This week’s lecture and assigned readings discuss the issue of fraud in the provision of behavior analytic services. As a BCBA, what steps will you take to prevent fraud in your organization? Please discuss from the perspective of both a supervisor and an employee in a clinic setting. List all applicable BCBA ethics codes sections. Provide the rationale for the chosen code(s). 

Use this article and files attached to reference. 

https://www.miamiherald.com/news/health-care/article215489530.html

https://www.justice.gov/usao-mdfl/pr/tampa-bay-autism-service-provider-agrees-pay-675000-resolve-civil-healthcare-fraud

Professional and Ethical
Compliance Code for
Behavior Analysts

BEHAVIOR ANALYST CERTIFICATION BOARD

®

=

=
®

The Behavior Analyst Certification Board’s (BACB’s) Professional and Ethical Compliance Code for
Behavior Analysts (the “Code”) consolidates, updates, and replaces the BACB’s Professional
Disciplinary and Ethical Standards and Guidelines for Responsible Conduct for Behavior Analysts.
The Code includes 10 sections relevant to professional and ethical behavior of behavior analysts,
along with a glossary of terms. Effective January 1, 2016, all BACB applicants and certificants will
be required to adhere to the Code.

_________________________

In the original version of the Guidelines for Professional Conduct for Behavior Analysts, the authors acknowledged
ethics codes from the following organizations: American Anthropological Association, American Educational Research
Association, American Psychological Association, American Sociological Association, California Association for Behavior
Analysis, Florida Association for Behavior Analysis, National Association of Social Workers, National Association of School
Psychologists, and Texas Association for Behavior Analysis. We acknowledge and thank these professional organizations
that have provided substantial guidance and clear models from which the Code has evolved.

Approved by the BACB’s Board of Directors on August 7, 2014.

This document should be referenced as: Behavior Analyst Certification Board. (2014). Professional and ethical compliance code for
behavior analysts. Littleton, CO: Author.

© 2014 Behavior Analyst Certification Board,® Inc. (BACB®), all rights reserved. Ver. March 18, 2019.

2

=
=
®

Contents

1.0
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07

2.0
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15

3.0
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

4.0
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10
4.11

Responsible Conduct of Behavior Analysts
Reliance on Scientific Knowledge
Boundaries of Competence
Maintaining Competence through Professional Development
Integrity
Professional and Scientific Relationships
Multiple Relationships and Conflicts of Interest
Exploitative Relationships

Behavior Analysts’ Responsibility to Clients
Accepting Clients
Responsibility
Consultation
Third-Party Involvement in Services
Rights and Prerogatives of Clients
Maintaining Confidentiality
Maintaining Records
Disclosures
Treatment/Intervention Efficacy
Documenting Professional Work and Research
Records and Data
Contracts, Fees, and Financial Arrangements
Accuracy in Billing Reports
Referrals and Fees
Interrupting or Discontinuing Services

Assessing Behavior
Behavior-Analytic Assessment
Medical Consultation
Behavior-Analytic Assessment Consent
Explaining Assessment Results
Consent-Client Records

Behavior Analysts and the Behavior-Change Program
Conceptual Consistency
Involving Clients in Planning and Consent
Individualized Behavior-Change Programs
Approving Behavior-Change Programs
Describing Behavior-Change Program Objectives
Describing Conditions for Behavior-Change Program Success
Environmental Conditions that Interfere with Implementation
Considerations Regarding Punishment Procedures
Least Restrictive Procedures
Avoiding Harmful Reinforcers
Discontinuing Behavior-Change Programs and Behavior-Analytic
Services

3

=
=
®

Contents, continued

5.0
5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07

6.0
6.01
6.02

7.0
7.01
7.02

8.0
8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06

9.0
9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07
9.08
9.09

Behavior Analysts as Supervisors
Supervisory Competence
Supervisory Volume
Supervisory Delegation
Designing Effective Supervision and Training
Communication of Supervision Conditions
Providing Feedback to Supervisees
Evaluating the Effects of Supervision

Behavior Analysts’ Ethical Responsibility to the Profession of Behavior Analysts
Affirming Principles
Disseminating Behavior Analysis

Behavior Analysts’ Ethical Responsibility to Colleagues
Promoting an Ethical Culture
Ethical Violations by Others and Risk of Harm

