Topic: Change in mosquito ecology leading to increase of (Dengue Fever) in Southern Florida.

****YOU MUST FOLLOW EVERY STEP ON THE GUIDE for Climate Change Case Study Final Report****, LOCATED BELOW. PLEASE FOLLOW GUIDE!!!

· Page Limit: including all visuals, you have a minimum of 10 pages double-spaced and maximum of 13 pages double-spaced. This page limit excludes title page, abstract, and reference pages.

Please include headings/sub-headings to isolate appropriate sections

Running head: PUBLIC HEALTH EFFECTS

1

PUBLIC HEALTH EFFECTS

5

Public

Health Effects

Teresa Bingham, Jacquie Caruso, Ivory Castro, Tyler McKee

National University

February 7, 2021

Public Health Effects

Topic

Change in mosquito ecology leading to increase in (Dengue Fever) in

Southern Florida

.

Public health effect

Increased spread of dengue overwhelms health care centers

Country or area/location

Southern Florida

Pathways Diagram

Climatic causes and pathways to this problem

Climate change

Exposure Pathways

Health Effects

Human Activity

Environmental effects

Overwhelmed health centers

1,

3

3,

4

2,3

6

5
4
3
1

1,2

Social factors

· Population

· Density Settlement

They cause and spread Dengue

The heat Islands suitable for breeding daytime bitibng Aedes aegypt mosquito

Several degrees warmer grounds formed

Heat Islands

Creation of microclimate

Landscaping activities like creation of flower pots and jars, tires

Urbanization

Public health response to addressing the problem.

Mordecai, an assistant professor of biology at Stanford’s School of Humanities and Sciences in his review about anticipated rise of some mosquito- borne diseases states that “development of accurate point of care diagnostics for dengue and chikungunya viruses and community-based mosquito control measures, such as trash removal and covering standing water will be increasingly important for targeted care and prevention.

References
Cohut, M. (2020). Climate change and the spread of the West Nile virus in the. Retrieved 7 February 2021, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/west-nile-virus-in-the-us-a-case-study-on-climate-change-and-health#An-impending-global-health-crisis?
COLAROSSI, J. (2020). Ticks and Mosquitoes, Infectious Disease Carriers, Are Expanding Their Range. Retrieved 7 February 2021, from http://www.bu.edu/articles/2020/ticks-mosquitoes-infectious-disease-carriers-expanding-their-range/
Githeko, A. K., Lindsay, S. W., Confalonieri, U. E., & Patz, J. A. (2000). Climate change and vector-borne diseases:a regional analysis. Retrieved 2 7, 2021, from World Health Organization: https://www.who.int/bulletin/archives/78(9)1136

Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats. (2008). Vector-Borne Diseases: Understanding the Environmental, Human Health, and Ecological Connections, Workshop Summary. Retrieved 2 7, 2021, from Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK52939/

JORDAN, R. (2020). Mosquito-borne disease threat | Stanford News. Retrieved 7 February 2021, from

https://news.stanford.edu/2020/09/09/mosquito-borne-disease-threat/

Kukreti, I. (2020). Climate change can affect diseases transmitted by insects, vectors: UN report. Retrieved 7 February 2021, from

https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/climate-change-can-affect-diseases-transmitted-by-insects-vectors-un-report-72174

Muurlink, O., & Taylor-Robinson, A. (2020). The ‘lifecycle’ of human beings: a call to explore vector-borne diseases from an ecosystem perspective. Infectious Diseases Of Poverty, 9(1). doi: 10.1186/s40249-020-00653-y

Schrama, M., Hunting, E., Beechler, B., Guarido, M., Govender, D., & Nijland, W. et al. (2020). Human practices promote presence and abundance of disease-transmitting mosquito species. Scientific Reports, 10(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-69858-3

·

General Project Directions & Useful Tips for Signature Assignment:

Topic:

Change in mosquito ecology leading to increase of (Dengue Fever) in Southern Florida.

****YOU MUST FOLLOW EVERY STEP ON THE GUIDE for Climate Change Case Study Final Report****, LOCATED BELOW. PLEASE FOLLOW GUIDE!!!

· Page Limit: including all visuals, you have a minimum of 10 pages double-spaced and maximum of 15 pages double-spaced. This page limit excludes title page, abstract, and reference pages.

Please include headings/sub-headings to isolate appropriate sections

·

· Please use information and visuals (photos/images/maps, tables and figures/diagrams) made by you and/or from online sources, government websites, international organization’s websites, as well as, peer-reviewed journals. Use a minimum of one visual within 2 page of text, thus, at least 5-8 visuals, within 10-16 pages. Your visuals are a very critical piece of your writing and must flow well and must be properly called from the text, and numbered in the correct order (sequentially). In addition, please ensure that you use a variety of visuals instead of using the same visual type (example: a map, a diagram, a table, a photo/image)

· All in-text citations must be APA style. Every statistic and major point must have supporting sources. Do not overuse a single source within the same paragraph, add variety by using multiple sources in the same paragraph. Make sure to order alphabetically your reference section. Always use Agency name, not the title as your in-text citation, with Year. See APA style. (general orientation on APA format:

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

).

