• Keep the scope of your research focused. 
• Spend time evaluating sources to be sure that they 1) respond to your specific research goals/question(s) and 2) are credible texts. 

Cite early and often. Do not wait until the paper is written to create in-text citations and a works cited page. 

• To write your lit review’s main idea, consider how the sources you’ve selected relate to each other and to the larger body of knowledge on this subject.
• Usually, a literature review uses 3rd person point-of-view and an objective tone. 
• Try to use direct, concise language that’s easy to understand for a non-expert audience.
• Avoid using long direct quotations, as they can overwhelm your own voice. Instead, use paraphrasing, summary, and concise quotations. 
• Minimize your own potential biases and treat sources in an even-handed manner. 
• Locate and read some sample literature reviews related to your topic. Chances are, the scholarly sources you’ve found so far have literature reviews, even if they’re not labeled as such. Generally, literature reviews appear immediately after an essay or article’s introduction.

Vol.:(0123456789)

Prospects (2020) 49:91–96
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09464-3

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VIEWPOINTS/ CONTROVERSIES

Education and the COVID‑19 pandemic

Sir John Daniel1

Published online: 20 April 2020
© UNESCO IBE 2020

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic is a huge challenge to education systems. This View-
point offers guidance to teachers, institutional heads, and officials on addressing the crisis.
What preparations should institutions make in the short time available and how do they
address students’ needs by level and field of study? Reassuring students and parents is a
vital element of institutional response. In ramping up capacity to teach remotely, schools
and colleges should take advantage of asynchronous learning, which works best in digital
formats. As well as the normal classroom subjects, teaching should include varied assign-
ments and work that puts COVID-19 in a global and historical context. When constructing
curricula, designing student assessment first helps teachers to focus. Finally, this Viewpoint
suggests flexible ways to repair the damage to students’ learning trajectories once the pan-
demic is over and gives a list of resources.

Keywords curriculum · learning · teaching · assessment · COVID-19 · pandemic · crisis

The last 50 years have seen huge growth worldwide in the provision of education at all
levels. COVID-19 is the greatest challenge that these expanded national education sys-
tems have ever faced. Many governments have ordered institutions to cease face-to-face
instruction for most of their students, requiring them to switch, almost overnight, to online
teaching and virtual education. This brief note offers pragmatic guidance to teachers, insti-
tutional heads and state officials who must manage the educational consequences of this
crisis. It addresses:

• Preparations that systems could make
• Needs of students at different levels and stages
• Reassurance to students and parents
• Simple approaches to remote learning

* Sir John Daniel
odlsirjohn@gmail.com

1 Acsenda School of Management, Vancouver, Canada

http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s11125-020-09464-3&domain=pdf

92 S. J. Daniel

1 3

•

Curricula

•

Assessment

• After COVID-19
• Useful resources.

Preparations

Most governments played catch-up to the exponential spread of COVID-19, so institutions
had very little time to prepare for a remote-teaching regime. Where possible, preparations
could have included:

• Ensuring that students took home the books, etc., needed for study at home.
• Tying up loose ends; e.g., finalizing test results and reports. In the northern hemisphere,

many schoolteachers were in the process of predicting grades of year-end exams for
submission with students’ applications to tertiary education. Depending on whether
they made them before or after the formal suspension of these exams, teachers’ predic-
tions may have been different, creating anxiety for both themselves and their students.

• Staff preparation and training: arrangements for safeguarding; division of work between
departments; mechanisms for teachers to remain in touch collectively for mutual sup-
port; and brief and simple updates on learning technologies already somewhat familiar.
Many institutions had plans to make greater use of technology in teaching, but the out-
break of COVID-19 has meant that changes intended to occur over months or years had
to be implemented in a few days.

Different students, different needs

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the lives of students in different ways, depending
not only on their level and course of study but also on the point they have reached in their
programmes. Those coming to the end of one phase of their education and moving on to
another, such as those transitioning from school to tertiary education, or from tertiary edu-
cation to employment, face particular challenges. They will not be able to complete their
school curriculum and assessment in the normal way and, in many cases, they have been
torn away from their social group almost overnight. Students who make the transition to
tertiary education later this year are unlikely to take up offers to sit their year-end school
exams (e.g., the International Baccalaureate) in a later session.

