selected design. This section clearly defines and differentiates between the number for the project population and the project sample versus the number for the people who will complete any instruments.

This section details the sampling procedure, including the specific steps taken to identify, contact, and recruit potential project sample participants from the project population.

This section describes the informed consent process, confidentiality measures, project participation requirements, and geographic specifics.

This section is written in a way that is well structured, has a logical flow, and uses correct paragraph structure, sentence structure, punctuation, and APA format.

Instrumentation or Sources of Data Comment by Author: Clarify if the project is collecting data using instrumentation, a source of data from the EHR or existing records, or both.
This heading should be accurate on which was used to collect data.

Data in this project will be collected through a pre-implementation and a post-implementation survey. Questionnaires and the MMAS-8 tool will be used in this project to gather information about the impact of the family-led strategy on medication adherence among diabetic patients in home-based care programs (Krosnick, 2018). Patients in home-based care programs will be given questionnaires to fill. There will also be questionnaires for family members offering direct support to these patients to fill. The questionnaires in this case will require ‘yes’ or ‘no’ responses. There will also be scaling questions in the questionnaire where participants will be required to assess certain information on a scale of 5 (1 = Strongly Disagree, 2 = slightly disagree, 3=neither agree nor disagree, 4=slightly agree, and 5=strongly agree). A questionnaire like this fit perfectly and it is the most effective for this project because it is easy to statistically analyze (Krosnick, 2018). The MMAS-8 questionnaire on the other hand will measure the medication adherence of patients and will be used in both pre and posts assessment.

The questionnaires will include two sections, the first section is where the socio-demographic information of the participants will be captured. This will include information on gender and race, while the other section will capture information about the impact of the respective intervention strategies on the medication adherence of the patients. It will involve getting data from the assessment, which will be compiled in a spreadsheet. The SPSS software will then be used to analyze the data so that conclusions can be drawn from it.

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Instrumentation or Sources of Data
This section describes, in detail, all data collection instruments and sources (tests, questionnaires, interviews, databases, media, etc.); the specific instrument or source to collect data for each variable or group (quantitative project)

This section is written in a way that is well structured, has a logical flow, and uses correct paragraph structure, sentence structure, punctuation, and APA format.

Validity

The validity of the questionnaire will be established through the exploration of its social theoretical construction. The validity of closed-ended and scaling questionnaires has been confirmed through research. According to research, the test for the validity of these types of questionnaires would be a normal distribution curve. The research found the use of closed-ended and scaling questionnaires to be acceptable. According to research, these questionnaires are effective in linking existing knowledge to current findings. Questionnaires will be the only source of data in this research. Research on the validity of these types of questionnaires shows that existing theoretical, as well as empirical constructs, should be well represented in the questionnaires to increase their validity (Francis et al., 2017). For the standard questionnaire that uses Likert scale, Cronbach’s alpha will be used to determine the validity of the questionnaire items. The value of Cronbach’s alpha will be at 0.7 for the questions to be deemed valid. For the MMAS-8 questionnaire, factor analysis will be used to both asses the validity of the items as well as analyze the adherence levels of the patients.

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Validity
This section provides specific validity statistics for quantitative instruments, identifying how they were developed, and explains how validity will be addressed during data collection approaches. NOTE: Learners should not be developing nor modifying any quantitative instruments.

This section is written in a way that is well structured, has a logical flow, and uses correct paragraph structure, sentence structure, punctuation, and APA format.

Reliability

The reliability of this project, just like the validity of questionnaires impacts the research findings and consequently the conclusions drawn from the research to a great extent. Reliability is the extent to which a questionnaire produces similar results in different trials. Regarding the reliability of these types of questionnaires, reliability cannot be achieved unless the measurements are based on numerical values. Reliability is closely related to the objectivity of the research. Since this is quantitative research, the objectivity lies in the instrumentation used in the research. Research shows that there are several threats to the reliability of questionnaires in research. These include using unclear and complicated questions, the use of arbitrary and illogical codes, and giving unclear response options (Francis et al., 2017). To ensure that reliability of the standard questionnaire is met, the questionnaire will be given to a few experts in the diabetes management sector to determine if the questions are appropriate and if there are any internal inconsistencies in them. Their opinions will be incorporated into the final questionnaire. Use of the MMAS-8 questionnaire ensures reliability because it is a widely used and tested tool for collecting information on adherence.