Public Statements
Avoiding False or Deceptive Statements
Intellectual Property
Statements by Others
Media Presentations and Media-Based Services
Testimonials and Advertising
In-Person Solicitation

Behavior Analysts and Research
Conforming with Laws and Regulations
Characteristics of Responsible Research
Informed Consent
Using Confidential Information for Didactic or Instructive Purposes
Debriefing
Grant and Journal Reviews
Plagiarism
Acknowledging Contributions
Accuracy and Use of Data

10.0 Behavior Analysts’ Ethical Responsibility to the BACB
10.01 Truthful and Accurate Information Provided to the BACB
10.02 Timely Responding, Reporting, and Updating of Information Provided to the BACB
10.03 Confidentiality and BACB Intellectual Property
10.04 Examination Honesty and Irregularities
10.05 Compliance with BACB Supervision and Coursework Standards
10.06 Being Familiar with This Code
10.07 Discouraging Misrepresentation by Non-Certified Individuals

4

=
=
®

1.0 Responsible Conduct of Behavior Analysts.

Behavior analysts maintain the high standards of behavior of the profession.

1.01 Reliance on Scientific Knowledge.
Behavior analysts rely on professionally derived knowledge based on science and behavior analysis when
making scientific or professional judgments in human service provision, or when engaging in scholarly or
professional endeavors.

1.02 Boundaries of Competence.

(a) All behavior analysts provide services, teach, and conduct research only within the boundaries of their
competence, defined as being commensurate with their education, training, and supervised experience.

(b) Behavior analysts provide services, teach, or conduct research in new areas (e.g., populations,
techniques, behaviors) only after first undertaking appropriate study, training, supervision, and/or
consultation from persons who are competent in those areas.

1.03 Maintaining Competence through Professional Development.

Behavior analysts maintain knowledge of current scientific and professional information in their areas
of practice and undertake ongoing efforts to maintain competence in the skills they use by reading the
appropriate literature, attending conferences and conventions, participating in workshops, obtaining
additional coursework, and/or obtaining and maintaining appropriate professional credentials.

1.04 Integrity.

(a) Behavior analysts are truthful and honest and arrange the environment to promote truthful and honest
behavior in others.

(b) Behavior analysts do not implement contingencies that would cause others to engage in fraudulent,
illegal, or unethical conduct.

(c) Behavior analysts follow through on obligations, and contractual and professional commitments with
high quality work and refrain from making professional commitments they cannot keep.

(d) Behavior analysts’ behavior conforms to the legal and ethical codes of the social and professional
community of which they are members. (See also, 10.02a Timely Responding, Reporting, and Updating
of Information Provided to the BACB)

(e) If behavior analysts’ ethical responsibilities conflict with law or any policy of an organization with
which they are affiliated, behavior analysts make known their commitment to this Code and take steps
to resolve the conflict in a responsible manner in accordance with law.

Professional and Ethical Compliance Code
for Behavior Analysts

5

=
=
®

1.05 Professional and Scientific Relationships.
(a) Behavior analysts provide behavior-analytic services only in the context of a defined, professional,

or scientific relationship or role.
(b) When behavior analysts provide behavior-analytic services, they use language that is fully

understandable to the recipient of those services while remaining conceptually systematic with
the profession of behavior analysis. They provide appropriate information prior to service delivery
about the nature of such services and appropriate information later about results and conclusions.

(c) Where differences of age, gender, race, culture, ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual
orientation, disability, language, or socioeconomic status significantly affect behavior analysts’ work
concerning particular individuals or groups, behavior analysts obtain the training, experience,
consultation, and/or supervision necessary to ensure the competence of their services, or they make
appropriate referrals.

(d) In their work-related activities, behavior analysts do not engage in discrimination against
individuals or groups based on age, gender, race, culture, ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual
orientation, disability, language, socioeconomic status, or any basis proscribed by law.

(e) Behavior analysts do not knowingly engage in behavior that is harassing or demeaning to persons
with whom they interact in their work based on factors such as those persons’ age, gender, race,
culture, ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, language, or socioeconomic
status, in accordance with law.

(f) Behavior analysts recognize that their personal problems and conflicts may interfere with their
effectiveness. Behavior analysts refrain from providing services when their personal circumstances
may compromise delivering services to the best of their abilities.

