Journal AssignmentEach of your answers should be written using your own words. Do not copy and paste from your textbook or an Internet source. Simply copying from the book word-for-word does not show me that you understand the concepts. Ensure you cite your work and add reference(s) at the end of your journal. This assignment is designed to see if you are reading and understanding the material from your textbook and attached PDFs, so these should be the sources you are citing in your work. You should not need to do research from additional resources unless the question specifically asks you to do so; you should not be Googling the answers for these questions.Please review the APA module under the “Getting Started” area if you need assistance. As a criminal justice professional, it is imperative that you learn the finer aspects of writing. Citing and referencing are part of the gradable criteria for your weekly work. All questions are worth 20 points:
- What are the responsibilities of INTERPOL and where does the INTERPOL’s authority to act come from?
- Discuss how INTERPOL, EUROPOL, and the Schengen Convention aid in the cross-national police cooperation in Europe.
- Compare and contrast the American Criminal Justice system with the Japanese Legal system. In what ways would the American Criminal Justice system benefit from adopting some of the concepts from the Japanese Legal system?
- If you could revise the American Criminal Justice system; what components of other countries’ legal systems would you use and why? If you include the Japanese Legal system, you should also include other countries in this answer.
- Human trafficking requires deception and coercion. What is the role of Interpol in combatting Human trafficking? Do you believe Interpol could be doing more to fight this horrific crime; if so what?
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
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Seventh Edition
Chapter 2
Domestic, Transnational, and International Crime and Justice
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Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
2.1 Distinguish between comparative criminology and comparative criminal justice
2.2 List and provide examples of the two primary problems criminologists face when comparing crime in two or more countries
2.3 Name and summarize five grand theory explanations that have been used in cross-national crime research
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Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
2.4 Distinguish between international crime and transnational crime
2.5 Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime
2.6 Summarize international efforts responding to domestic, transnational, and international crime
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Distinguishing Comparative Criminology and Comparative Criminal Justice
Comparative Criminology
Studies crime as a social phenomenon and as social behavior
Comparative Criminal Justice
Determines how various countries attempt to maintain social order and accomplish justice
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Comparative Criminology
Two problems when comparing crime in two or more countries
Ensure crime data from different countries have been defined, reported, and recorded in a similar manner
Compile crime data in a manner that allows researchers to compare countries over time
Crime as a social phenomenon
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Comparative Criminology (1 of 2)
Modernization Theories
Social processes accompanying industrial development result in conditions conducive to increased criminality
Civilization Theory
The link between crime and civility suggests that violent crime decreased as civility transformed violent societies into more peaceful ones
World System Theory
As capitalism expands, it disrupts indigenous cultures and traditional means of subsistence and results in inequality and class conflict
Crime as social behavior
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Comparative Criminology (2 of 2)
Opportunity Theory
Crime’s occurrence results from modern economies and social organization providing increased opportunities to engage in criminal behavior
Feminist Theory
Examines how indicators of gender inequality influence crime rates, especially gender differences in crime rates and differences in rates of gendered crimes
Crime as social behavior
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Transnational Crime
Types mentioned in the textbook
Cybercrime
Corruption
Drug Trafficking
Money Laundering
Maritime Piracy
Theft of Art and Cultural Objects
Trade in Human Body Parts
Trafficking in Persons
Terrorism
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Cybercrime
Computers linked to criminal activity in three general ways
Cyber Attacks
Computer system itself is a target of the criminal act
Cyber Theft
Computer is used as a tool in committing a crime
Other computer security incidents
Such as spyware, adware, hacking, phishing, etc.
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Corruption
The abuse of entrusted power for private gain
Undermines a country’s political, social, and economic stability
Contributes to global crime since transnational criminals are aided by the complicity of corrupt public officials
Countries are encouraged to criminalize such forms of corruption as bribery, embezzlement of public funds, influence trading, and concealment of corruption proceeds
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Drug Trafficking
Three sectors to consider
Production
Cannabis production has been stable, opium poppy cultivation decreasing, and coca cultivation rising
Trafficking
Cannabis is locally produced and consumed, but cocaine trafficking is interregional and heroin trafficking both local and interregional
Consumption
About 1 in 20 adults aged 15-64 used at least one drug in 2014
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Money Laundering
Process by which proceeds from unlawful activity are concealed
Typically takes place in a three-stage process
Funds are moved from direct association with the crime, hidden in a legitimate business, then made available to the criminal again
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Maritime Piracy
A very serious crime today
Actual and attempted pirate attacks have decreased since 2011—now numbering about 250 incidents each year
Most contemporary attacks occur in the area of Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent
Pirates often target oil and chemical tankers
Pirates steal ship’s equipment and cargo and crew, ship, and cargo can also be held for ransom
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Theft of Art and Cultural Objects
Unlawful acquisition of objects that are part of a country’s cultural legacy
Black market in works of art is becoming as lucrative as is the market for drugs, weapons, and counterfeit goods
The crime occurs in all countries, but is now an increasing trend in Middle East countries
Private homes, museums, and places of worship are common targets
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Trade in Human Body Parts
Three broad categories of organ trafficking
Traffickers force or deceive the victims into giving up an organ
Victims agree to sell an organ, but are cheated because they are not paid for the organ or are paid less than the promised price
Vulnerable persons are treated for an ailment, which may or may not exist and organs are removed without the victim’s knowledge
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Trafficking in Persons (1 of 2)
Differs from migrant smuggling
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Trafficking in Persons
Major types are sex trafficking and forced labor trafficking
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Terrorism