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Reliability
This section provides specific reliability statistics for quantitative instruments, identifying how the statistics were developed, and explains how reliability will be addressed during data collection approaches.

This section is written in a way that is well structured, has a logical flow, and uses correct paragraph structure, sentence structure, punctuation, and APA format.

Data Collection Procedures

Informed consent will first be sought from the participants in this research. This will be after informing all the participants in detail what this project is all about. The participants will be provided with a letter explaining the purpose of the project and its benefit to them and the nursing profession. Participants will be notified how their data will be used and will be assured of confidentiality. Personal data regarding the patients and other participants will not be collected and their medication plans will not be affected.

The participants will be asked to complete a pretest and post-test survey which will be anonymous. Participants will be identified using numbers rather than names to protect anonymity. The pre-test will be conducted before the family-led health education strategy is introduced to patients. This will give baseline I formation on adherence. The post-test will be carried out after three months of constant reminders and follow up on the patients to evaluate of the intervention was successful. Post-test and pretest results will be identified in such a way that they correlate for easier and right analysis.

The data will be collected using a questionnaire that is already set by other stakeholders in the health sector so that the right information can be collected so that the research

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Data Collection Procedures
This section details the entirety of the process used to collect the data. It describes each step of the data collection process in a way that another investigator could replicate the project.

This section describes the step-by-step procedures used to carry out all the major steps for data collection for the project in a way that would allow another investigator to replicate the project.

This section describes the procedures for project sample recruitment, sample selection, and assignment to groups (if applicable).

This section describes the procedures for obtaining informed consent and for protecting the rights and well-being of the project sample participants, as well as those completing instruments on them.

This section describes the procedures adopted to maintain data securely, including the length of time data will be retained, where the data will be retained, and how the data will be destroyed.

This section describes the procedures for data collection, including how each instrument or data source was used, how and where data was collected, and how data were recorded.

This section is written in a way that is well structured, has a logical flow, and uses correct paragraph structure, sentence structure, punctuation, and APA format.

Data Analysis Procedures

The data will be collected and analyzed using the SPSS software. Through descriptive statistics, the numeric and categorical variables in the questionnaires will be summarized. Comment by Author: How? On paper? Electronically?

Descriptive statistics will be used to describe the patient’s demographic information such as age, weight, gender, level of education and marital status. Central measures of tendency such as mean and standard deviation will be used to describe the population under study and also in the adherence-based questions. Comment by Author: Why do you need this information?

Common Factor analysis will be used to determine common factors amongst patients in regard to adherence and infer from the results which factors are common to all patients and which are least common. Comment by Author: Why do you need 3 different statistical tests for your data analysis? Try to determine what is the best way to analyze your data to answer your clinical question and pick a statistical test that best does that. You do not need more than one unless it is necessary

Logistic regression will also be used to determine the relationships existing between adherence and patients’ sociodemographic characteristics to determine how they interact or influence patient’s medication taking behaviors. Chi-square and Odds ratio will also be used to determine the effectiveness of the intervention in the post assessment phase of the project.

The analysis is important in quality improvement project will begin only after the nature and statuses of the patients and their caregivers are understandable. The SPSS software that will be used in this project will help to determine the relationship between the different variables in the research. It will establish the relationship between family-led strategies of intervention and medication adherence among diabetic patients in home-based care. It will also show how this compares to the impact of pharmaceutical-led strategies of intervention on medication adherence among diabetic patients in home-based care. This software will further be used to predict the possible application of the results drawn from this research. Comment by Author: This section still needs works as well to distinguish the project from research analysis

The data will be analyzed by comparing the results of the pretest and those of the post-test. The characteristic of this research design is to apply an intervention so that it can help to determine the relationship between two variables in the research. The quasi-experimental design that will be used in this project will help to analyze the impact of family-led strategies on medication adherence among diabetic patients in home-based care. It will also help to analyze how this impact compares to that of pharmaceutical-led therapies on medication adherence among diabetic patients.