· Acronyms, such as NIH, CDC, EPA, WHO, UN, etc., must be used in expanded form the first time it is used in the text, and subsequent times, the contraction can be used.

· Pay attention to punctuations and proper sentence structure!

· Identify the literature that you will review. I look at HOW you UTILIZED the peer-reviewed literature rather than the quantity of the peer-reviewed scientific literature that you have been able to locate. Thus, a paper with properly utilized 5-7 peer-reviewed literature may receive a higher grade than a paper with improperly utilized 15 peer-reviewed sources!

· Analyze the literature, take notes from each article, group them into topic and subtopic and try to understand the progression of knowledge (chronologically). Critique the articles by looking at possible weaknesses or strengths in their methodologies and results or interpretation. Evaluate your references for depth and breadth: Although you can always find more articles on your topic, you have to decide at what point you are finished with collecting new resources so that you can focus on writing up your findings. However, before you begin writing, you must evaluate your reference list to ensure that it is up to date and has reported the most current work. Typically a review will cover the last 10 years, but should also refer to any landmark studies prior to this time if they have significance in shaping the direction of the field. Synthesize and write the research by making sure you discuss how studies relate to each other. As the same time, look for obvious gaps and areas needing more research.

Pathway Diagram Example (not a perfect scoring example)

Figure 1. Pathway diagram illustrating global temperature increase’s ocean warming and its effect on methylmercury poisoning in the Pacific Islands.

1.Sunderland, E. M., Krabbenhoft, D. P., Moreau, J. W., Strode, S. A., & Landing, W. M. (2009). Mercury sources, distribution, and bioavailability in the North Pacific Ocean: Insights from data and models. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 23(2).

2.Mason, R. P., Fitzgerald, W. F., & Morel, F. M. (1994). The biogeochemical cycling of elemental mercury: anthropogenic influences. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58(15), 3191-3198.

3.Hansen, J., Sato, M., Ruedy, R., Lo, K., Lea, D. W., & Medina-Elizade, M. (2006). Global temperature change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(39), 14288-14293.

4.Schuster, P. F., Schaefer, K. M., Aiken, G. R., Antweiler, R. C., Dewild, J. F., Gryziec, J. D., … & Liu, L. (2018). Permafrost stores a globally significant amount of mercury. Geophysical Research Letters, 45(3), 1463-1471.

5.Schuur, E. A., McGuire, A. D., Schädel, C., Grosse, G., Harden, J. W., Hayes, D. J., … & Natali, S. M. (2015). Climate change and the permafrost carbon feedback. Nature, 520(7546), 171-179.

6.Dijkstra, J. A., Buckman, K. L., Ward, D., Evans, D. W., Dionne, M., & Chen, C. Y. (2013). Experimental and Natural Warming Elevates Mercury Concentrations in Estuarine Fish. PLoS ONE, 8(3). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058401

7.Maulvault, A. L., Custódio, A., Anacleto, P., Repolho, T., Pousão, P., Nunes, M. L., … Marques, A. (2016). Bioaccumulation and elimination of mercury in juvenile sea bass (Dicentrarchuslabrax)in a warmer environment. Environmental Research, 149, 77–85. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.035

8.Karatela, S., Ward, N., & Paterson, J. (2019). Mercury exposure in mother-children pairs in a seafood eating population: Body burden and related factors. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(12), 2238.

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122238

9.Silbernagel, S. M., Carpenter, D. O., Gilbert, S. G., Gochfeld, M., Groth, E., 3rd, Hightower, J. M., & Schiavone, F. M. (2011). Recognizing and preventing overexposure to methylmercury from fish and seafood consumption: information for physicians. Journalof toxicology, 2011, 983072.

https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/983072

10.Rice, K. M., Walker, E. M., Jr, Wu, M., Gillette, C., & Blough, E. R. (2014). Environmental mercury and its toxic effects. Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi, 47(2), 74–83. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2014.47.2.7

FOLLOW THIS GUIDE FOR YOUR PAPER

***GUIDE for Climate Change Case Study Final Report***

(Page Limit: including all visuals, you have a minimum of 10 pages and maximum of 15 pages double-spaced , excluding title page, abstract, and reference pages within this limit. Please include headings/sub-headings to isolate appropriate sections)

% Grade

Outstanding

Title Page (1%)

Uses proper APA style as outlined by APA (running heads, title, names of authors, etc.)