Hard to define since terrorists and terrorist acts have few common traits
No single, universally accepted definition of terrorism, but violence and political motivation are considered important aspects
Using the U.S. Department of State definition, in 2013 there were almost 10,000 terrorist attacks worldwide, taking place in 93 different countries with the majority occurring in Iraq, Pakistan, and Afghanistan
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Response to Transnational Crime
Combatting transnational crime requires collaboration and cooperation among countries
National Efforts
The U.S. combats transnational crime through enhanced inspection, detection, and monitoring of borders and with an abundance of agencies dealing with some aspect of transnational crime
International Efforts
INTERPOL facilitates cross-border criminal police cooperation to combat transnational crime
UN operates much of its crime and justice work through the Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
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International Crime
Crime that violates international law
Types of International Crime
Genocide
Crimes against humanity
War crimes
The International Criminal Court (ICC)
Created in the Rome Statute (1998) and came into existence in 2002
Prosecutes international crimes
Functions with an amalgamation of common and civil law principles
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Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
Seventh Edition
Chapter 10
Japan: Examples of Effectiveness and Borrowing
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Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
10.1 Identify two reasons why Japan provides an appropriate case study for highlighting the benefits of comparative study
10.2 Summarize and explain four broad cultural patterns that may be helpful in understanding the relative success of Japan’s social control model
10.3 Explain the concept of bureaucratic informalism in the context of Japan’s criminal justice system
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Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
10.4 List and explain three aspects of Japanese policing that may help explain the police role in Japan’s comparatively low crime rate
10.5 Explain how the Japanese preference for compromise and conciliation and the importance of apology affect how the country’s judiciary operates
10.6 Describe how probation and parole operate in Japan
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Why Study Japan?
Appropriate case study because:
Japan’s criminal justice system seems to provide an effective response to the crime problem
Japan’s effective criminal justice system owes much to the policies and procedures found in other countries
Showing how successful adaptation can be a goal of comparative criminal justice
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Cultural Patterns (1 of 3)
May be helpful in understanding the relative success of Japan’s social control model
Identifying broadly stated cultural values that are shared in a society helps make sense of the complexity and variation found in all societies
BUT, must be careful that reference to cultural patterns is not taken to mean cultural stereotypes
Four cultural patterns (that may or may not be applicable to everyone who happens to be Japanese) are considered
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Cultural Patterns (2 of 3)
May be helpful in understanding the relative success of Japan’s social control model
Homogeneity
Japan is ethnically homogeneous with almost 99% of its population being Japanese
This similarity is reflected in an expression of similar values and commonly held norms (making social control easier)
Contextualism and Harmony
Standards of morality and ethics are determined by reference to the group and the setting
Maintaining harmony, or at least its appearance, is important
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Cultural Patterns (3 of 3)
May be helpful in understanding the relative success of Japan’s social control model
Collectivism
A sense of self-worth and identity comes from the groups to which one belongs
Family and group orientation results in a sense of collective responsibility and of obligation toward others
Hierarchies and Order
Police, courts, and corrections officials are seen as guardians of society’s morals and enforcers of the law
Collectivism and a sense of order encourage cooperative relations between citizens and justice agencies
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Bureaucratic Informalism
Emphasizes desirable sanctions as private, indirect, and ambiguous
Similar in concept to legal informalism, which was identified in Chapter 4 as a key characteristic of the Eastern Asia legal tradition
Use “bureaucratic” because in Japan the informal process has more transparent attachment to administrative policy
Refers to preference for an informal response to misbehaving individuals
Proceeding through each stage of the formal justice process, one finds an informal system reinforcing the formal process
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The Police Role
Key factors
Officer Deployment
Police coverage via koban and chuzaisho rather than patrol cars means officers are active, involved, and valued members of the community
Citizen Partner
Formal and informal associations, including crime prevention activities, link citizen and officer
Service
Officer’s presence in community is considered routine and result is cooperative service orientation
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Judiciary
Tactics showing preference to handle disputes informally
Compromise & conciliation
At pretrial stage, majority of non-traffic offenses are investigated and processed by police without arrest
Prosecutors suspend without prosecution about half of the criminal cases
Even in cases going to trial, majority undergo summary proceedings rather than formal trial
Apology
Asking offender to apologize to victim is tactic police use to handle minor offenses
At pretrial stage, apology formally offered in informal setting can be both punishment for embarrassed offender and expression remorse to compensate vicitm
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Corrections (1 of 2)
Many offenders are handled in the community, but few are actually supervised
Probation
Available only as a complement to a suspended execution of sentence
Supervision is by probation officers assisted by rehabilitation coordinators and volunteers
Parole
There is no right to parole or even to apply for it
Request is initiated by prison head on behalf of prisoner
Supervision is by same agents used for probation
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Corrections (2 of 2)
Highly centralized, unified, and coordinated prison system
Penal institutions include adult and juvenile prisons with some designated for women
Sentenced inmates over age 60 have increased since 1990s and now about 12% of prison population
Inmates have opportunities for work, education, and rehabilitation
Incentive pay encourages work and provides post-release funds
Classes from elementary to college level match inmate needs and abilities
Rehabilitation ranges from general guidance to specific treatment programs
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Learning From Comparative Studies
Borrowing is both possible and desirable
Not a question of whether countries can learn from each other, but how unfamiliar ideas can be made effective in a different setting
Example of police deployment
Japanese-style deployment seems possible in the U.S. because there is no compelling cultural factor inhibiting its use
Koban-like units may be (and are) showing potential in public housing projects, shopping malls, near transportation and community centers
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