1.06 Multiple Relationships and Conflicts of Interest.

(a) Due to the potentially harmful effects of multiple relationships, behavior analysts avoid multiple
relationships.

(b) Behavior analysts must always be sensitive to the potentially harmful effects of multiple
relationships. If behavior analysts find that, due to unforeseen factors, a multiple relationship has
arisen, they seek to resolve it.

(c) Behavior analysts recognize and inform clients and supervisees about the potential harmful effects
of multiple relationships.

(d) Behavior analysts do not accept any gifts from or give any gifts to clients because this constitutes a
multiple relationship.

1.07 Exploitative Relationships.

(a) Behavior analysts do not exploit persons over whom they have supervisory, evaluative, or other
authority such as students, supervisees, employees, research participants, and clients.

6

=
=
®

(b) Behavior analysts do not engage in sexual relationships with clients, students, or supervisees,
because such relationships easily impair judgment or become exploitative.

(c) Behavior analysts refrain from any sexual relationships with clients, students, or supervisees, for at
least two years after the date the professional relationship has formally ended.

(d) Behavior analysts do not barter for services, unless a written agreement is in place for the barter that
is (1) requested by the client or supervisee; (2) customary to the area where services are provided;
and (3) fair and commensurate with the value of behavior-analytic services provided.

2.0 Behavior Analysts’ Responsibility to Clients.

Behavior analysts have a responsibility to operate in the best interest of clients. The term client as used
here is broadly applicable to whomever behavior analysts provide services, whether an individual
person (service recipient), a parent or guardian of a service recipient, an organizational representative, a
public or private organization, a firm, or a corporation.

2.01 Accepting Clients.

Behavior analysts accept as clients only those individuals or entities whose requested services are
commensurate with the behavior analysts’ education, training, experience, available resources,
and organizational policies. In lieu of these conditions, behavior analysts must function under the
supervision of or in consultation with a behavior analyst whose credentials permit performing such
services.

2.02 Responsibility.

Behavior analysts’ responsibility is to all parties affected by behavior-analytic services. When multiple
parties are involved and could be defined as a client, a hierarchy of parties must be established and
communicated from the outset of the defined relationship. Behavior analysts identify and
communicate who the primary ultimate beneficiary of services is in any given situation and advocate
for his or her best interests.

2.03 Consultation.

(a) Behavior analysts arrange for appropriate consultations and referrals based principally on the best
interests of their clients, with appropriate consent, and subject to other relevant considerations,
including applicable law and contractual obligations.

(b) When indicated and professionally appropriate, behavior analysts cooperate with other
professionals, in a manner that is consistent with the philosophical assumptions and principles of
behavior analysis, in order to effectively and appropriately serve their clients.

7

=
=
®

2.04 Third-Party Involvement in Services.

(a) When behavior analysts agree to provide services to a person or entity at the request of a third
party, behavior analysts clarify, to the extent feasible and at the outset of the service, the nature of
the relationship with each party and any potential conflicts. This clarification includes the role of
the behavior analyst (such as therapist, organizational consultant, or expert witness), the probable
uses of the services provided or the information obtained, and the fact that there may be limits to
confidentiality.

(b) If there is a foreseeable risk of behavior analysts being called upon to perform conflicting roles
because of the involvement of a third party, behavior analysts clarify the nature and direction of
their responsibilities, keep all parties appropriately informed as matters develop, and resolve the
situation in accordance with this Code.

(c) When providing services to a minor or individual who is a member of a protected population at the
request of a third party, behavior analysts ensure that the parent or client-surrogate of the ultimate
recipient of services is informed of the nature and scope of services to be provided, as well as their
right to all service records and data.

(d) Behavior analysts put the client’s care above all others and, should the third party make
requirements for services that are contraindicated by the behavior analyst’s recommendations,
behavior analysts are obligated to resolve such conflicts in the best interest of the client. If said
conflict cannot be resolved, that behavior analyst’s services to the client may be discontinued
following appropriate transition.

2.05 Rights and Prerogatives of Clients.

(a) The rights of the client are paramount and behavior analysts support clients’ legal rights and
prerogatives.

(b) Clients and supervisees must be provided, on request, an accurate and current set of the behavior
analyst’s credentials.

(c) Permission for electronic recording of interviews and service delivery sessions is secured from
clients and relevant staff in all relevant settings. Consent for different uses must be obtained
specifically and separately.