Abstract/Executive Summary & Keywords(10%)

Abstract/Executive Summary includes a summary of the major issues: 1. health effect addressed, 2. geographic region identified, 3. key elements of causal pathway briefly summarized, and 4. brief public health response included. A reader must be able to gather the most important points of the report just by reading this section.
Appropriate keywords (5-7) included below the abstract with “Keywords” heading.
A word limit of between 200 and 300 words is maintained in this section (use MS Word to do a word count on this section’s main text and include the count BELOW Keywords).

Introduction/Background (8%)

Explains the significance and importance of the chosen topic in a logical and organized manner.
Review of the pertinent background literature is thorough, relevant, and organized. Sources are varied and properly cited in this section.
The section wraps up by including objective(s) OR emphasis of the chosen topic.

Geographic Location (8%)

Discusses the geographic location thoroughly with topic relevant information making excellent connection to the chosen region. Provides detailed map(s) or other geo-coded visual material(s) pertinent to the topic & geographic area.

Health Effects (8%)

The biology, epidemiology, and health effects associated with the topic are addressed in depth. The health effects should be properly tied to the geographic region with relevant information.

Causal Pathway
(15%)

Clearly and concisely explains the cause(s) and appropriate pathway connecting “changes in climate” that is forecasted in the geographic region to the chosen health effect. Cause-effect relationships are clearly explained with appropriate visual(s) and directional arrows with a comprehensive list of sources. Students show clear understanding of system thinking.

The students are able to properly identify all major climatic and non-climatic factors affecting this health problem.

Public Health Response (15%)

At least one
public health response (climate mitigation, climate adaptation as pertinent to the health effect, climate resilience) is addressed in depth with geographic region specific policies and information. The students have clearly included and described a comprehensive list of public health approaches to addressing the chosen climate change problem.

Synthesis of Peer-reviewed journal papers and government reports
(10%)

Each section flows well and contains technically in-depth materials as found in peer-reviewed journal papers and reputed government or agency websites. Uses ample peer-reviewed journal papers/report to provide the required depth in the report.

Visual Materials
(15%)

Uses a variety of visuals, such as figures, diagrams, maps, tables, photos (as applicable to the report). Balances the text with visuals and introduces all visuals within the text, as dictated by APA style. All visuals have proper captions and are sequentially numbered according to APA style. All visuals have clear source information in the caption or below the visual.

Overall quality of technical writing
(5%)

Excellent writing. Text is clearly divided into sections and sub-sections (headings and sub-headings) by topic. Summarizes the conclusions. Displays writing proficiency, topic sentences, grammar, flow, precise language. Uses a variety of technical terms and the writing style is varied and technically and scientifically appropriate for the chosen topic.

Citation and References
(5%)

The entire document has no more than one missing in-text citation and all in-text citations are APA style. The reference section is complete and has no missing or unused citations. Clearly exceptional work!

Dengue

Fever in Southern Florida 1

Change in Mosquito Ecology Leading to Increase in Dengue Fever in Southern Florida Comment by Zohir Chowdhury: Add the word climate change somewhere in the title since that’s the main focus of the paper

National University: Public Health

COH400: Environmental Health

February 21, 2021

Abstract Comment by Zohir Chowdhury: Refer to grading rubric. Multiple elements are missing that will lead to points deduction.

By influencing mosquito behavior, vector growth, and mosquito/human encounters, the environment affects the dengue ecosystem. Although these relationships are established, it is unknown what effect climate change would have on transmissions. Statistical and method temperature simulations have been used to improve our understanding of these interactions and forecast the impact of predicted climate change on dengue fever incidence, however, these simulations have yielded conflicting findings.

We identified critical environmental impacts on the dengue virus’s ecology and assessed temperature dengue models’ capacity to explain climate-dengue interactions, predict outbreaks, and forecast climate change consequences. We study the proof through lab experiments, field research, data analysis of correlations among proxies, dengue disease occurrence, and environmental conditions linked directly and indirectly to climate and dengue.

Health effects of dengue fever can range from a major drop in blood pressure leading to shock to internal bleeding and organ damage. In some cases, dengue can even lead to death. In pregnant women, dengue can be dangerous because it can be spread to the baby during childbirth. In the region of Southern Florida, most cases of dengue fever are brought in from individuals who have traveled to places such as the Caribbean, South America, or Asia. While traveling to areas where Dengue is widespread is the most common cause for seeing it here in the U.S., there have recently been 26 cases that were locally acquired.

Table of Contents

Background 4

Aedes Mosquitoes

5

Control of Aedes Mosquitoes

5
Geographical Location 6

Dengue Occurrence in Florida

7

Health Effects

8

Causes of Dengue Fever

9

Weather and Climate Variability

10

Clinical Diagnosis

12

Dengue Fever Symptoms

13

Dengue Fever Treatment

13

Clinical Management

14

Laboratory Diagnosis

15
Public Health Response 15

Conclusion

17

References

18

Tables

20
Table 1 20

Figures

21

Figure 1

21

Figure 2

22

Figure 3

23

Figure 4

24

Change in Mosquito Ecology Leading to Increase in Dengue Fever in Southern Florida Comment by Zohir Chowdhury: All over the paper, check for sentences that do not have a reference. You cannot JUST have a reference at the end of the paragraph, you need to reference “sentences” and then follow-up with transitional words that connect that reference to additional content from that same reference to build your paragraph. Of course, it’s never a good idea to ONLY have one reference in a single paragraph. Use multiple references.

