Kindly, see the attached documents and answer the questions given: 

Karyotyping and Gametogenesis Lab Activity

Overview

You will complete a karyotyping lab activity and DNA Extraction lab experiment. Both deal with DNA which is stored as chromosomes in the nucleus of our cells. Karyotyping

This assignment will allow you to investigate what a karyotype is and how it is used to show disorders in humans. Complete the activity and submit the following assignment to the assignment link. This will be graded and the material will be seen on your module quiz.

Complete the

Karyotyping Activity

(opens window) found on the Biology Project site.

Copyright: http:www.biology.arizna.edu

Conclusion Questions: (Worth 10 pts each)

1. What is a karyotype actually?

2. How many chromosomes do humans have?

3. What are karyotypes used for?

4. What is nondisjunction and what cause it to happen?

5. What observations can you make regarding patient A’s karyotype?

6. What diagnosis would you give patient A? Explain your answer.

7. What observations can you make regarding patient B’s karyotype?

8. What diagnosis would you give patient B? Explain your answer.

9. What observations can you make regarding patient C’s karyotype?

10. What diagnosis would you give patient C? Explain your answer.

Gametogenesis Overview

The sperm and egg cells, or gametes, are created via cell division called meiosis. You will explore meiosis, spermatogenesis and oogenesis in the following animations, then show your understanding by answering the conclusion questions.

View the following short videos to find the answers to the conclusion questions. Your book is also a valuable resource.

Meiosis Overview

(Opens in new window)

Unique features of Meiosis

(Opens in new window)

Spermatogenesis

(Opens in new window)

Oocyte and Follicle Development

(Opens in new window)

Conclusion Questions (Worth 10 pts each)

1. What are 3 features that differentiate mitosis from meiosis?

2. Where are the cells that undergo meiosis found in the male and female?

3. Define haploid vs diploid

4. What is the goal of meiosis I?

5. What is the goal of Meiosis II?

6. What is spermatogenesis? When does this process begin in males?

7. What would the process for female egg (oocyte) production be called? When does this process begin in females?

8. What are oocytes surrounded by? Why do you think the surrounding structures are physiologically important?

9. What state has oocyte reached at ovulation?

10. What stage is oocyte at fertilization?

Urinalysis Hands on Lab Assignment

Introduction:

The million nephrons in each of your kidneys form urine and which allows the body to get rid of metabolic wastes from blood and maintain homeostasis by regulating blood

pH

, water volume and ion concentrations in blood. Urinalysis is a standard test that can determine if the urine formation is normal or abnormal. In doing this lab we can determine the volume of urine, chemical and physical properties, and microscopic composition along with levels of some metabolic waste materials in blood.

Pre-activity

There are three processes for making urine, glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. Below, for each of the processes below, define them and describe where they occur in the nephron.

1. Glomerular Filtration

2. Tubular Reabsorption

3. Tubular Secretion

Activity 1: The Nephron

Make a hand drawn picture of the nephron, make sure to include all of the structures and information listed below.

A. Renal corpuscle

B. Renal tubule

C. Location of glomerular filtration

D. Location and directional arrow of tubular reabsorption

E. Location and directional arrow of tubular secretion

F. Proximal convoluted tubule

G.

Distal convoluted tubule

H. Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)

I.

Collecting duct

J. Ascending loop of Henle

K. Descending loop of Henle

Post your labeled picture here.

Activity 2: Renal Reabsorption and Secretion

Using pages 970-988 in your lecture book and these videos

Urinary System 1

(opens window) and

Urinary System 2

(opens window) use the table below to predict the difference in osmolarity between the filtrate in the glomerular capsule and the other regions of the nephron. Will it be higher, lower, the same as, or dependent on hormones? For example, looking at the first structure in the table, does the filtrate found at the beginning of the proximal convoluted tubule have a higher/lower/same as the filtrate found in the glomerular capsule or does it depend on the hormones present?

Table 1: Filtrate Osmolarity Comparison

Activity One and Two Conclusion Questions

1. What is filtrate? What does it contain?

2. There are several substances in blood that are not filtered in the glomerulus. What are these substances? What prevents them from being filtered out? (Hint: think about the type of capillary makes up the glomerulus.)