(d) Clients and supervisees must be informed of their rights and about procedures to lodge complaints
about professional practices of behavior analysts with the employer, appropriate authorities, and the
BACB.

(e) Behavior analysts comply with any requirements for criminal background checks.

2.06 Maintaining Confidentiality.

(a) Behavior analysts have a primary obligation and take reasonable precautions to protect the
confidentiality of those with whom they work or consult, recognizing that confidentiality may be
established by law, organizational rules, or professional or scientific relationships.

8

=
=
®

(b) Behavior analysts discuss confidentiality at the outset of the relationship and thereafter as new
circumstances may warrant.

(c) In order to minimize intrusions on privacy, behavior analysts include only information germane
to the purpose for which the communication is made in written, oral, and electronic reports,
consultations, and other avenues.

(d) Behavior analysts discuss confidential information obtained in clinical or consulting relationships,
or evaluative data concerning clients, students, research participants, supervisees, and employees,
only for appropriate scientific or professional purposes and only with persons clearly concerned
with such matters.

(e) Behavior analysts must not share or create situations likely to result in the sharing of any identifying
information (written, photographic, or video) about current clients and supervisees within social
media contexts.

2.07 Maintaining Records.

(a) Behavior analysts maintain appropriate confidentiality in creating, storing, accessing, transferring,
and disposing of records under their control, whether these are written, automated, electronic, or in
any other medium.

(b) Behavior analysts maintain and dispose of records in accordance with applicable laws, regulations,
corporate policies, and organizational policies, and in a manner that permits compliance with the
requirements of this Code.

2.08 Disclosures.

Behavior analysts never disclose confidential information without the consent of the client, except
as mandated by law, or where permitted by law for a valid purpose, such as (1) to provide needed
professional services to the client, (2) to obtain appropriate professional consultations, (3) to protect
the client or others from harm, or (4) to obtain payment for services, in which instance disclosure is
limited to the minimum that is necessary to achieve the purpose. Behavior analysts recognize that
parameters of consent for disclosure should be acquired at the outset of any defined relationship and is
an ongoing procedure throughout the duration of the professional relationship.

2.09 Treatment/Intervention Efficacy.

(a) Clients have a right to effective treatment (i.e., based on the research literature and adapted to the
individual client). Behavior analysts always have the obligation to advocate for and educate the
client about scientifically supported, most-effective treatment procedures. Effective treatment
procedures have been validated as having both long-term and short-term benefits to clients and
society.

(b) Behavior analysts have the responsibility to advocate for the appropriate amount and level of

9

=
=
®

service provision and oversight required to meet the defined behavior-change program goals.
(c) In those instances where more than one scientifically supported treatment has been established,

additional factors may be considered in selecting interventions, including, but not limited to,
efficiency and cost-effectiveness, risks and side-effects of the interventions, client preference, and
practitioner experience and training.

(d) Behavior analysts review and appraise the effects of any treatments about which they are aware that
might impact the goals of the behavior-change program, and their possible impact on the behavior-
change program, to the extent possible.

2.10 Documenting Professional Work and Research.

(a) Behavior analysts appropriately document their professional work in order to facilitate provision
of services later by them or by other professionals, to ensure accountability, and to meet other
requirements of organizations or the law.

(b) Behavior analysts have a responsibility to create and maintain documentation in the kind of detail
and quality that would be consistent with best practices and the law.

2.11 Records and Data.

(a) Behavior analysts create, maintain, disseminate, store, retain, and dispose of records and data
relating to their research, practice, and other work in accordance with applicable laws, regulations,
and policies; in a manner that permits compliance with the requirements of this Code; and in a
manner that allows for appropriate transition of service oversight at any moment in time.

(b) Behavior analysts must retain records and data for at least seven (7) years and as otherwise required
by law.

2.12 Contracts, Fees, and Financial Arrangements.

(a) Prior to the implementation of services, behavior analysts ensure that there is in place a signed
contract outlining the responsibilities of all parties, the scope of behavior-analytic services to be
provided, and behavior analysts’ obligations under this Code.

(b) As early as is feasible in a professional or scientific relationship, behavior analysts reach an
agreement with their clients specifying compensation and billing arrangements.