Dengue is a mosquito-borne infection transmitted by any of the dengue virus infections that are directly connected. Another dengue (DENV) contamination offers protection to a specific pathogen forever and therefore does not provide long-term protection to other strains of the virus. There are four strains of dengue, thus, an individual may be afflicted up to four times as exposure to one strain does not yield immunity to the others. Dengue is now the most severe vector-borne infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes to humans.

Over the past five decades; the high prevalence of dengue has increased approximately 30-fold. According to Ebi& Nealon (2016), the spread of both the major Aedes species and their spores is correlated with globalization, commerce, urban growth, transportation, cultural shifts, and insufficient domestic water sources, and warming climates.

This paper’s primary purpose is to discuss dengue virus study influencing vector behavior, agent growth, mosquito/human relationships, and environment influences dengue ecosystem. It is important for people to be aware of this problem, especially in the Southern region of Florida, because of the severe symptoms associated with dengue. The objective is to provide people with information concerning the mosquito problem, how dengue is transmitted, ways to keep yourself safe, and symptoms that one may experience and when to seek medical care. It is also important to know how the change in climate is contributing to this problem and making it worse.

Background

With Aedes mosquitoes originating in Africa, and Ae.albopictus, originating in Asia, these species of mosquito have increasingly extended their scope. These mosquitoes are distributed between regions and travel overland in rubber tires or other containers wherein eggs were also laid by the international shipping sector. The dengue virus spreads rapidly by contaminated passengers, whose numbers have increasingly risen in the past few decades. Global warming by several interconnected pathways can improve all of these dengue transmission factors(Morin et al., 2016).

Aedes Mosquitoes

The control and prevention of dengue have mainly focused on controlling insect pests from the Aedes mosquito. The primary vector, Ae. aegypti is directly connected to people as well as their residences. Jordan (2020) states that the mosquitoes utilize water – holding capacity vessels in and around homes to conclude their production. In contrast, humans provide enough blood feeds essential for the production of eggs by the Aedes mosquito.

Post rainfall or floods, eggs lay primarily on the underside of water-holding vessels and hatch into larvae. Under favorable climatic conditions, the larvae turn into pupae and afterward mature mosquitoes in a little over a week. Females are primarily affected after biting a seroconversion person with dengue viruses. There could also be vertical transmitting amongst ages to a degree, even though its meaning is discussed.

Control of Aedes Mosquitoes

It is quite hard to regulate or eradicate Aedes mosquitoes; however, if climate and ecological conditions are appropriate, their population can be developed after their establishment. Aedes mosquitoes adjust to humanity’s aspects and rebound through natural disasters, such as drought or human influence interventions, in their ecosystems. Aedes eggs can tolerate dehydration and live without water for many periods, hatching directly after becoming immersed following rainfall. This rapid development means that a community could rebound shortly after eliminating all larvae, pupae, and adult Aedes mosquitoes by a mosquito control project.

Considering such obstacles and the need for sustainable population strategies to vector control, implementing an integrative manner has recently become integrating locally relevant mosquito control products within enhanced dengue monitoring, including epidemic reaction. Various innovative and successful mosquito control instruments are undergoing production, demonstrating specific proof of observational effect; such remains a subject of ongoing study.

Geographical Location Comment by Zohir Chowdhury: Include maps and graphs WITHIN the section, not at the end of the paper. Call the figure or the table from the text. See syllabus guidelines (very detailed guidelines were provided)!

Southern Florida is in the southern area of the United States. It’s among the three “dimensional” places most commonly referred to as Florida, with Central Florida and North Florida being others. This cognomen includes the populated metro region of Miami and the Florida Keys. Comment by Zohir Chowdhury: Such contractions are not used in technical writing

Florida is in a precarious condition concerning arboreal diseases. The geographical location, climate, environment, travel, and trade volumes all are favorable to the spread of inherited disease. Foreign-made dengue cases have been frequently reported in Florida over the past couple of decades. A gradual increase has also followed the origin of dengue as just a major public health problem in the United States in the number of reports imported. Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection that has caused considerable health concerns in various parts of the country, especially in tropical and subtropical cities and their suburbs.

The climate of Florida is transforming. The peninsula of Florida has warmed by 1 degree over the last decade. The climate is changing with the warming of the earth. Since the 1700’s; carbon dioxide in the air has increased 40% and contributes to trapping heat in relation to global warming. The ocean rises about an inch each day, and heavy torrential rains have become increasingly intense. Throughout the decades ahead, the temperature will continue to increase. Storm damage is likely to rise, destroying corals, increasing the effectiveness and frequency of uncomfortably hot summer days.