Potential Bias and Mitigation

There exists a number of possible sources of bias throughout the project. However, the most important issues is formulating solution strategies on how the bias can be addressed. One potential source of bias is recall bias causes. This will emerge from the responses that the respondents will be required to provide. For instance, the diabetic patients will be required to respond to self-report survey based on the medication adherence. In such situations, the researchers normally rely on the information that has been issues out by the respondents, and majorly their memory. Based on the patients’ memory, the information might or might not be accurate, but the investigator will have to rely on it. Two mitigation strategies to recall bias are empathy and acknowledgement. The investigators should empathize with patients, assume their situations and circumstances, and try digging deeper to get an understanding possible causes why the information given out might be true or untrue. Acknowledging that there are possibilities of the problem to exists is important in a number of ways. This will help suppress the bias that might be available in respondents. Comment by Author: Great job as recall bias is pretty evident in self report surveys/tools. However the writing needs work and you need citations for your assertions

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Data Analysis Procedures
This section describes how the data was collected for each variable or group. It describes the type of data to be analyzed, identifying the descriptive, inferential, or nonstatistical analyses. This section demonstrates that the project analysis is aligned to the specific project design.

This section describes the clinical question(s).

This section describes, in detail, the relevant data collected for each stated clinical question or variable.

This section describes how the raw data were organized and prepared for analysis.

This section provides a step-by-step description of the procedures used to conduct the data analysis.

This section describes, in detail, any statistical and nonstatistical analysis to be employed.

This section provides the rationale for each of the data analysis procedures (statistical and nonstatistical) employed in the project.

This section demonstrates that the data analyses techniques align with the DPI project research design.

This section states the level of statistical significance for quantitative analyses as appropriate.

This section is written in a way that is well structured, has a logical flow, and uses correct paragraph structure, sentence structure, punctuation, and APA format.

Ethical Considerations

An authorization letter has been obtained from the project site (appendix …). The project has also been submitted to the project site IRB exemption ( Appendix…..). The project will need to be submitted to GCU IRB for review. The participants will be informed on all aspects of the project including how the data will be collected, analyzed, and used. They will also be informed about the importance of this project to them and the nursing field in general. Written informed consent will then be sort from all the participants in this research. This quality improvement project will to the latter the principles and standards of ethical research (Fiesler, 2019). Comment by Author: This section still needs editing for the writing

The participants will answer the questionnaire questions anonymously and they will be assigned numbers will be used to identify participants to further protect anonymity. Also, the questionnaires will be handled with great care to ensure privacy. Data collected for the project will be kept on a password protected computer only accessible to the DPI investigator. Aggregate data will only be shared among people who are directly affected by the project. Personal information about the participants will not be collected in this research. The participants will be informed of the results of this project via the contact information they would have been provided in the questionnaires. After completion of the project, the questionnaires containing participant information will be disposed of safely (Fiesler, 2019). Comment by Author: Which people? Comment by Author: But previously you said you would collect some information regarding education status etc?

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Ethical Considerations
This section discusses the potential ethical issues surrounding the DPI project, as well as how human subjects and data will be protected. It identifies how any potential ethical issues will be addressed.

This section provides a discussion of ethical issues related to the project and the sample population of interest.

This section addresses anonymity, confidentiality, privacy, lack of coercion, informed consent, and potential conflict of interest.

This section demonstrates adherence to the key principles of the Belmont Report (respect, justice, and beneficence) in the project design, sampling procedures, and within the theoretical framework, problem, and questions.

This section is written in a way that is well structured, has a logical flow, and uses correct paragraph structure, sentence structure, punctuation, and APA format.

Limitations

The quantitative quasi-experimental approach that was chosen for this project is the best in determining the relationship between variables in this research and showing how the two main interventions compare. However, there are several limitations to this project. One of them is that the time frame set for this project may not be enough to show the impact of an intervention. Four weeks is a relatively short time to determine whether an intervention has had any impact or not. The second limitation is that the sample size set for this research project is also relatively small. This will make it difficult to generalize the results of this project. The fact that only diabetic patients will be participating in this quality improvement project also makes it difficult to establish whether family-led strategies can be effective among other patients with chronic illnesses and those who are in home-based care. The method of data collection chosen for this research could also be a limitation. Participants can give wrong information in their questionnaires which will affect the overall results of the study. Comment by Author: Great start, you need some citation to support your assertions

Criterion

Learner Score
(0, 1, 2, or 3)

Chairperson Score
(0, 1, 2, or 3)

Comments or Feedback

Limitations
This section discusses, in detail, the limitations related to the project approach and methodology and the potential impacts on the results.