(c) Behavior analysts’ fee practices are consistent with law and behavior analysts do not misrepresent
their fees. If limitations to services can be anticipated because of limitations in funding, this is
discussed with the client as early as is feasible.

(d) When funding circumstances change, the financial responsibilities and limits must be revisited with
the client.

10

=
=
®

2.13 Accuracy in Billing Reports.

Behavior analysts accurately state the nature of the services provided, the fees or charges, the identity of
the provider, relevant outcomes, and other required descriptive data.

2.14 Referrals and Fees.

Behavior analysts must not receive or provide money, gifts, or other enticements for any professional
referrals. Referrals should include multiple options and be made based on objective determination
of the client need and subsequent alignment with the repertoire of the referee. When providing or
receiving a referral, the extent of any relationship between the two parties is disclosed to the client.

2.15 Interrupting or Discontinuing Services.

(a) Behavior analysts act in the best interests of the client and supervisee to avoid interruption or
disruption of service.

(b) Behavior analysts make reasonable and timely efforts for facilitating the continuation of behavior-
analytic services in the event of unplanned interruptions (e.g., due to illness, impairment,
unavailability, relocation, disruption of funding, disaster).

(c) When entering into employment or contractual relationships, behavior analysts provide for orderly
and appropriate resolution of responsibility for services in the event that the employment or
contractual relationship ends, with paramount consideration given to the welfare of the ultimate
beneficiary of services.

(d) Discontinuation only occurs after efforts to transition have been made. Behavior analysts
discontinue a professional relationship in a timely manner when the client: (1) no longer needs the
service, (2) is not benefiting from the service, (3) is being harmed by continued service, or (4) when
the client requests discontinuation. (See also, 4.11 Discontinuing Behavior-Change Programs and
Behavior-Analytic Services)

(e) Behavior analysts do not abandon clients and supervisees. Prior to discontinuation, for whatever
reason, behavior analysts: discuss service needs, provide appropriate pre-termination services,
suggest alternative service providers as appropriate, and, upon consent, take other reasonable steps

to facilitate timely transfer of responsibility to another provider.

3.0 Assessing Behavior.

Behavior analysts using behavior-analytic assessment techniques do so for purposes that are
appropriate given current research.

11

=
=
®

3.01 Behavior-Analytic Assessment.

(a) Behavior analysts conduct current assessments prior to making recommendations or developing
behavior-change programs. The type of assessment used is determined by client’s needs and consent,
environmental parameters, and other contextual variables. When behavior analysts are developing a
behavior-reduction program, they must first conduct a functional assessment.

(b) Behavior analysts have an obligation to collect and graphically display data, using behavior-analytic
conventions, in a manner that allows for decisions and recommendations for behavior-change
program development.

3.02 Medical Consultation.

Behavior analysts recommend seeking a medical consultation if there is any reasonable possibility that a
referred behavior is influenced by medical or biological variables.

3.03 Behavior-Analytic Assessment Consent.

(a) Prior to conducting an assessment, behavior analysts must explain to the client the procedure(s) to
be used, who will participate, and how the resulting information will be used.

(b) Behavior analysts must obtain the client’s written approval of the assessment procedures before
implementing them.

3.04 Explaining Assessment Results.

Behavior analysts explain assessment results using language and graphic displays of data that are
reasonably understandable to the client.

3.05 Consent-Client Records.

Behavior analysts obtain the written consent of the client before obtaining or disclosing client records
from or to other sources, for assessment purposes.

4.0 Behavior Analysts and the Behavior-Change
Program.
Behavior analysts are responsible for all aspects of the behavior-change program from conceptualization
to implementation and ultimately to discontinuation.

12

=
=
®

4.01 Conceptual Consistency.

Behavior analysts design behavior-change programs that are conceptually consistent with behavior-
analytic principles.

4.02 Involving Clients in Planning and Consent.

Behavior analysts involve the client in the planning of and consent for behavior-change programs.

4.03 Individualized Behavior-Change Programs.

(a) Behavior analysts must tailor behavior-change programs to the unique behaviors, environmental
variables, assessment results, and goals of each client.

(b) Behavior analysts do not plagiarize other professionals’ behavior-change programs.

4.04 Approving Behavior-Change Programs.

Behavior analysts must obtain the client’s written approval of the behavior-change program before
implementation or making significant modifications (e.g., change in goals, use of new procedures).