Only incomplete and intermittent resistance to contamination with many other subtypes is provided by contamination with one serotype. The risk of contracting a more severe form of dengue shock fever is potentially increased by professional and non or simultaneous contamination with different strains. The Dried Healthy subjects and patients and Miami are among the early records of dengue in the state. More severe outbreaks affected nearly 12,000 individuals, including Key West, Miami, Tampa, and Jacksonville. Figure 2 represents the areas in Florida with Dengue fever outbreak. Comment by Zohir Chowdhury: This is the ONLY place that I see a reference to a figure. See syllabus detailed guidelines. Follow APA format. See APA.

Dengue Occurrence in Florida

Although historically current in Florida, in previous decades, the United States successfully removed the virus. A small percentage of persons with recent travel histories to a dengue-endemic nation were recorded annually. There were no dengue records acquired in Florida since 1934 that were published until 2009. An epidemic of dengue in Palm Springs was reported in 2009-2010. During the spring and summer of 2009, 22 people were diagnosed in Key West with dengue fever. In 2010, 66 instances of Key West-associated nationally contracted dengue were recorded in Florida, with occurrence periods between September and November 2010.

Many other reports concerning people who travel to places where dengue is prevalent are recorded annually in Florida. Examples of regions with endemic dengue include the Caribbean, South America, and Asia. The relative vicinity of dengue regions like Puerto Rico along with regular foreign travel by citizens of Florida and foreign refugees make it more difficult for dengue to be reintegrated.

In Florida, after the Palm Springs epidemic, many intermittent dengue presentations were reported. Around 2013, the Martin Area epidemic occurred. Dengue transmitting in Main Largo was observed around 2020 and seemed to be ongoing. There seems to be some proof that perhaps the United States’ behavior, like regular use of ventilation and screen windows, and additional time inside, will safeguard us against significant outbreaks.

One could safeguard oneself against dengue and other mosquito-borne infections when travelling to a tropical or semi tropical region (Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Central, and South America) by implementing the recommendations in our Protection section, as well as using mosquito repellent. More details can be accessed on Traveler’s information websites. Table 1 shows the occurrence of Dengue in relation to cases acquired in travel, and cases transmitted locally within the state of Florida.

Health Effects

The occurrence of dengue viral disease is related to the increasing number of cases, the extension of outbreak regions, and increased medical occurrence. Dengue shock syndrome, which is frequently lethal if not treated correctly, has also been classified amongst evolving and re-emerging disorders (Kukreti, 2020). The result showed a DF complication amino replacement throughout the PrM form I to R and a DSS complication amino replacement throughout the Antibodies genes of D to G, which could substantially modify these proteins’ existence. DF stress nucleotide base turnovers were expected to alter its crystal structures in the 3′ non – coding area.

“Via ecosystem invasion, current population pressures, resettlement, agricultural production, forest destruction and depletion, global trade and travel, environmental degradation, and people alter infectious diseases ecosystems. Growing their influences in several various complex ways,” stated Bethan Purse, an environmental scientist with the United Kingdom Center for Ecology and Hydrology, independent, non-profit research. Hot weather can also be detrimental, sometimes hazardous. According to Muurlink et al. (2020), some persons, particularly infants, the aged, the ill, and the poor, are particularly vulnerable. Extreme temperatures cause warmth including deficiency which affects the respiratory and nervous system of humans. Dengue cases identified from Key West in 2010 are shown in the graph below. Source Dept. of Health Florida Source. Comment by Zohir Chowdhury: Why is this quoted? Paraphrase and synthesize in your writing Comment by Zohir Chowdhury: Follow APA

Severe dengue fever can lead to internal bleeding and organ damage. Blood pressure can also drop to dangerous levels causing shock. In some cases it can even lead to death. Pregnant women can transfer the virus to their baby during childbirth. Symptoms of Dengue fever can range from headache, rash, vomiting, and fatigue to more serious problems like blood in urine, severe stomach pain, and difficulty breathing.

Causes of Dengue Fever

None of the four forms of dengue viruses causes dengue fever. From being with an infected individual, you cannot get dengue fever. Alternatively, dengue fever is transmitted by mosquito bites. The two different types of mosquitoes that transmit dengue viruses most frequently are prevalent, mostly around human accommodation (Khetarpal& Khanna, 2016). It is transmitted by each of the Four dengue subtypes and is transmitted from person to person by female Aedes mosquitoes. Dengue disease progresses from moderate fever to dengue fever, including shock syndrome in severe cases.

Internationalization, intensified airline travel, and rapid urbanization have also contributed to a rise in infection rates and contributed to extending the dengue’s demographic and geographic spread. Due to four antigenic dengue virus subtypes, every one worthy of expressing border and bacterial infection immune reaction against three remaining subtypes, dengue vaccine production has been a daunting task.

