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Running Head: CHINESE MODERN HISTORY 1

CHINESE MODERN HISTORY 2

professor feedback

Identifications–A bit confused here, Mao wasn’t listed on the exam—why did you write on him? The rest do an adequate job of showing you understand each term and their place in Chinese history. Need more of an argument with each about their impact on their time period/context or legacy. For example, why did it matter that

Heshen

was so corrupt and how did it alter the course of the Qing dynasty? 35/50 Essay-Introduction lays out some criteria for evaluating emperor’s but is missing historical context or a strong thesis statement. Body paragraphs do an adequate job of summarizing some of the main features of Kangxi’s reign, but Yang wasn’t a ruler of the Ming or Qing. This was implied by the essay and course since we don’t cover or read about the Sui. Even then, the essay doesn’t work hard enough to make its arguments rooted in evidence or engage in comparisons between emperors and each historical context to make a strong essay. 35/50 Vague or Irrelevant Thesis. Inadequate command of course material and failure to answer questions from the prompt. Undeveloped ideas, little to no evidence provided using course materials, and numerous errors in reasoning or oversimplifications of historical examples. Organization is too simplistic, relies on vague summations, and moves from one topic to another without explicitly stating connection. Major grammatical problems such as subject-verb agreement, obscure pronouns, and sentence fragments. Symptoms of poor communication such as slang, colloquialism, or repeated inexact word choices.

Need you major fix this essay

In a short paragraph, describe what each person/place/thing is, its historical timeframe

Mao Zedong was a revolutionary leader who is deemed the father of the people’s republic of china. Chairman Mao was the paramount chief of china between 1949 to 1976. His importance was that he promoted a nationalistic attitude in china and expressed his philosophy known as Maoism, an Ideology where the concept of Marxism is heavily borrowed (Dirlik, 1996).This ideology resulted in the systematic change on how china was governed. This is because his influence in the Communist Party of China resulted in Maoism being taught in school and include as part of the Chinese constitution. Mao is credited in opening china to world as his strategy made china grow into a world power it is today. The economic expansion increased china’s presence globally making it a large player. Trading with countries like the united states and most Asian countries. This opened a chapter of china diplomatic relationships with the world resulting in china having a permanent seat in the united nation security council.

Religion and spirituality

Confucianism

Kung fu-tzu devised this system between (551-497BC), where it is guided by ethics. Confucianism is based on loyalty, obedience to hierarchy and stressing correct behavior. This system brought and essentially influenced aspects of the ancient Chinese philosophy

Rebellion and conflict

White lotus rebellion

During the Qing dynasty, a section of people aligned to the white lotus movement rebelled in 1794 – 1804).The rebellion gained traction as multitudes of people came from the mountainous region of Sichuan province and Shaanxi provinces. It was under the command of a martial arts and healing expert Wang lung. The intension of the rebellion was improvised settlers to challenge the imperial Qing dynasty because of how they were treated .However the rebellion only lasted 10 years as it was suppressed by the imperialist. The effect of the rebellion has had severe consequences to the Qing dynasty as it weakened its control and prosperity considerably.

Society and arts

Yung wing

He was the first’s Chinese student to graduate from Yale college or any American university in 1854.He was involved with business transaction between the united states and thing dynasty. He persuaded the government of the Qing dynasty and subsequently allowed him take Chinese student to the united states so that they can learn about the western medicine and engineering.

His organization was known as the Chinese education mission who had 120 young students who schooled in new England in the united states (Lockett, 1988). Although his organization was shut down in 1881, the student who learnt there went back to china went ahead to significantly contribute to china’s expansion in engineering, sciences. and medicine

Political figures

Heshen

He was part of the plain red banner an administrative and military of the Qing dynasty. Heshen was considered the most corrupt government official in the history of china. He became very wealthy and influential as he used corrupt deal to stay in power. He was the minister of revenue we he consolidated all his wealth as he climbed the imperial rank to ultimately became the grad secretary of the Wenham palace. The fall of heshen came by as the new emperor jiaqing prosecuted him for imperial; edict and condemned him to slow slicing.

Governance.

The Grand Council

During the Qing dynasty the grand council was an important policy making body established in 1733 by yongzheng emperor. The grand council was initially in charge of military affairs however it gradual grew more powerful as it took more responsibilities. The council took the role of the privy council overtaking the grand secretariat in importance and power. (Zheng, 2015). despite growth in influence the grand council remained an in formal policy making body.

Commerce

The tribute system

This was a system that facilitated trade and diplomatic engage between china and the foreign entities. the system was based on homages to the chines emperor who was seen as the ultimate authority in east Asia. the system was a highly regulated network where envoys would be involved in Chinese ritual when they wanted to conduct trade with the neighbor of china.

Region and provinces

Tibet

This is an autonomous region in china located on the Tibetan platue western part of china and north of the Himalaya mountain. Tibet shares mount Everest with Nepal making it the highest region on earth as is the native land of the Tibetan people .its main economic activity is agriculture where it grows crops and raise livestock. Tibet government has always declared it islet an independent country as the Dalai lama act as its spiritual and political leader however the Chinese government has always refuted this claims maintain the Tibet is an integral part of china. (Lockett, 1988).