This section describes any limitations related to the methods, sample, instrumentation, data collection process, and analysis. This section explains why the existing limitations are unavoidable and are not expected to affect the results negatively.

This section is written in a way that is well structured, has a logical flow, and uses correct paragraph structure, sentence structure, punctuation, and APA format.

Summary

Medication adherence among patients with diabetes remains a crucial determiner of their well-being. The purpose of this project is to determine to what extent the implementation of family-led strategies would impact medication adherence when compared to pharmaceutical-led strategies among diabetic patients’ in-home care settings in Texas over four weeks. The problem that aims to be solved in this research is to bridge the gap in knowledge about the impact of family-led strategies on medical adherence among diabetic patients in home-based care programs as compared to pharmaceutical-led strategies. Moreover, the methodology that has been selected for this project is the quantitative methodology (Fain, 2020). A quasi-experimental design will be used in this quality improvement project. The design will facilitate the identification of the relationship between the variables in the research. Questionnaires will be used as the only method of data collection in this research. The validity and reliability of questionnaires for data collection in this research has already been established.

The pretest-posttest approach will be used to collect data in this research. Data will be collected before the application of the intervention and after. An analysis of the two sets of data will be used to determine the impact of the independent variables of this research on the dependent variable. The data gathered will be compiled in excel spreadsheets. The SPSS software will be used to analyze data in this research. This software will ensure that the dependent variables in the research are not manipulated.

To ensure that ethical research is conducted, this project will follow to the latter the principles and standards of ethical research. It will also ensure that written informed consent is sought from the participants prior to beginning the research. The anonymity of the participants and the privacy of data will be upheld at all costs. Among the limitations of this project is the small number of participants used in the research. The short duration of the project and the use of questionnaires as the only method of data collection are also limitations in the study. In chapter four, this project will present the data analysis and results. The chapter will also discuss the findings and results. Chapter five of this project will conclude the project and give directions for future use.

Criterion

Learner Score
(0, 1, 2, or 3)

Chairperson Score
(0, 1, 2, or 3)

Comments or Feedback

Summary
This section restates what was written in Chapter 3 and provides supporting citations for key points.

This section summarizes key points presented in Chapter 3 with appropriate citations.

This section demonstrates in-depth understanding of the overall project design and data analysis techniques.

This section ends with a transition discussion focus for Chapter 4.

This section is written in a way that is well structured, has a logical flow, and uses correct paragraph structure, sentence structure, punctuation, and APA format.

References Comment by Author: The Reference list should appear as a numbered new page at the end of the manuscript. The Reference heading is centered at the top of the page and is bolded.
The Reference list provides necessary information for the reader to locate and retrieve any source cited in the body of the text. Each source mentioned must appear in the Reference list. Likewise, each entry in the Reference list must be cited in the text.
This page must be entitled “References.” This title is centered at the top of the page. Do not use bold, underline, or quotation marks for this title. All text should be in 12-point Times New Roman font and double-spaced.
NOTE:

References

must use a hanging indent of 0.5” and be double-spaced. Examples of common references are provided below. See APA (6th ed.), Chapter 7, 6.22 for specific reference formatting instructions. For more information on references or APA Style, consult the APA website: at http://apastyle.org

Bonney, W. (2016). Mobile health technologies – theories and applications. Rijeka: InTech. Retrieved from

https://www.worldcat.org/title/mobile-health-technologies-theories-and-applications/oclc/965915046

Bosworth, H. B. (2015). Enhancing medication adherence: The public health dilemma. Springer Healthcare. Retrieved from

https://www.worldcat.org/title/enhancing-medication-adherence-the-public-health-dilemma/oclc/1005831498