4.05 Describing Behavior-Change Program Objectives.

Behavior analysts describe, in writing, the objectives of the behavior-change program to the client
before attempting to implement the program. To the extent possible, a risk-benefit analysis should be
conducted on the procedures to be implemented to reach the objective. The description of program
objectives and the means by which they will be accomplished is an ongoing process throughout the
duration of the client-practitioner relationship.

4.06 Describing Conditions for Behavior-Change Program Success.

Behavior analysts describe to the client the environmental conditions that are necessary for the
behavior-change program to be effective.

4.07 Environmental Conditions that Interfere with Implementation.

(a) If environmental conditions prevent implementation of a behavior-change program, behavior
analysts recommend that other professional assistance (e.g., assessment, consultation or therapeutic
intervention by other professionals) be sought.

(b) If environmental conditions hinder implementation of the behavior-change program, behavior
analysts seek to eliminate the environmental constraints, or identify in writing the obstacles to
doing so.

13

=
=
®

4.08 Considerations Regarding Punishment Procedures.

(a) Behavior analysts recommend reinforcement rather than punishment whenever possible.
(b) If punishment procedures are necessary, behavior analysts always include reinforcement procedures

for alternative behavior in the behavior-change program.
(c) Before implementing punishment-based procedures, behavior analysts ensure that appropriate

steps have been taken to implement reinforcement-based procedures unless the severity or
dangerousness of the behavior necessitates immediate use of aversive procedures.

(d) Behavior analysts ensure that aversive procedures are accompanied by an increased level of training,
supervision, and oversight. Behavior analysts must evaluate the effectiveness of aversive procedures
in a timely manner and modify the behavior-change program if it is ineffective. Behavior analysts
always include a plan to discontinue the use of aversive procedures when no longer needed.

4.09 Least Restrictive Procedures.

Behavior analysts review and appraise the restrictiveness of procedures and always recommend the
least restrictive procedures likely to be effective.

4.10 Avoiding Harmful Reinforcers.
Behavior analysts minimize the use of items as potential reinforcers that may be harmful to the health

and development of the client, or that may require excessive motivating operations to be effective.

4.11 Discontinuing Behavior-Change Programs and Behavior-Analytic Services.

(a) Behavior analysts establish understandable and objective (i.e., measurable) criteria for the
discontinuation of the behavior change program and describe them to the client. (See also, 2.15d
Interrupting or Discontinuing Services)

(b) Behavior analysts discontinue services with the client when the established criteria for
discontinuation are attained, as in when a series of agreed-upon goals have been met. (See also,
2.15d Interrupting or Discontinuing Services)

5.0 Behavior Analysts as Supervisors.

When behavior analysts are functioning as supervisors, they must take full responsibility for all facets
of this undertaking. (See also, 1.06 Multiple Relationships and Conflict of Interest, 1.07 Exploitative
Relationships, 2.05 Rights and Prerogatives of Clients, 2.06 Maintaining Confidentiality, 2.

15

Interrupting or Discontinuing Services, 8.04 Media Presentations and Media-Based Services, 9.02
Characteristics of Responsible Research, 10.05 Compliance with BACB Supervision and Coursework
Standards)

14

=
=
®

5.01 Supervisory Competence.

Behavior analysts supervise only within their areas of defined competence.

5.02 Supervisory Volume.

Behavior analysts take on only a volume of supervisory activity that is commensurate with their ability
to be effective.

5.03 Supervisory Delegation.

a) Behavior analysts delegate to their supervisees only those responsibilities that such persons can
reasonably be expected to perform competently, ethically, and safely.

b) If the supervisee does not have the skills necessary to perform competently, ethically, and safely,
behavior analysts provide conditions for the acquisition of those skills.

5.04 Designing Effective Supervision and Training.

Behavior analysts ensure that supervision and trainings are behavior-analytic in content, effectively and
ethically designed, and meet the requirements for licensure, certification, or other defined goals.

5.05 Communication of Supervision Conditions.

Behavior analysts provide a clear written description of the purpose, requirements, evaluation criteria,
conditions, and terms of supervision prior to the onset of the supervision.

5.06 Providing Feedback to Supervisees.
a) Behavior analysts design feedback and reinforcement systems in a way that improves supervisee

performance.
b) Behavior analysts provide documented, timely feedback regarding the performance of a supervisee

on an ongoing basis. (See also, 10.05 Compliance with BACB Supervision and Coursework
Standards)

5.07 Evaluating the Effects of Supervision.

Behavior analysts design systems for obtaining ongoing evaluation of their own supervision activities.