Rule of china prior 1911

Introduction

During the Chinese imperial rule there were great rulers who rule and made there dynasty prosperous and incredibly powerful as they controlled vast lands and maintained stability in there kingdoms however there were some who were not successful as much and led the dynasties being overthrown or destroyed. in this paper we are going to discuss one successful emperor and one not so successful and compare their reigns

Emperor Kangxi

During the Qing dynasty, existed an emperor named Kangxi. Emperor Kangxi is one of the most success full rulers who ruled from the 17th into the 18th century from 1654 to 1722 making the longest reigning emperor in Chinese history. during the emperors reign there was prosperity and the empire enjoyed peace because his rule for the most part was conciliatory and tolerant (Jami, 2012). In the early times of his rule, emperor kangxi defeated a rebellious plot by one of his ministers and also pacified a revolt of three feudatories which were governed by generals from the previous Ming dynasty. the emperor was a master at Confucianism as he did whatever he could to maintain peace an example is when he petitioned ethnic Han Chinese scholars to assist him in compiling the Ming history to understand it in order to lessen their opposition of the Han Chinese.

Emperor kanxi was a very successful military commander as he was able to force the tungning in Taiwan and the Mongol rebels to submit to his and the Qing dynasty rule. he also blocked the tsarist Russia at the river Amur from gain entrance and retained Manchuria and northwest china (Jami, 2012) .since there was peace and stability during his reign. the population increased rapidly and people stated cultivating land and therefore got taxes from agriculture however he refused to raised land tax as promised making him more popular. He also expanded Chinese culture by bringing the Hans Chinese history together into his kingdom and also the entrance of roman Catholicism into china. he was an astute diplomat enabling to increase with other foreign region ultimately growth the wealth in china

Emperor Yang

Emperor yang was the last ruling emperor of the sui dynasty. He was the second emperor of the sui dynasty, a dynasty that only ruled less than 40 years. the emperor is consider the most brutal tyrant in Chinese history as he is blamed for the relatively short rule of the sui dynasty.He was a corrupt emperor who appeased his general by distributing land from farmers to them . he was also a wasteful ruler as he uses resources to finance his lifestyle (Xiong, 2006). emperor yang was deemed to have no moral as he destroyed the kingdom he was left by his father, a kingdom that was unified, peaceful and prosperous. when he ascends into the throne, emperor yang forces his brother to commit suicide.

The policies that he implements failed terribly and led the down fall of the kingdom. the prosperity and wealth his father has left him was gone and this resulting to rebellion where his own official rebelled against him. (Xiong, 2006). His military effort failed terribly resulting to massive loss of lives of soldiers and also it depleted his government money. his reign was so terrible that civilian unrest happened rapidly and led to his downfall as he was killed by his general.

Conclusion

The dynasty rule in china evolved as the time went by. Much progress was done in this period as it greatly influenced the chines culture and norms practiced today. The prosperous time of the Qing dynasty verses the brutal rule of the sui dynasty offered an observation of how different element led r] to the overthrow and subsequent birth of new dynasties.

References

Zheng, G. (2015). The Role of Endurance Contests in the Construction of Authority and Social Order in Rural China: Cases in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 32(8), 1057-1070.

Lockett, M. (1988). Culture and the problems of Chinese management. Organization studies, 9(4), 475-496.

1.

Identification List(6 Paragraph )

a. In a short paragraph, describe what each person/place/thing is, its historical time frame, and why it was historically significant. To make a claim about its historical significance, you must relate this person/place/thing to one of the of the following core themes from the course:

i. Life and Society in Dynastic China

Ii. State-Building and Revolutionary Ideologies
iii. Literature, Intelligentsia, and Modern Society

iv. Women, Labor, and Cultural Heritage

v. Foreign Relations and Economic Development

b. Student Must Complete Any Six Identifications of Their Choosing from Below, But Must Select At Least One From Each Category:

i. Religion and Spirituality
1. Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, the Jesuits, Matteo Rici, Three Teachings are
One Movement, Rites Controversy
ii. Rebellions and Conflict
1. Taiping, The Opium Wars, Conquest Dynasty, Li Zicheng, White Lotus Rebellion,
Miao, Lin Zexu, Nian Rebellion
iii. Society and the Arts`
1. The Golden Lotus, Foot-binding, Ming Female Authors, Civil Service Examination,
Banner System, Liang Qichao, Self-Strengthening Movement, Yung Wing
iv. Political Figures
1. Hongwu Emperor, Heshen, Cixi, Sun Yatsen, Yuan Shikai, Kang Youwei
v. Governance
1. Baojia, Lijia, The Censorate, Village Elder System, Fish-Scale Registers, Hundred
Days Reform, Single Whip Tax System/Yellow Registers, Grand Council, Self-
Strengthening, Three Feudatories, Zongli Yamen
vi. Commerce
1. Bimetallic System, Grand Canal, Silver and the Tea Trade, Putting Out System/Silk
Road, Lord MaCartney, Unequal Treaties, Tribute System
vii. Regions and Provinces
1. Manchuria, Yellow River Valley, North China Plain, Canton, Sichuan, Xinjiang,
Tibet, Inner Asia, Mongolia

2. Essay Exam Question(4pages for double space)
a. Prior to 1911, which Chinese ruler had the most successful reign and why? And which was the
least successful and why? With each, be sure to make a claim (thesis) about what factor
(historical circumstances, technology, a stable society, leadership, etc.) proved decisive in
making their reign a success or failure. In making your choice, be sure to reference historical
examples and evidence from the course readings and lectures. You may want to consider
criteria such as state-building and security, the economy, foreign relations, society and the arts,
and the handling of rebellions. Write in a traditional essay format, complete with an
introduction where you make your claim, body paragraphs, and a conclusion where you restate
your claim and its supportive reasoning or evidence found in the body paragraphs.