A flavivirus genus-group infection causes dengue fever, the viral group disease that involves viruses including yellow fever, West Nile, and encephalitis spread by ticks. Without cross-immunity, there are four common dengue viruses. In their lifespan, individuals can have up to four dengue outbreaks.

Some risk factors of dengue fever include living in or traveling to tropical areas. If you have previously had dengue fever that will increase your risk of more severe symptoms if you were to get it again. For those that live in areas such as Southern Florida there is more of a risk, due to the warmer weather and bodies of water. Mosquitos are drawn to warmer climates and lakes or swamps, which Florida has a lot of. Additionally, any standing water that remains for a long time will attract mosquitoes to the area.

Weather and Climate Variability

Florida has one of the largest Aedes concentrations for its subtropical and tropical climate. Aegypti communities in the United States, as shown by frequent occurrences of Aedes-borne infection, raise the risk of disease. According to Cohut (2020), Climate and weather fluctuations can influence Aedes mosquitoes and Adenoviruses via diverse pathways. The relative humidity is the main factor of bites rate, growth of eggs, young mosquitoes, mosquito virus production time, and survival at all life cycle stages of the mosquito(Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats 2008). In Florida, Aedes Aegypti have existed for more than two centuries, possibly making themselves the longest known species in northeastern North America; throughout the decade of the 1980s, individual candidates for both the longest species were removed or substituted by vector control.

Laboratory tests analyzing these variables showed the optimal survival temperature range within the life cycle stages of the Aedes mosquito. In certain conditions, the high temperature could raise mosquitoes’ mortality and morbidity to reduce dengue risk. Aedes, nevertheless, evolved to create unique by roosting in the sewer system and finding shading in warm climates throughout the daytime—the period throughout the salivary glands of Aedes between eating and malware scanning. For P. falciparum and Salmonella enterica, aegypti reduced from 9 days at 26 ° C or higher ° C to 5 days at 30 ° C. At extreme temps, feeding activity is more regular, thus influencing the route of transmitting. If mosquitoes become contaminated with DENV while they receive their first tissue sample, 10% will survive long enough to be contagious to people, a percentage that depends on the weather.

Dengue Transmission

Social and economic influences and global health predictors are significant drivers of Aedes spatial trends, including dengue transmitting, in contrast to climate and weather factors. Modifications in urban ecosystems, like industrial agriculture, reservoirs, drainage, rapid urbanization, and rises in immigration, transportation, including commerce, may influence the production of viruses, including viruses, including ensuring the utilization of breeding grounds and the density of susceptible people.

It is essential to mention that dengue and chikungunya (CHIK) viruses might infect an individual at the very same time since both are transmitted by the very same species of mosquitoes (Schrama et al. 2020). Therefore it is critical because both dengue fever and CHIK are considered by clinicians while assessing suspected cases of traveling to areas in which both infections are available. Checking seems to be the only method CHIK, and dengue fever can reliably distinguish from a healthcare professional.

Such correlations are dynamic, differing spatial and temporal, and can lead to a non-feedback among glaciation, social-economic, and other variables. Based on the unique social and economic background, several non-climatic variables, like low-quality urban housing, inadequate availability of safe water, including sanitary conditions, including restricted access to wastewater treatment, are likely to increase instead of minimizing the consequences of climate change.

Clinical Diagnosis

“The “broken bones flu,” or “normal dengue fever,” is categorized by 3-14 days of the sudden prevalence of severe fever after a contaminated mosquito’s bite. The indications are cranial headaches, discomfort, syncope, Mcgregor, signs of haemorrhagia, rash, including low count of white blood cells. The patient can report bulimia and vomiting as well. If occurring, acute symptoms generally last around one week. Fatigue, dysfunction, and eating disorders can continue over several weeks. There are no signs or slight signs of such a large percentage of dengue infections.

The most popular hemorrhage presentations can be considered mild and also have a positive test for the tourniquet, skin reddening, rhinorrhea (keloid scarring, cyclic voltammetry) (bleeding of the nostrils), and epithelial bleeding (bleeding of the gums). More extreme forms of continuous bleeding, hematochezia, menstrual leakage, esophageal varices, and bleeding intracranially.

The medical system is currently being reevaluated by the World Health Organization (WHO). Definitions for DHF as well as dengue fever. Researcher’s learned through various investigations have recognized the existence of threats of dengue problems throughout the absence of one or more for DHF, more than just the new requirements (Schrama et al. 2020). Notwithstanding the term, the essential characteristic that separates DHF is not rapidly losing through dengue fever, and instead plasma contamination through systemic arterial leak procure permeation.