Even those part-way through their programmes will be anxious until they have clear
indications of how their courses and assessment schemes will be restored after the crisis.
Many in the COVID-19 cohort of students will worry about suffering long-term disad-
vantages, compared to those who studied “normally”, when they move to another level of
study or enter the labour market. Statements from tertiary institutions that they will apply
admission criteria “compassionately” may not always reassure.

While approaches to remote learning will clearly differ as between elementary (pri-
mary) school and tertiary education, the needs of skills-sector programmes (Technical
and Vocational Education and Training–TVET) need special attention. The graduates of
such programmes will have a key role in economic recovery. Providing the practical train-
ing they require through distance learning is possible but requires special arrangements.

93

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The Commonwealth of Learning is a useful point of reference for TVET in developing
countries.

Reassurance to students and parents

These are anxious times for students and parents. Uncertainties about when life will return
to “normal” compound the anxiety. Even as institutions make the changes required to teach
in different ways, all should give the highest priority to reassuring students and parents—
with targeted communication. Many teachers and counsellors will have to provide this
reassurance without clear information from examining bodies and institutions about the
arrangements for replacing cancelled examinations and modifying admissions procedures.
Institutions should update students and parents with frequent communication on these mat-
ters. Teachers and school counsellors may be better than parents at assuaging the anxieties
of students in deprived situations. All, however, can access help lines and resources outside
the school system that specialize in addressing emotional and psychological challenges.

Fifty years ago, various jurisdictions created “open” universities in order to equalize
opportunity by extending access to tertiary education through distance learning. Sadly,
the current imperative of continuing schooling by hasty transitions to remote learning may
have the opposite impact. Institutions and educational systems must make special efforts
to help those students whose parents are unsupportive and whose home environments are
not conducive to study. Where households are confined to their residences by COVID-19,
parents and guardians may be deeply anxious about their own economic future, so study-
ing at home is not easy, especially for children with low motivation. Such homes often lack
the equipment and connectivity that richer households take for granted, compounding the
problem.

Simple approaches to remote teaching: Use asynchronous learning

Just as institutions take steps to inform, reassure and maintain contact with students and
parents, they must also ramp up their ability to teach remotely. This emergency is not the
time to put into effect complex institutional plans for distance learning that were meant
to be implemented over months or years. The witticism that “if a job is worth doing, it’s
worth doing badly” has validity. Teachers should work with what they know. Giving full
attention to reassuring students is more important than trying to learn new pedagogy or
technology on the fly.

The most important adjustment, for those used to teaching in classrooms in real time,
is to take advantage of asynchronous learning. For most aspects of learning and teach-
ing, the participants do not have to communicate simultaneously. Asynchronous working
gives teachers flexibility in preparing learning materials and enables students to juggle the
demands of home and study. Asynchronous learning works best in digital formats. Teach-
ers do not need to deliver material at a fixed time: it can be posted online for on-demand
access and students can engage with it using wikis, blogs, and e-mail to suit their sched-
ules. Teachers can check on student participation periodically and make online appoint-
ments for students with particular needs or questions. Creating an asynchronous digital
classroom gives teachers and students more room to breathe.

94 S. J. Daniel

1 3

Similarly, video lessons are usually more effective—as well as easier to prepare—if they
are short (5‒10 minutes). Organizations offering large-enrolment online courses, such as
FutureLearn, have optimized approaches to remote learning that balance accessibility and
effectiveness. Anyone asked to teach remotely can log in to a FutureLearn course in their
subject area to observe the use of short videos. Teachers might also wish to flag relevant
online courses to their students.

