Use your lecture Notes to do the Us presidents program like I did in class. Make sure you load in the results file and the python code file
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Fundamentals of Python: Data Structures, 2nd Edition
Author: Kenneth Lambert
Publisher: Cengage, 2019
ISBN-13: 9780357122754
Textbook Data files:
http://www.cengage.com/cgi-wadsworth/course_produc…
An Introduction to Programming Using Python
David I. Schneider
An Introduction to Computing
and Problem Solving
Lesson 1
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
Questions and Answers
• How do we communicate with the computer?
– Programming languages
• How do we get computers to perform
complicated tasks?
– Tasks are broken down into a sequence of
instructions
• Why Python?
– Powerful, easy to download, write and read
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Questions and Answers
• How did the language Python get its name?
– Named for the British comedy group Monty
Python (really!)
• Book uses the editor IDLE to create programs.
How did IDLE get its name?
– Stands for Integrated DeveLopment Environment
• What is an interpreted language?
– Uses an interpreter, translates high-level language
one statement at a time into machine language
and then runs
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Questions and Answers
• What are the meanings of the terms
“programmer” and “user”?
– Programmer: a person who solves problems by
writing programs on a computer
– User: any person who runs a program
• What is the meaning of the term “code”?
– Python statements that the programmer writes
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Questions and Answers
• Are there certain characteristics that all
programs have in common?
– Input, processing, output
• What are the meanings of the terms
“hardware” and “software”?
– Hardware: physical components of the computer
– Software: the programs
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Questions and Answers
• How are problems solved with a program?
– Step-by-step procedure devised to process given
data and produce requested output.
• What is a zero-based numbering system?
– Numbering begins with zero instead of one
• Prerequisites to learning Python?
– Be familiar with how folders and files are managed
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Questions and Answers
• What is an example of a program developed in
this textbook?
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FIGURE 1.1 A possible output for a program in Lesson 2.
Questions and Answers
• How does the programmer create such a
program?
– About ten lines of code that search a text file
named USpres.txt and extract the requested
names.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
Questions and Answers
• What conventions are used to show
keystrokes?
– key1+key2 means “hold down key1 and then press
key2”
• Ctrl+C places selected material into the Clipboard
– key1/key2 means “Release key1 and then press
key2”
• Alt/F opens the FILE menu on a menu bar.
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Questions and Answers
• How can the programs for the examples in this
textbook be obtained?
– See the preface for information
• Where will new programs be saved?
– Create a special folder to hold your programs
• Where can I research questions I have about
Python?
– Documentation at https://www.python.org/doc/
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
https://www.python.org/doc/
Program Development Cycle
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FIGURE 1.2 The problem solving process.
Program Planning
1. Analyze: Define the
problem.
2. Design: Plan the solution to the problem.
3. Code: Translate the algorithm into a
programming language.
4. Test and correct: Locate and remove any
errors in the program.
5. Complete the documentation: Organize all
the material that describes the program.
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Programming Tools
• Algorithms
•
Flowcharts
•
Pseudocode
• Hierarchy charts
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Algorithm Development
Algorithm to determine number of stamps for a
letter
• Rule of thumb: 1 stamp for every 5 sheets of
paper
1. Request sheets of paper
2. Divide by 5
3. Round quotient up to next whole number
4. Reply with number of stamps
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Problem Solving for Stamps
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FIGURE 1.3 The problem solving process
for the stamp problem.
Flowcharts
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Example
Flowchart
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FIGURE 1.4 Flowchart
for the postage-stamp
problem.
Pseudocode
• Abbreviated plain English version of actual
computer code
• Symbols used in flowcharts replaced by
English-like statements
• Allows programmer to focus on steps required
to solve problem
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Example Pseudocode
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FIGURE 1.5 Pseudocode for the postage stamp problem.
Hierarchy Chart
• Shows the overall program structure
• Depict organization of program, omit specific
processing logic
• Describe what each part, or module, of the
program does
• Each module subdivided into a succession of
submodules
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Example Hierarchy Chart
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FIGURE 1.6 Hierarchy chart for the postage-stamp problem.