3. What factors play a part in glomerular filtration rate? What is the main factor that determines the rate of glomerular filtration? How is the glomerular filtration rate regulated?

4. Explain the countercurrent mechanism for urine concentration. Make sure you address 1. What is being added to or removed from the filtrate in the Loop of Henle and how that happens. 2. Compare the osmolarity of the filtrate at the beginning and end of the Loop of Henle, explain why you go that answer. Make sure this is in your own words.

5. What does ADH determine in regards to the filtrate osmolarity? Where do we see this effect most in the nephron? Explain how ADH causes this effect to occur.

Activity 3: Urinalysis

Normal urine is composed of water, urea, creatinine, uric acid, electrolytes and occasionally small amounts of hormones, pigments, carbohydrates, fatty acid, mucous and some enzymes.

In this activity you will examine the physical characteristics of your own urine sample. You will observe color, cloudiness and odor. You will then compare your sample to a chart showing normal characteristics of urine.

Materials Needed:

· Urinalysis Test Strip

· Test Strip Analysis Key

· Paper cup for urine sample

· Paper Towel

Procedure:

1. Get a small cup to in which to collect your urine sample.

2. Before collecting, void a small amount of urine from your bladder to clear the urethra of any contaminants such as bacteria or menstrual blood.

3. Void into the small cup and wash your hands.

a. Observe the physical characteristics of your urine sample and record the information into the data table (below).

i. The color of your urine

ii.

Turbidity

(is it cloudy)

4. To test the chemical properties of your urine.

a. Submerge the dip stick into your urine for approximately 10 seconds.

b. Record the following characteristics in the data table (below).

i. pH

ii. specific gravity

iii. glucose

iv. blood

v. protein

vi. bilirubin

vii. leukocytes

5. After you have finished the analysis of the test strip

Images

Make sure you provide at least two pictures of you doing the lab and your results.

Data Table

For the data table, you must research what the normal values or properties for each characteristics. Input your results in the analyzed values column. Finally, you must explain the significance of each characteristic and why these values are used during to analyze urine.

Table 2: Urine Analysis

Resources to help you complete your analysis:

If you are using the urinalysis strip we provided, below is the key to read the results.

Figure 1: 10 Parameter Urinalysis Strip Key

Urinalysis Conclusion Questions

1. What makes urine have a higher specific gravity than distilled water?

2. If student’s urine shows positive for glucose, is this normal? Explain what could be the cause of the excess glucose?

3. Is normal daytime urine output diluted or concentrated?

Reproductive Systems and Development

Directions:

Label the following reproductive structures numbered in the images below.

Reproductive Systems and Development (19 total points)

Answer the following questions about the reproductive system and human development.

1. What is the gonad for the male reproductive system? The female?

2. What are the milk producing glands of the breast?

3. Name the structures, in order, that are the pathway for milk expulsion in the breast.

4. What three hormones are elevated just prior to ovulation?

5. What happens to estrogen and progesterone levels just prior to menstruation?

6. What structure of the testes produces sperm cells?

7. Name the structures that are responsible for the production of seamen and the percentage they contribute.

8. What are the two types of erectile tissue in males?

Developmental Timeline Instructions (22 total points)

Number each of the terms or stages of embryonic development within each period in chronological order.

Germinal Period (1-9)

______Fertilization

______Blastocyst

______Primitive Streak

______Formation of germ layers (endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm)

______Amniotic Cavity

______Implantation

______Gastrulation

______Embryonic Disk

______Morula

Embryonic Period (1-8)

______Neural plate forms

______Metanephros (kidney) has formed and Mesonephros degenerates

______Foregut and Hindgut form

______Pleural Cavities

______Limb Buds appear

______Functional muscles present

______Heart formation complete

______Coelom

Fetal Period (1-5)

______Roughly 17 generations of branches within lungs formed

______Finish of face development

______Differentiation of male and female sexual organs

______Placenta growth STOPS

______Parturition