Curricula

What curriculum should teachers use for remote learning during the COVID-19 crisis? The
response will vary by jurisdiction. Some have prescriptive national curricula, whereas oth-
ers give wide discretion to teachers to choose programme content. General advice is for
teachers to keep two objectives in mind. While it is important to continue to orient stu-
dents’ learning to the classroom curriculum and the assessments/examinations for which
they were preparing, it is also vital to maintain students’ interest in learning by giving them
varied assignments—not least, perhaps, by work that sets the present COVID-19 crisis in a
wider global and historical context. Some schools are encouraging students to engage with
the crisis by preparing hampers of food and supplies for vulnerable families or writing let-
ters to elderly residents in care homes.

For such enrichment, teachers can draw on the abundance of high-quality learning mate-
rial now available as freely usable Open Educational Resources. The OpenLearn website,
for example, contains over 1,000 courses at both school and tertiary levels. There is no
dishonour in teaching through good materials prepared by others.

Assessment

End-of-year examinations in the northern hemisphere have been cancelled or suspended by
many examining bodies (e.g., the International Baccalaureate Organisation), with a knock-
on impact in the southern hemisphere. This has left millions of students, even those who do
not relish examinations, feeling left in the lurch. At this moment (April 2020), as COVID-
19 still rages in most parts of the world, these bodies are unable to say when they will
resume normal operations and how, if at all, they will provide results for this year’s cohort.

Institutions versed in distance learning often start the process of course construction by
designing the student assessments that will be part of it. This is a way of clarifying learn-
ing objectives and content that teachers making a sudden transition to remote operation
should consider adopting. It will help them determine the parts of the standard curriculum
on which they will focus as well as their aims in including other topics.

After COVID‑19

Until countries can judge when the trade-off between economic activity and public health
will enable them to ease restrictions on normal life, anxiety about the extent and dura-
tion of the special COVID-19 arrangements in each jurisdiction will continue. Moreover,
the return to normality will not be a simple one-time transition to life as it used to be.

95Education and the COVID-19 pandemic

1 3

Jurisdictions will assess risks differently and all will take precautionary measures against
second and third waves of COVID-19 outbreaks.

Institutions, teachers, and students will continue to look for flexible ways to repair the
damage caused by COVID-19’s interruptions to learning trajectories. In this context, the
open schools (e.g., India’s National Institute of Open Schooling; the New Zealand Corre-
spondence School) and open universities (e.g., The UK Open University; Athabasca Uni-
versity, Canada)—most of which have continued to operate through the COVID-19 pan-
demic—can sometimes provide the variety of courses and flexibility of time and place of
learning to help students get back on track.

Although institutions that normally teach face-to-face in classrooms or on campuses
will likely return to that mode of instruction with some relief, the special arrangements
they put in place during the COVID-19 crisis will leave a lasting trace. The expansion
of online learning in tertiary education will further accelerate, and schools will organize
themselves more systematically to pursue the aspects of technology-based learning that
they have found most useful.

All institutions will derive benefit from the mechanisms that they have put in place to
continue their educational and training missions in a time of crisis.

Resources

This is a small selection of the huge array of resources on which educators wishing to
adopt remote learning can draw. To put them in context:

• The Commonwealth of Learning is an intergovernmental agency of the Commonwealth
tasked with helping developing countries use technology effectively in education
and training at all levels. It focuses particularly on technology that is appropriate for
resource-poor situations.

Commonwealth of Learning. (Skills training [TVET] for men and women): https ://
www.col.org/progr ammes /techn ical-and-vocat ional -skill s-devel opmen t

Commonwealth of Learning. (Open Schooling): https ://www.col.org/progr ammes /open-
schoo ling

• These references from David Gaertner and the Sacred Heart Schools bracket a range of
responses to COVID-19, from “work with what you know” to carefully organised and
gradual processes.

David Gaertner, #COVIDCAMPUS: https ://novel allia nces.com/2020/03/16/covid
campu s/

Sacred Heart Schools: Flexible Plan for Instructional Continuity: https ://tinyu rl.com/
rrqfa e7

• UNESCO has much experience in advising Member States how to adapt their educa-
tional systems to crises of various kinds.