Dengue Fever Symptoms

Dengue fever can be a painful, debilitating disease but is rarely fatal. Changes begin 3-14 days after being bitten by a mosquito. Symptoms include fever, extreme headaches, blurred vision, muscle aches, as well as vomiting. In certain instances, gastrointestinal discomfort such as bloody diarrhea might also be apparent. Side effects of dengue fever usually last for 4-7 days. The infection is frequently wrongly identified since flu as well as other conditions are close to the indications.

Hemorrhagic dengue fever is an uncommon but far more severe type of dengue infection, which, if it is not identified and treated through supportive treatment, may be deadly. Prior contamination with such a distinct dengue pathogen is the major risk factor for viral disease.

Dengue Fever Treatment

There is no cure for dengue fever or dengue hemorrhagic fever, but rapid assessment and understanding of symptoms successfully prevent deaths. There is no dengue vaccination, and the testing has indeed been difficult due to variations in the four virus forms, although there are already many contenders for vaccines in progress. Encourage patients to drink a lot of water as well as relax a lot.

Inform patients that they should consider antipyretics to regulate their temperatures. Kids with dengue are also at risk of convulsive disease. Mostly during the tumultuous period of the disease, epilepsy. Alert patients to stop the medication and other non – steroidal medicines, anti-inflammatory drugs since they raise the bleeding risk. Track the moisture state of your patients in the explosive phase of the disease.

Educate patients and parents on the effects of sleep deprivation and track the production of urine. If fluids may not be tolerated orally by patients, they can need IV fluids (Khetarpal& Khanna, 2016. Test physiologic state. Monitoring the hydration of your patients during the febrile stage. Educate patients and parents, referring to the symptoms of dehydration and monitoring for the production of their urine.

If liquids are not tolerated orally by patients, they may need intravenous antibiotics. Evaluate pharmacodynamic condition by monitoring the pulse rate, oxygen saturation, stroke volume, heart rate, and regular urine production. Conduct pharmacodynamic evaluations, hemoglobin baseline examination, and blood platelets. Keep monitoring your clients; during splenectomy, near. Dengue Critical Process Defervescence starts, and it takes 24-48 hours.

Clinical Management

For outpatients, emphasize the need for preservation of appropriate hydration. Observing for signs of extreme alarm dengue and early initiation of adequate dengue care is critical to avoiding problems such as excessive shock and acidosis of metabolism. Efficient DHF and DSS monitoring mean selective monitoring of the prompt and appropriate IV maintenance fluid therapies with hypotonic alternatives and regular re-evaluation of the hemodynamic condition and vital signs of the person across the process of criticism.

Healthcare professionals must discover to understand this disease in its earliest stages. Acetaminophen should be prescribed to patients. Morphine and medroxyprogesterone acetate, anti-inflammatory medicines, can exacerbate the propensity to bleeding. Many dengue conditions are treated with this and, in kids, can be related to Reyes syndrome’s growth.

Laboratory Diagnosis

Unambiguous dengue disease patients require verification in the laboratory, by either trying to isolate the infection or trying to detect dengue-specific antibodies. For viruses DENV RNA segregation or identification in the serum Streptomycin, legitimate reversal samples chain of reductase polymerase events (RT-PCR), It is important to gather an acute-phase serum sample within five days after the onset of symptoms.

If the infection cannot be extracted or identified from such a specimen, a palliative care serum test is collected to be diagnosed serologically at least six days after onset of signs by checking for dengue Specific antibodies with such enzyme-linked IgM primary antibodies. Many studies for anti-dengue antibodies show non – specific results for flaviviruses, namely West Mediterranean and St. Pathogens with Louis Encephalopathy. The specificity and accuracy of the test results can differ. It may need to be checked by a research facility. Comment by Zohir Chowdhury: You need to include a CAUSAL PATHWAY diagram. See syllabus guidelines. The diagram is constructed by your group based on climatic and non-climatic factors. See guidelines and listen to the recordings for the Live Zoom class 1 and 2.

Public Health Response Comment by Zohir Chowdhury: See syllabus detailed guidelines: CLIMATE ADAPTATION and CLIMATE MITIGATION. Addressing the dengue health effect is part of climate adaptation strategy. Again, see syllabus and rubric—both!

Community education and awareness programs, clean-up initiatives, ecological habitat degradation, and spraying of pesticide habitat were primary response vector internal controls. Door-to-door outreach drives and the search and kill program, which were run concurrently by Female Community Health Volunteers, were the most effective response initiatives (FCHVs) (Colarossi, 2020). It included the demonstration of vectors of environmental degradation and the use of covers for water containers.

Another respondent described these FCHVs as the most generous collaborators in the outbreak as society people seem to believe them more often than others. None measures pesticide-treated wastewater or even that pesticide net has been in use. To enhance emergency preparedness or washing, there has been no procedure used. Especially recognizing that disinfection negatively impacts our well-being due to public requests, local authorities still use it.

