Introduction
Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) will continue to have a major impact on all organizations and will over time increasingly becomes an integral part of the organizations strategy. Various aspects within the metamorphosis of ITO will be covered but not necessarily detailed.
ITO has become a global phenomenon. Globalization with some distinct drivers in technology evolution has reshaped the market place and given rise to the advent of the digital age. Sustainable competitive business strategy will need to embrace this opportunity and will need to seek enablers to exploit it. IT, by virtue of the web and broadband communications in particular, allows an organization to fulfill this need. Further decrease in costs communication, increase in broadband capacity and web collaborations accelerates the process.
Definitions
Outsourcing has variously been defined by scholars in the Information Systems (IS) literature as follows:
“The significant contribution of external suppliers in the physical and/or human resources associated with the entire or specific component of the IT infrastructure in the user organization.”(Loh and Venkataraman,1997)
Outsourcing occurs when third party vendors are responsible for managing the Information Technology components on behalf of their clients. IT Outsourcing means handing over the management of some or all of an organization’s information technology (IT), systems (IS) and related services to a third party.”(Willcocks et al.,1998)
“…business practice in which a company contracts all or part of its information systems operations to one or more outside information service suppliers” (Hu et al., 1997, p. 288)
“Outsourcing is the handover of an activity to an external supplier. It is an alternative to internal production”(Aubert et al.,2003)
“IS sourcing” is the organizational arrangement instituted for obtaining IS services and the management of resources and activities required for producing these services (Dibbern et al., 2004 , p. 11).
Therefore outsourcing involves the transfer of the responsibility for carrying out an activity (previously carried on internally) to an external service provider against agreed service levels at an agreed charge.
History
ITO has received great attention for scholars and researchers since the mid 1990’s but it’s been around for a while as per the examples below:
1963 – Electronic Data Systems (EDS under Ross Perot) signs an agreement with Blue Cross for handling of its data processing services.
Mid-1980s – EDS signed contracts with Continental Airlines, First City Bank and Enron.
1989 – Kodak outsources its IS function to IBM, DEC & Businessland (“Kodak Effect”) being the most notable example.
More recent developments (Kern and Willcocks 2000, Ross and Westerman 2004, Kishore 2003, Kaiser 2004, Lander 2004, IBM 2004, Smith and McKeen 2004), suggests motivation is more strategic in nature with the goal of improving the business’ competitive advantage.
It’s clear that ITO is not quite a new phenomenon but increasingly more prominent in this era where it is prevalent in almost every facet of business. The industry evolved from monolithic mainframe to pervasive computing.
A survey of the London Stock Exchange FTSE Index over a period of three years found a generally positive relationship between high levels of outsourcing and enhanced stock market performance.
Reasons for outsourcing
Organizations adopt ITO for various reasons (Turban et al, 2006). The ever dynamic evolution within the IT sector grants great opportunity to business. The following reasons were invariably most common as per numerous surveys done and researched globally:
Cost reduction
This has been the foremost reason to outsource as senior executives’ only views the IT function as a noncore activity and a necessary cost to be minimized. Economic pressures are also external factors that lead to advent of ITO. Lacity and Willcocks(2001) explains that cost savings are no longer a major reason for outsourcing.
Focus on core competency
Business deems IT as a cost centre and excludes it from its core strategy. With increased shareholder demands organisations feel they need to refocus on broader business issues other than technology. Organizations places more focus on their “core competency” business (Field, 1999).
Access to specialist expertise and technology
Highly skilled labour comes at a cost and also the technology and is also not readily available. ITO is not only for cost savings but as a tool for utilizing state of the art expertise and technology through their service providers (Field, 1999).
However of late, the companies with strong IT capabilities, such as IBM, Microsoft and SUN, are also outsourcing some of their IT functions to concentrate on their core-responsibilities and reduce costs to the economies of scale.
Decision Making
In the past, organizations used frameworks and models as guidelines for assessing their current state and determining future strategic actions (Gorry and Scott-Morton 1971, Nolan 1973, Luftman 1999, Venkatraman and Henderson 1993). More organizations are considering ITO as part of their strategic thinking.