UNESCO—Distance learning solutions: https ://en.unesc o.org/covid 19/educa tionr espon
se/solut ions

https://www.col.org/programmes/technical-and-vocational-skills-development

https://www.col.org/programmes/technical-and-vocational-skills-development

https://www.col.org/programmes/open-schooling

https://www.col.org/programmes/open-schooling

#CovidCampus

#CovidCampus

https://tinyurl.com/rrqfae7

https://tinyurl.com/rrqfae7

https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse/solutions

https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse/solutions

96 S. J. Daniel

1 3

• The YTL Foundation is an example of national provision of online resources to teach-
ers, parents, and students.

YTL Foundation, Malaysia: https ://ytlfo undat ion.org/learn fromh ome/

• FutureLearn and OpenLearn are important collections of online courses and course
resources under the aegis of the UK Open University.

FutureLearn (free mass enrolment courses on many topics): https ://www.futur elear
n.com/

OpenLearn: Free learning from the Open University: https ://www.open.edu/openl earn/

• Open Schools: There are open schools offering flexible schooling to large numbers
of pupils in various countries. Three examples are India (https ://www.nios.ac.in/),
Namibia (https ://www.namco l.edu.na/), and New Zealand (https ://www.tekur a.schoo l.nz/)

• Open Universities: Some 50 jurisdictions around the world have established open uni-
versities, which enroll millions of students between them. Three examples are Canada
(https ://www.athab ascau .ca/, Tanzania (https ://www.out.ac.tz/), and the United King-
dom (http://www.open.ac.uk/).

• Surrey County Council: Resources for families—examples of links recommended by an
English regional government.

Talking to your child about coronavirus: https ://young minds .org.uk/blog/talki ng-to-
your-child -about -coron aviru s/

How to look after your family’s mental health when you’re stuck indoors: https ://paren
tinfo .org/artic le/how-to-look-after -your-famil y-s-menta l-healt h-when-you-re-stuck -indoo rs

Keeping children happy and safe online during COVID-19: https ://www.safer inter net.
org.uk/blog/keepi ng-child ren-happy -and-safe-onlin e-durin g-covid -19.

Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps
and institutional affiliations.

Sir John Daniel (Canada, United Kingdom) was educated at Christ’s Hospital School and the Universi-
ties of Oxford and Paris. After completing degrees in Metallurgy, he taught at the École Polytechnique,
Montréal before studies in Educational Technology led him to re-orient his career to open and distance edu-
cation and take up appointments that included 17 years as a university president at Laurentian University,
Ontario; and the UK Open University. After serving as Assistant Director-General for Education at UNE-
SCO from 2001 to 2004, he moved to Vancouver as president of the Commonwealth of Learning in 2004.
He was knighted in 1994, appointed to the Order of Canada in 2013, and holds 32 honorary doctorates from
universities in 17 countries. His 390 publications include Mega-universities and Knowledge Media: Tech-
nology Strategies for Higher Education and Mega-Schools, Technology and Teachers: Achieving Education
for All.

Learn From Home

https://www.futurelearn.com/

https://www.futurelearn.com/

https://www.open.edu/openlearn/

https://www.nios.ac.in/

Home

https://www.tekura.school.nz/

https://www.athabascau.ca/

https://www.out.ac.tz/

http://www.open.ac.uk/

https://youngminds.org.uk/blog/talking-to-your-child-about-coronavirus/

https://youngminds.org.uk/blog/talking-to-your-child-about-coronavirus/

https://parentinfo.org/article/how-to-look-after-your-family-s-mental-health-when-you-re-stuck-indoors

https://parentinfo.org/article/how-to-look-after-your-family-s-mental-health-when-you-re-stuck-indoors

Keeping children happy and safe online during COVID-19

Keeping children happy and safe online during COVID-19

Education and the COVID-19 pandemic
Abstract
Preparations
Different students, different needs
Reassurance to students and parents
Simple approaches to remote teaching: Use asynchronous learning
Curricula
Assessment
After COVID-19
Resources