Decision Structure
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FIGURE 1.7 Pseudocode and flowchart for a decision structure.
Direction of Numbered
NYC Streets Algorithm
• Problem: Given street number of one-way
street in New York City, decide direction of
street, either eastbound or westbound.
• Discussion: There is a simple rule to tell the
direction of a one-way street in New York City:
Even-numbered streets run eastbound.
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Direction of Numbered
NYC Streets Algorithm
• Input: Street number.
• Processing: Decide if the street number is
divisible by 2.
• Output: “Eastbound” or “Westbound”.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
Direction of Streets Algorithm
FIGURE 1.8
Flowchart for the
numbered
New York City
streets problem.
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Direction of Streets Algorithm
FIGURE 1.9 Pseudocode for the numbered
New York City streets problem.
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Direction of Streets Algorithm
FIGURE 1.10 Hierarchy chart for the numbered
New York City streets problem.
Repetition Structure
• A programming structure that executes
instructions many times
– Repetition structure
– Looping structure
• Need a test (or condition) to tell when the
loop should end
– Check condition before each pass through loop
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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
Direction of Streets Algorithm
FIGURE 1.11 Pseudocode and flowchart for a loop.
Class Average Algorithm
• Problem: Calculate and report the average
grade for a class.
• Discussion: Average grade equals sum of all
grades divided by number of students.
– Need loop to read and then add (accumulate)
grades for each student in class.
– Inside the loop, we also need to total (count)
number of students in class.
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Class Average Algorithm
• Input: Student grades.
• Processing: Find the sum of the grades; count
the number of students; calculate average
grade = sum of grades / number of students.
• Output: Average grade
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
Class Average Algorithm
FIGURE 1.12 Flowchart for the class average problem.
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Class Average Algorithm
FIGURE 1.13 Pseudocode for the class average problem.
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Class Average Algorithm
FIGURE 1.14 Hierarchy chart for the class average problem.
How to get Python compiler
• Go to: https://www.python.org/downloads/
• Follow instruction’s on how to install python
on your favorite Operating system.
• If this is your first time using a programming
compiler you are encourage to do the
tutorials.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
https://www.python.org/downloads/
Starting IDLE
• Windows:
Invoke with double click of
• MAC:
Open Finder, select Applications, select the
Utilities folder, select Terminal, and then enter
IDLE at the prompt
• LINUX and UNIX: usually be found at
/usr/bin/idle3
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Starting IDLE
FIGURE 1.16 The Python shell.
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Starting IDLE
FIGURE 1.17 The Python shell after the
expression 2 + 3 has been evaluated.
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Starting IDLE
FIGURE 1.18 The Python shell after the
statement print(“hello CS625 Class “) has been executed.
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A Python Code Editor Walkthrough
FIGURE 1.19 The File drop-down list.
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A Python Code Editor Walkthrough
FIGURE 1.20 The code editor window generated
after New Window is clicked on.
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A Python Code Editor Walkthrough
FIGURE 1.21 The code editor window
containing a three-line Python program.
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A Python Code Editor Walkthrough
FIGURE 1.22 A Save As dialog box.
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A Python Code Editor Walkthrough
FIGURE 1.23 The code editor window containing
a three-line Python program.
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A Python Code Editor Walkthrough
FIGURE 1.24 Press the F5 key to execute.
The outcome of the Python program in Fig. 1.22.
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A Python Code Editor Walkthrough
FIGURE 1.25 A Save message box.
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An Open-a-Program Walkthrough
FIGURE 1.26 An Open dialog box.
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Click on desired
program
An Open-a-Program Walkthrough
FIGURE 1.27 Example 10 of Section 3.4.
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An Open-a-Program Walkthrough
FIGURE 1.28 Request for input from Example 10 of Section 3.4.
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An Open-a-Program Walkthrough
FIGURE 1.29 Complete output for Example 10 of Section 3.4.
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Block-Structure
Figure 1.30 Example 10 of Section 3.4.
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The File Drop-down Menu
FIGURE 1.31 The File drop-down menu.
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