Organizations use ITO as a method to reduce costs, achieve efficiency and flexibility but many don’t realize the benefits due to bad decision making. ITO decision-making is a process and requires careful scrutiny before being finalized.
ITO decision making process addresses a wide range of issues, such as economical (eg., financial feasibility), technological and political .This process starts with an in-house assessment of the IT capabilities which should highlight to management activities that can potentially be outsourced.
SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunity, Threats) analysis could be used to substantiate the need whether ITO can possibly be used to negate those threats and weaknesses or whether at all necessary to explore ITO. The facts gathered should include a baseline and evaluation of the current environment which should be made available for executive management approval. Knowledge within the strategic decision at this higher level can thus be descriptive (know-what), procedural (know-how) or reasoning (know-why) (Fahey et al., 2001; Holsapple & Singh, 2000).
Case studies within surveys conducted by M.C.Lacity,L.P.Willcocks and D.F.Feeny published in the Sloan Management Review(Spring 1996) summarizes the ITO process. The abovementioned reasons were most common in their samples.
Scope of sourcing
Sourcing is often referred to in IT literature as outsourcing. The research delineates four categories of sourcing:
Total outsourcing is where all IT activities including assets and management become the responsibility of a third-party vendor.
Total insourcing refers to the in-house management of IT activities where external or internal staff is used with the buying in of the vendor resources to meet a temporary need. Vendor resources are only used to supplement the internally managed teams.
Selective sourcing locates selected IT activities to vendors while the customer remained responsible for delivering the result and will be held accountable.
De facto insourcing uses internal IT departments to provide products and services that arise from historical precedent, rather than from a reasoned evaluation of the IT service market.
Considerations of sourcing
Critical review of above categories found that the all-or-nothing approach ( total outsourcing) characterized by long-term(5 years or more) deals can lead to trouble after a few years as exemplified in the case studies due to:
Senior Management approach ITO like any other make-or-buy decision where ubiquitous IT applications across business functions complicate matters.
Lost alignment between business and IT strategies.
Failed promises to access new technologies.
Processing power cost depreciates at an average of 20 percent annually due the IT capabilities evolvement.
And contractual costs soared greater than market prices.
Termination of such contracts was found to be prohibitively expense.
Research found that those who approach ITO in all-or-nothing terms either incur great risks or forego the potential benefits of selective sourcing.
Reasons for ITO can be categorized as two dimensional and based on:
Purchasing style refers to contracts to either be once off or an expectation of business for many years.
Purchasing focus refers to companies buying resources from vendors, such as hardware,etc, and manage the delivery of IT themselves or vendors manage the IT activity and the organization expect the specified results.
The result is four distinct categories will be representative of whether ITO is required as figure 1 represents. The figure also represents a decision matrix for business and guide for an effective strategy.
A decision in selecting what can be outsourced usually distinguish between the contribution that IT makes to the business operations and it’s impact on competitive advantage.
ITO was primarily domestic but has now evolved due to globalization and can also be categorized now by variance of service provider distance. The same reasons apply globally for ITO.
On-shoring refers to the outsource vendor located in the same country of the customer.
Near-shoring refers to the outsource vendor located geographically close but not in the same country.
Off-shoring refers to the outsource vendor located offshore and possibly on a different continent and time-zone.
Managing ITO
Once the scope and type has been identified,the vendor selection process will be initiated by soliciting via Request for Proposal(RFP). Not all service providers are equal as all offer different types of services like:
IS consultancies/solutions providers – services in all IS functions
Systems houses – system integration
Hardware vendors – hardware platform
Ex-IS departments – industry specific sourcing
Development houses – develop software
Generic outsourcers – manage functions, especially infrastructure
Freelancers
There are also important criteria to look for in your service provider.
Appropriate outsourcing experience and proven customer satisfaction track record.
Accredited in application of best practices such as ITIL with the necessary evidence.
Adequate numbers of skilled labor.
Scale and geography to fulfill the organizations needs.
Prepared to be flexible to you organizations needs, ie plan with current staff.