European Medical & Biological Engineering Conference, In Eskola, H., In Väisänen, O., In Viik, J., In Hyttinen, J., & Nordic-Baltic Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics. (2018). EMBEC & NBC 2017: Joint Conference of the European Medical and Biological Engineering Conference (EMBEC) and the Nordic-Baltic Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics (NBC), Tampere, Finland, June 2017. Retrieved from

https://www.worldcat.org/title/embec-nbc-2017-joint-conference-of-the-european-medical-and-biological-engineering-conference-embec-and-the-nordic-baltic-conference-on-biomedical-engineering-and-medical-physics-nbc-tampere-finland-june-2017/oclc/1005134274

HADLER, A. N. D. R. E. W. S. U. T. T. O. N. S. T. E. P. H. E. N. O. S. T. E. R. B. E. R. G. L. A. R. S. (2020). WILEY BLACKWELL HANDBOOK OF TREATMENT ENGAGEMENT: Theory, research, and clinical practice. Place of publication not identified: WILEY-BLACKWELL. Retrieved from https://www.worldcat.org/title/wiley-blackwell-handbook-of-treatment-engagement-theory-research-and-clinical-practice/oclc/1130650913

In Balogh, E., In Miller, B. T., In Ball, J., & Institute of Medicine (U.S.). (2015). Improving diagnosis in health care. Retrieved from

https://www.worldcat.org/title/improving-diagnosis-in-health-care/oclc/1001623571

In Forman, S. G., & In Shahidullah, J. (2018). Handbook of pediatric behavioral healthcare: An interdisciplinary collaborative approach. Retrieved from https://www.worldcat.org/title/handbook-of-pediatric-behavioral-healthcare-an-interdisciplinary-collaborative-approach/oclc/1062418920

In Corcoran, K., & In Roberts, A. R. (2015). Social workers’ desk reference. Retrieved from

https://www.worldcat.org/title/social-workers-desk-reference/oclc/1030982838

In Costa, F. G., In Mil, J. W. F., & In Alvarez-Risco, A. (2018). The pharmacist guide to implementing pharmaceutical care. Retrieved from https://www.worldcat.org/title/pharmacist-guide-to-implementing-pharmaceutical-care/oclc/1053888074

In D’Onofrio, G., In Greco, A., & In Sancarlo, D. (2018). Gerontology. Retrieved from

https://www.worldcat.org/title/gerontology/oclc/1084323462

In Heston, T. (2018). Ehealth: Making health care smarter. Retrieved from https://www.worldcat.org/title/ehealth-making-health-care-smarter/oclc/1099336057

In Hunter, J., & In Maunder, R. (2016). Improving patient treatment with attachment theory: A guide for primary care practitioners and specialists. Retrieved from

https://www.worldcat.org/title/improving-patient-treatment-with-attachment-theory-a-guide-for-primary-care-practitioners-and-specialists/oclc/1005792343

In Mahmoud, S. H. (2019). Patient assessment in clinical pharmacy: A comprehensive guide. Retrieved from https://www.worldcat.org/title/patient-assessment-in-clinical-pharmacy-a-comprehensive-guide/oclc/1091029018

In Rodríguez, S. J. (2019). The diabetes textbook: Clinical principles, patient management and public health issues. Retrieved from

https://www.worldcat.org/title/diabetes-textbook-clinical-principles-patient-management-and-public-health-issues/oclc/1106168761

In Sherman, S., In Hansen-Turton, T., In King, E. S., & Bednash, G. (2015). Nurse-led health clinics: Operations, policy, and opportunities. Retrieved from https://www.worldcat.org/title/nurse-led-health-clinics-operations-policy-and-opportunities/oclc/1034939410

Institute of Medicine (U.S.). (2016). A framework for educating health professionals to address the social determinants of health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Retrieved fromhttps://www.worldcat.org/title/framework-for-educating-health-professionals-to-address-the-social-determinants-of-health/oclc/1021273933

Glanz, K., Rimer, B. K., & Viswanath, K. (2015). Health behavior: Theory, research, and practice. Retrieved from https://www.worldcat.org/title/health-behavior-theory-research-and-practice/oclc/1085343214

