The Profit and Loss Account is a Financial Statement which summarizes a company’s revenue and expenditure for a specific period of time, usually prepared annually or quarterly. These statements provide information that shows the ability of a company to generate profits by increasing its revenues and reducing costs. The Profit and Loss Account is also known as a “Statement of Profit and Loss”, an “Income Statement” or an “Income and Expense Statement”.
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IMPORTANCE OF PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT :
Profit and Loss Account represents a company’s ability to generate income through their business operations. Many times businesses will need financing to help create the facilities for their operations. Smaller companies usually obtain bank loans that are based on the amount of income a company has earned from past operations. Solid Profit and Loss history is essential for getting the best loan terms. Profit and loss statements are important also because many companies are required by law or association membership to complete them. Apart from this, a profit and loss statement will help the company to understand their net income, which may be helpful in decision-making processes. That is, it gives one the information needed to grow or expand his business.
KEY ITEMS OF THE PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT :
Income from Sales
Cost Of Goods Sold
Gross Profit
Operating Expenses
Net Profit from Operations
Other Income
Other Expenses
Net Profit
STANDARD STRUCTURE OF A CORPORATE PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT:
Profit and Loss Account for the year ended……
Particulars
Rs.
Particulars
Rs.
To Gross Loss
……….
By Gross Profit
……….
To Salaries
……….
By Interest Received
……….
To Rent
……….
By Commission Received
……….
To Rent and Rates
……….
By Other Receipts
……….
To Discount Allowed
……….
By Etc., Etc.
……….
To Commission Allowed
……….
By Net Loss (Transferred to Capital Account of the Trader)
xxxx
To Insurance
……….
To Bank Charges
……….
To Legal Charges
……….
To Repairs
……….
To Advertising
……….
To Trade Expenses
……….
To Office Expenses
……….
To Bad Debts
……….
To Travelling Expenses
……….
To Etc., Etc.
……….
To Net Profit (Transferred to Capital Account of the Trader)
xxxx
Profit and Loss Account for the year ended……(Statement Form)
Particulars
Rs.
Rs.
Rs.
Income From Sales:
Sales
……….
Less: Sales Returns
……….
Sales Discount
……….
……….
Net Sales
……….
Cost Of Goods Sold:
Stock as on 1stJanuary
……….
Purchases
……….
Less: Purchase Returns
……….
Net Purchase
……….
Cost Of Goods available for sale
……….
Less: Stock as on 31stDecember
……….
COGS (Cost Of Goods Sold)
……….
Gross Profit
xxxxxx
Operating Expenses:
Selling Expenses:-
Sales Salary
……….
Advertising Expenses
……….
Insurance Expenses – selling
………..
Store Supplies Expenses
……….
Sundry Selling Expenses
……….
Total Selling Expenses
……….
General Expenses:
Office Salaries
……….
Taxes
……….
Insurance Expenses – general
……….
Office Supplies Expenses
……….
Sundry General Expenses
……….
Total General Expenses
……….
Total Operating Expenses
……….
Net Profit from Operations
xxxxxx
Other Income:
Rent Income
……….
Other Expenses:
Interest Expenses
……….
……….
NET PROFIT
xxxxxx
GIVEN BELOW IS THE PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT OF TATA STEEL LIMITED :-
(This will help us understand the purpose of a Profit and Loss Account and also enable us to understand how a Profit and Loss statement is made.)
Profit &Loss – Tata Steel Ltd
Mar’12
Mar’11
Mar’10
Mar’09
12 Months
12 Months
12 Months
12 Months
INCOME:
Sales Turnover
37,005.71
31,901.94
26,757.60
26,843.53
Excise Duty
3,167.20
2,594.59
1,816.95
2,495.21
NET SALES
33,838.51
29,307.35
24,940.65
24,348.32
Other Income
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
TOTAL INCOME
34,389.27
29,635.26
25,272.24
24,653.68
EXPENDITURE:
Manufacturing Expenses
5,608.38
4,463.65
3,803.33
3,349.96
Material Consumed
9,696.65
9,222.27
8,491.42
8,279.44
Personal Expenses
3,047.26
2,618.27
2,361.48
2,305.81
Selling Expenses
1,832.40
109.36
82.17
61.49
Administrative Expenses
2,119.56
1,922.33
1,622.77
1,518.83
Expenses Capitalised
-478.23
-198.78
-326.11
-343.65
Provisions Made
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
TOTAL EXPENDITURE
21,826.02
18,137.10
16,035.06
15,171.88
Operating Profit
12,012.49
11,170.25
8,905.59
9,176.44
EBITDA
12,563.25
11,498.16
9,237.18
9,481.80
Depreciation
1,151.44
1,146.19
1,083.18
973.40
Other Write-offs
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
EBIT
11,411.81
10,351.97
8,154.00
8,508.40
Interest
1,925.42
1,686.27
1,848.19
1,489.50
EBT
9,486.39
8,665.70
6,305.81
7,018.90
Taxes
3,162.63
2,912.44
2,168.50
2,114.87
Profit and Loss for the Year
6,323.76
5,753.26
4,137.31
4,904.03
Non Recurring Items
372.66
1,107.89
909.49
297.71
Other Non Cash Adjustments
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Other Adjustments
0.00
4.54
0.00
0.00
REPORTED PAT
6,696.42
6,865.69
5,046.80
5,201.74
KEY ITEMS
Preference Dividend
0.00
0.00
45.88
109.45
Equity Dividend
1,165.46
1,151.06
709.77
1,168.95
Equity Dividend (%)
119.97
119.97
79.98
159.95
Shares in Issue (Lakhs)
9,712.14
9,592.14
8,872.14
7,305.92
EPS – Annualised (Rs)
68.95
71.58
56.88
71.20
[The portion highlighted by a black box shows the Profit earned by Tata Steel Limited from 2008 -2012]
HOW THE PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT HELPS THE CORPORATE DECISION –
MAKERS TO SHAPE THEIR DECISIONS?
A Profit and Loss account provides a collection of operating data that can be used by corporate decision makers to improve corporate operations. Regular review of this statement can help the entrepreneur to adjust the strategic paths of the company based on the prevailing economic conditions. A Profit and Loss statement also helps outside investors to measure a firm’s economic viability in the long run. Also;
Analyzing a statement of profit and loss gives corporate leaders the tools necessary to measure competitors’ progress in the market, hence improve their market share.
The Profit and Loss account gives a clear view of all the expenses and incomes of the firm, hence a regular analysis of these statements help firms cut down their expenses.
Creating a forum through which business unit leaders discuss and help top leaders set performing segments apart from activities that generate less than mediocre revenue. By reviewing the firm’s revenues and expenses, management can decide which segment to sell.
A profit-and-loss report indicates to the rest of the world the corporate segments that are thriving, emphasizing products that positively affect the corporate bottom line.