Upon selection of the ITO partner, an outsourcing contract provides a legally bound, institutional framework in which each party’s rights, duties and responsibilities are codified and the goals, policies, and strategies underlying the arrangement are specified. Selective sourcing allows for flexibility within the short contracts.
While some organizations realized their benefits in ITO, others have not been able to achieve benefits due to poor staffing of the IT function, poorly written service level agreements (SLA), lack of outsourcing experience on the client side, poor project management skill, poor technical infrastructure (especially in some offshore cases), and lack of trust (Jennex and Adelakum 2003, Lacity and Willcocks 2001).
A contract alone is insufficient to guide outsourcing evolution and performance since it involves repeated inter-organizational exchanges that become socially embedded over time.This is why ICT outsourcing is very challenging and often a painful process!!
Governance is fundamental to outsourcing relationships. Tracking SLAs and ensuring compliance to contracts are critical to controlling costs and setting minimum performance requirements. It is therefore important to ensure that the ITIL framework,starting with support management, are implemented to ensure that the IT aligns with business with the necessary metrics in place.
Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology (COBIT) framework will ensure that all policies should be enforced, especially adherence to security.
Critical Success Factors in an outsourcing relationship that should mitigate risk:
Define a strategy with measurable goals within your SLA to ensure the relationship don’t lose momentum over time.
Exercise due diligence to establish a baseline for the relationship.
With the adoption of the ITIL Framework,adopt a comprehensive change management strategy.
Always keep senior management involved to ensure that adherence to policies and procedures.
The right metrics and regular reporting build confidence and help sustain relations.
As per the Tuckman’s stage model the relationship should grow like a team and evolve in stages.
Stage one is the Insourcing stage where organizations buy only a few IT functions or services from external vendors on short term contractual agreements. Only a few IT activities are bought from outside parties, generally less than 5% of the entire IT operation.
Stage two is the Forming, or experimenting, stage. In this stage organizations engage in sporadic outsourcing of IT activities. Sourcing activities may be between 10-20% of the entire IT needs in the organization.
Stage three is the Storming stage; it is regarded as a transition stage. At stage three organizations need to make a decision either to pursue outsourcing actively or to keep on experimenting.
Stage four is the Norming stage. At this stage organization have already made a decision to pursue IT outsourcing actively and have established some norms, methods or processes for IT outsourcing within the organization. The reason for outsourcing could be either cost focus or desire to improve internal efficiency. Outsourcing could account for up to 40% of IT activities.
The last stage is the strategic focus stage. In this stage IT outsourcing is part of the corporate
strategy and it is not based just on cost reduction or IT improvement but is a strategic decision to use
IT outsourcing within the entire organization as part of corporate strategy.
Benefits from ITO
Offshore outsourcing holds more advantages than disadvantages with:
IT outsourcing to India helps to leverage from immensely intelligent, skilled and dedicated resources at reduced labor.
Opportunity to expand service levels beyond ordinary.
24/7 Productivity has given rise to the “global delivery system” where development in particular could be done around the clock or “overnight” in a collaborative model.
Choice of accredited vendors indicates that best practices are applied which should result in increase quality of service.
Best-of-breed technologies accompanied by best practices should decrease the latency on time-to-market.
Conclusion
All factors for outsourcing was highlighted in would thus mitigate risks and highlight benefits.The future of outsourcing include service-oriented architecture (SOA), green IT, the changing role of practitioners and what the future holds for convergence of technology and business process. The ITO market would thus become more specialized and modular.
Offshore ITO has also grown due to the bandwagon effect where other organizations just take advantage of the options prompted by others.
Numerous surveys in outsourcing indicates that
Offshore Leaders are Canada, India, Ireland, Israel, Philippines
Up-and-comers are Brazil, China, Malaysia, Mexico, Russia, South Africa.
Rookies are Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, New Zealand, Thailand, Ukraine
Reverse sourcing is a new trend in global business where offshore outsourcing is reversed to near-shore outsourcing but not primarily for cost factors. This trend is more evident in call-centers as customers prefer dealing with agents proficient in their language and culture.
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