Liu, M., & Butler, L. M. (2017). Patient communication for pharmacy: A case-study approach on theory and practice. Retrieved from

https://www.worldcat.org/title/patient-communication-for-pharmacy-a-case-study-approach-on-theory-and-practice/oclc/1017661990

Major Topics in Type 1 Diabetes. (2020). Place of publication not identified: InTech. Retrieved from

https://www.worldcat.org/title/major-topics-in-type-1-diabetes/oclc/1096930284

Mollaoglu, M. (2018). Caregiving and home care. Rijeka: InTech. Retrieved from

https://www.worldcat.org/title/caregiving-and-home-care/oclc/1039625354

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (U.S.). (2018). Health-care utilization as a proxy in disability determination. Retrieved from https://www.worldcat.org/title/health-care-utilization-as-a-proxy-in-disability-determination/oclc/1030971027

Stanislaw, P. S., & Michael, S. F. (2017). Vignettes in Patient Safety – Volume 1. Retrieved from

https://www.worldcat.org/title/vignettes-in-patient-safety-volume-1/oclc/1193045081

Steinberg, M. P., & Miller, W. R. (2015). Motivational interviewing in diabetes care. Retrieved from

https://www.worldcat.org/title/motivational-interviewing-in-diabetes-care/oclc/1167659294

Choi, D., Choi, H., & Shon, D. (2019). Future changes to smart home based on AAL healthcare service. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 18(3), 190-199.

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.

Medina, M., Babiuch, C., Card, M., Gavrilescu, R., Zafirau, W., Boose, E., … & Boissy, A. (2020). Home monitoring for COVID-19. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine.

Parker, M. L., Yip, P. M., DeCherrie, L. V., Escobar, C., Füzéry, A. K., Price, C. P., & St John, A. (2018). There’s No place like home: exploring home-based, acute-level healthcare. Clinical chemistry, 64(8), 1136-1142.

Ahmed, I., Ahmad, N. S., Ali, S., Ali, S., George, A., Danish, H. S., … & Cox, B. (2018). Medication adherence apps: review and content analysis. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 6(3), e62. Retrieved from

https://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/3/e62/

Brown, M., & Bussell, J. (2018). Medication Adherence: WHO Cares? Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 86(4), 304-314. Retrieved from

https://doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2010.0575

Fain, J. A. (2020). Reading, understanding, and applying nursing research. FA Davis. Retrieved from

https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=-Y__DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT8&dq=Fain,+J.+A.+(2017).+Reading,+understanding,+and+applying+nursing+research.+FA+Davis.&ots=JHcH0p64cR&sig=3Rd1qARsV5AERkZ7TcrYTC9aFWA

Fiesler, C. (2019). Ethical Considerations for Research Involving (Speculative) Public Data. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 3(GROUP), 1-13. Retrieved from

https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3370271

Francis, H. M., Osborne-Crowley, K., & McDonald, S. (2017). Validity and reliability of a questionnaire to assess social skills in traumatic brain injury: a preliminary study. Brain injury, 31(3), 336-343. Retrieved from

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0

99052.2016.1250954

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https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-54395-6_53

Norman, G. J., Orton, K., Wade, A., Morris, A. M., & Slaboda, J. C. (2018). Operation and challenges of home-based medical practices in the US: findings from six aggregated case studies. BMC health services research, 18(1), 45. Retrieved from

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http://oapub.org/edu/index.php/ejes/article/view/1017

Voortman, T., Kiefte-de Jong, J., Ikram, M., Stricker, B., van Rooij, F., & Lahousse, L. et al. (2017). Adherence to the 2015 Dutch dietary guidelines and risk of non-communicable diseases and mortality in the Rotterdam Study. European Journal of Epidemiology, 32(11), 993-1005. Retrieved from

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-017-0295-2

Wolff-Baker, D., & Ordona, R. B. (2019). The expanding role of nurse practitioners in home-based primary care: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of gerontological nursing, 45(6), 9-14. Retrieved from

https://www.healio.com/nursing/journals/jgn/2019-6-45-6/%7Ba5e68fe2-1e03-4962-af70-9dfea6d85e1e%7D/the-expanding-role-of-nurse-practitioners-in-home-based-primary-care-opportunities-and-challenges?fat=MJ9ZQQM69Y

Zaccagnini, M., & Pechacek, J. M. (2019). The Doctor of Nursing practice essentials: A new model for advanced practice nursing. Jones & Bartlett Learning. Retrieved from

https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=_8enDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=The+doctor+of+nursing+practice+essentials:+A+new+model+for+advanced+practice+nursing.+Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning.&ots=6bg8wXlxK2&sig=f2n-0wUQIg8KV9K0xcvuzZwxleg

Appendix A Comment by Author: This Appendix will be replaced with the Ten Strategic Points.

