Discussion Board 6: Life in Groups

 What are the different types of groups? If face to face and online groups facilitate interaction and can serve as social anchors, in your opinion, is one better for society than the other? 

 The answer to each DB must be at least 150 words – that is the minimum required to fully answer the questions. Each answer must demonstrate critical thinking and writing at a college level. Proper grammar and spelling are important and expected. The answer must completely address all issues raised in the discussion question. Additionally, any information used from another source must be cited in ASA format. 

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Lecture Notes

5.1 What Is a Group?

1. Definition: A collection of people who not only share some attribute but identify with each other and have ongoing social relations.

2. Primary groups are groups in which we are intimately associated with the other members, and they have a profound effect on us.

3. Secondary groups are larger, less intimate groups usually organized around a specific activity or the accomplishment of a task.

4. Consequential strangers are acquaintances from our everyday lives that serve as social anchors even though we might not think of them as mattering much to our sense of happiness or well-being.

5.2 Social Networks

1. Social networks are groups of people who are interconnected. Direct social ties are the relationships between two individuals. Indirect social ties are the relationships that pass to others from direct social ties. Indirect ties can be established through the flow of goods, services, materials, ideas, or money.

2. Jobs create (and reflect) our personal networks, in which ties may be based on socioeconomic status, race, national origin, or religion.

3. Gender actually ties into job networking in that men are more likely to hear about good jobs. Therefore, women who have more social ties with men are more likely to hear about these job opportunities than women who have more social ties with other women than with men.

4. Contagion is what flows through social ties. For example, sexually transmitted diseases influence an individual’s health through social connections.

5.3 Separate from Groups

1. As society becomes more and more fragmented, many sociologists worry that anomie (or normlessness) is growing because we lack group memberships to keep us from feeling unstable.

2. Membership in virtual communities may serve as a social anchor that takes the place of face-to-face relationships.

5.4 Group Dynamics

1. Group dynamics refer to how groups form, change, disintegrate, achieve great goals, or commit horrendous wrongs.

2. Dyads are the smallest possible groups, consisting of two members. Dyads are fundamentally unstable. Triads are more stable because they have three members.

3. An in-group is a group a member identifies with and feels loyalty toward. An out-group is a group that a nonmember feels a certain distinctness from or even hostility toward.

4. A reference group is a group that provides standards by which a person evaluates his or her own personal attributes.

5. Group cohesion refers to the sense of solidarity or team spirit that members feel toward their group.

6. Groupthink refers to how highly cohesive groups may demand absolute conformity and punish those who threaten to undermine the consensus.

7. Honor killings are an example of group norms.

5.5 Social Influence (Peer Pressure)

1. Social influence or peer pressure refers to how groups affect individual thinking and behavior.

2. Prescriptions are the things that we’re supposed to do, whereas proscriptions are the things that we’re supposed to avoid doing.

3. Compliance is the mildest form of conformity: individuals go along with something in order to gain reward or avoid punishment. Identification is a stronger form of conformity induced by a person’s desire to establish or maintain a relationship with another person or a group. Internalization is the strongest form of conformity: an individual adopts the beliefs of a leader or group.

4. The Asch experiment tested how far other students would go to comply with group dynamics. Most students gave answers that they knew were wrong in order to comply with the group.

5. Milgram’s experiments tested to see how much pain an ordinary person would inflict on another in order to follow authority. Milgram found that most people are thoroughly socialized to obey authority and follow orders, even when it goes against their conscience.

6. The Stanford prison experiment randomly assigned research subjects to the roles of guard or prisoner to see how situational dynamics in groups determines behavior. Several guards became increasingly sadistic as the experiment went on, and several prisoners showed signs of psychological trauma.

7.

Teamwork results in both positive and negative impacts on productivity. Organization and social loafing are both sources of inefficiency in teamwork. Recognizing individual effort and building a social identity as opposed to an individual one can have some positive impact on efficiency and remedy the effects of social loafing.

8. Although Lance Armstrong has gained fame and recognition from winning the Tour de France seven times, his accomplishment would have been impossible without his eight teammates.

5.6 Leadership

1. Power is the ability to control the actions of others. Coercive power is backed by the threat of force, whereas influential power is supported by persuasion.

2. Authority is institutionalized power. Traditional authority is based in custom, birthright, or divine right. Legal-rational authority is based in laws and rules. Charismatic authority is based in the remarkable personal qualities of the leader.

3. Instrumental leadership is task- or goal-oriented, whereas expressive leadership is more concerned with maintaining harmony within the group.

5.7 Bureaucracy

1. A bureaucracy consists of secondary groups designed to perform tasks efficiently by means of specialization, technical competence, hierarchy, rules and regulations, impersonality, and formal written communication.

2. Ritzer’s theory of the McDonaldization of society refers to how the bureaucratic principle of rationalization is trickling down to other facets of our everyday lives. Ritzer argues that society is becoming dehumanized as technology develops.

3. Benefiting from bureaucracy involves humanizing workers by attempting to personalize interaction. Rather than focusing only on rationality and efficiency, bureaucracies are now encouraging inclusivity, trust, and teamwork.

4. Burning Man is a social movement designed to counter the effects of bureaucracy in our society.

5. “A Paradise Built in Hell” (Solnit 2009) relays accounts of social networks and communities that arose out of natural disasters.

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