Excellent community mobility could be related to the effectiveness of both the education projects and search and destruction initiatives. Confrontation in Southern Florida may have benefited health care, recognizing community programs and civil society in health systems in particular. This is compared to several other research that states that redeployment might not be sufficient for opposing groups. Nevertheless, evidence demonstrates how tension facilitated the creation of community work services and the participation of FCHV.

There are several explanations for such a better social engagement to be built on. Research demonstrates that community engagement with dengue for mosquito identification and the management of larval indexes but with other vector-borne illnesses is essential in an outbreak. Nevertheless, a thorough analysis allows for effective monitoring of community outreach achievements, despite insufficient evidence that perhaps the interventions impact dengue propagation. Statistical information must be included in any additional research.

The Martin County Health Department provided an immediate response to an outbreak and provided information to community health providers. A survey was done in the area on local resident’s and blood samples were taken from random individuals to help identify any risk factors. They also inspected several places in the area to find the mosquito’s breeding activity and implemented intense mosquito control efforts. They continue to have a mosquito control program and continue to inform the community on ways to reduce the risk of mosquito-borne illnesses, as well as keeping community health care providers up to date on mosquito-borne illnesses.

All prevention and seek and destroy activities need to be expected throughout the local district public health departments, using functional active and integrating dengue into existing job titles. Enhancements in community development, not just picking a few jurisdictions, should also include areas vulnerable to dengue. It is essential to ensure the initiatives’ viability, and the public should be active in decision-making.

A much more organized community collaboration organization between various sectors, including water supply and sanitation, needs to be determined. In Florida, such “community working groups” were also responsible for all aspects, including developing strategies, sharing public interest, and measuring outcomes (Khetarpal& Khanna, 2016. It illustrates how societies could become a personality, but they will need some initial guidance to create power. If the background allows, this community development can work with the private sector or the government.

Conclusion

The frequency of dengue outbreaks since the 20th century has all been affected by changes in climate conditions, trends of human habitation, migration, and community density, the spread of the primary two mosquito species, as well as water-management innovations. The competing partnership amongst Ae.aegypti as well as Ae. Albopictus, the prior two vectors, may contribute to possible improvements throughout the spread of the disease pharmacology. In Florida in the US, dengue transmission in Queens-land was considered in this study.

References

Cohut, M. (2020). Climate change and the spread of the West Nile virus in the. Retrieved 7 February 2021, from

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/west-nile-virus-in-the-us-a-case-study-on-climate-change-and-health#An-impending-global-health-crisis

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COLAROSSI, J. (2020). Ticks and Mosquitoes, Infectious Disease Carriers, Are Expanding Their Range. Retrieved 7 February 2021, from http://www.bu.edu/articles/2020/ticks-mosquitoes-infectious-disease-carriers-expanding-their-range/

Ebi, K. L., & Nealon, J. (2016). Dengue in a changing climate. Environmental Research, 151, 115-123.

Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats. (2008). Vector-Borne Diseases: Understanding the Environmental, Human Health, and Ecological Connections, Workshop Summary. Retrieved 2 7, 2021, from Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK52939/

JORDAN, R. (2020). Mosquito-borne disease threat | Stanford News. Retrieved 7 February 2021, from

https://news.stanford.edu/2020/09/09/mosquito-borne-disease-threat/

Khetarpal, N., & Khanna, I. (2016). Dengue fever: causes, complications, and vaccine strategies. Journal of immunology research, 2016.

Kukreti, I. (2020). Climate change can affect diseases transmitted by insects, vectors: UN report. Retrieved 7 February 2021, from

https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/climate-change-can-affect-diseases-transmitted-by-insects-vectors-un-report-72174

Morin, C. W., Comrie, A. C., & Ernst, K. (2013). Climate and dengue transmission: evidence and implications. Environmental health perspectives, 121(11-12), 1264-1272.

Muurlink, O., & Taylor-Robinson, A. (2020). The ‘lifecycle’ of human beings: a call to explore vector-borne diseases from an ecosystem perspective. Infectious Diseases Of Poverty, 9(1). DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00653-y

Teets, Frank & Ramgopal, Moti & Sweeney, Kristen & Graham, Amanda & Michael, Scott & Isern, Sharon. (2014). Origin of the dengue virus outbreak in Martin County, Florida, USA 2013. Virology Reports. 1-2. 10.1016/j.virep.2014.05.001.

Schrama, M., Hunting, E., Beechler, B., Guarido, M., Govender, D., & Nijland, W. et al. (2020). Human practices promote the presence and abundance of disease-transmitting mosquito species. Scientific Reports, 10(1). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69858-3

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Dengue fever statistics and maps; Dengue cases in the US.

https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/statistics-maps/2020.html

Tables

Table 1 Comment by Zohir Chowdhury: Is this a table? Does it have ROWS and COLUMNS?

(CDC, 2021)

Figures
Figure 1

Figure 2

Florida Counties with Dengue Outbreak

Figure 3

Figure 4