The Parts of a Practice Improvement Project Comment by Author: Appendix above and title underneath (double spaced)

GCU requires the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) as the style guide for writing and formatting Direct Practice Improvement (DPI) Projects. . A DPI Project has three parts: preliminary pages, main text, and supplementary pages. Some preliminary or supplementary pages may be optional or not appropriate to a specific project. The learner should consult with his or her practice improvement project chairperson and committee regarding inclusion or exclusion of optional pages.

Preliminary Pages. The following preliminary pages precede the main text of the practice improvement project.

Title Page

Approval Page

Abstract

Dedication Page (optional)

Acknowledgements (optional)

Table of Contents

List of Tables (if you have tables, a list is required)

List of Figures (if you have figures, a list is required)

Main Text. The main text is divided into five major chapters. Each chapter can be further subdivided into sections and subsections.

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Project

Chapter 2: Literature Review

Chapter 3: Methodology

Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Results (not included in the proposal)

Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations (not included in the proposal)

Supplementary Pages. Supplementary pages, which follow the body text, include reference materials and other required or optional addenda.

References

Appendices

Your Ten Strategic Points table will be Appendix A for the proposal.

Possible Appendices Include a copy of your instruments/tools.

Include a copy of the permission to use the tools.

Include your site authorization letter (proposal only).

Include any project materials.

Keep in mind that most formatting challenges are encountered in the preliminary and supplementary pages. Allocate extra time and attention for these sections to avoid delays in the electronic submission process. In addition, as elementary as it may seem, run a spell check and grammar check of your entire document before submission.

Appendix B

What is my DPI project design?

THIS IS NOT PART OF THE PAPER JUST A REFERENCE FOR THE LEARNER

Appendix C

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NURSING: EVIDENCED-BASED PRACTICE PROJECT

Appendix C

Background of the Project

Problem Statement Comment by Author: More research- https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/medication-adherence-interventions_executive THOUGHTS ABOUT THIS RESOURCE- https://www.hfproviders.org/documents/root/pdf_9a3a46fa03

Purpose of the Project

Clinical Question(s) Comment by Author: Make sure you customize this. It is either Clinical Question or Clinical Questions depending on whether or not you have more than one.

Advancing Scientific Knowledge

Significance of the Project

Rationale for Methodology

Nature of the Project Design

Definition of Terms

Assumptions, Limitations, Delimitations

Summary

Chapter 2: Literature Review Comment by Author: This section should be a minimum of 20-25 pages.

Chapter 3: Methodology

Statement of the Problem

Clinical Question

Project Methodology

Project Design

Population and Sample Selection

Instrumentation or Sources of Data Comment by Author: Clarify if the project is collecting data using instrumentation, a source of data from the EHR or existing records, or both. This heading should be accurate on which was used to collect data.

Validity

Reliability

Data Collection Procedures

Data Analysis Procedures

Ethical Considerations

Limitations

Appendix A Comment by Author: This Appendix will be replaced with the Ten Strategic Points.

Appendix B

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Letter

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Q & A

Critical Thinking

Areas of Expertise

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Thesis

Presentation

Dissertation

Term Paper

Research Paper

Book Review

Assignment

Report

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Letter

Article

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Problem Statement Comment by Author: More research-
https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/medication-adherence-interventions_executive
THOUGHTS ABOUT THIS RESOURCE- https://www.hfproviders.org/documents/root/pdf_9a3a46fa03

Instrumentation or Sources of Data Comment by Author: Clarify if the project is collecting data using instrumentation, a source of data from the EHR or existing records, or both.
This heading should be accurate on which was used to collect data.