6.0 Behavior Analysts’ Ethical Responsibility to the Profession of
Behavior Analysis.

Behavior analysts have an obligation to the science of behavior and profession of behavior analysis.

15
=
=
®

6.01 Affirming Principles.

a) Above all other professional training, behavior analysts uphold and advance the values, ethics, and
principles of the profession of behavior analysis.

b) Behavior analysts have an obligation to participate in behavior-analytic professional and scientific
organizations or activities.

6.02 Disseminating Behavior Analysis.

Behavior analysts promote behavior analysis by making information about it available to the public
through presentations, discussions, and other media.

7.0 Behavior Analysts’ Ethical Responsibility to Colleagues.

Behavior analysts work with colleagues within the profession of behavior analysis and from other
professions and must be aware of these ethical obligations in all situations. (See also, 10.0 Behavior
Analysts’ Ethical Responsibility to the BACB)

7.01 Promoting an Ethical Culture.

Behavior analysts promote an ethical culture in their work environments and make others aware of this
Code.

7.02 Ethical Violations by Others and Risk of Harm.

(a) If behavior analysts believe there may be a legal or ethical violation, they first determine whether
there is potential for harm, a possible legal violation, a mandatory-reporting condition, or an
agency, organization, or regulatory requirement addressing the violation.

(b) If a client’s legal rights are being violated, or if there is the potential for harm, behavior analysts
must take the necessary action to protect the client, including, but not limited to, contacting
relevant authorities, following organizational policies, and consulting with appropriate
professionals, and documenting their efforts to address the matter.

(c) If an informal resolution appears appropriate, and would not violate any confidentiality rights,
behavior analysts attempt to resolve the issue by bringing it to the attention of that individual and
documenting their efforts to address the matter. If the matter is not resolved, behavior analysts
report the matter to the appropriate authority (e.g., employer, supervisor, regulatory authority).

(d) If the matter meets the reporting requirements of the BACB, behavior analysts submit a formal
complaint to the BACB. (See also, 10.02 Timely Responding, Reporting, and Updating of
Information Provided to the BACB)

16

=
=
®

8.0 Public Statements.

Behavior analysts comply with this Code in public statements relating to their professional services,
products, or publications, or to the profession of behavior analysis. Public statements include, but are not
limited to, paid or unpaid advertising, brochures, printed matter, directory listings, personal resumes or
curriculum vitae, interviews or comments for use in media, statements in legal proceedings, lectures and
public presentations, social media, and published materials.

8.01 Avoiding False or Deceptive Statements.

(a) Behavior analysts do not make public statements that are false, deceptive, misleading, exaggerated,
or fraudulent, either because of what they state, convey, or suggest or because of what they omit,
concerning their research, practice, or other work activities or those of persons or organizations with
which they are affiliated. Behavior analysts claim as credentials for their behavior-analytic work, only
degrees that were primarily or exclusively behavior-analytic in content.

(b) Behavior analysts do not implement non-behavior-analytic interventions. Non-behavior-analytic
services may only be provided within the context of non-behavior-analytic education, formal
training, and credentialing. Such services must be clearly distinguished from their behavior-analytic
practices and BACB certification by using the following disclaimer: “These interventions are not
behavior-analytic in nature and are not covered by my BACB credential.” The disclaimer should be
placed alongside the names and descriptions of all non-behavior-analytic interventions.

(c) Behavior analysts do not advertise non-behavior-analytic services as being behavior-analytic.
(d) Behavior analysts do not identify non-behavior-analytic services as behavior-analytic services on

bills, invoices, or requests for reimbursement.
(e) Behavior analysts do not implement non-behavior-analytic services under behavior-analytic service

authorizations.

8.02 Intellectual Property.

(a) Behavior analysts obtain permission to use trademarked or copyrighted materials as required by
law. This includes providing citations, including trademark or copyright symbols on materials,
that recognize the intellectual property of others.

(b) Behavior analysts give appropriate credit to authors when delivering lectures, workshops, or other
presentations.

8.03 Statements by Others.

(a) Behavior analysts who engage others to create or place public statements that promote their
professional practice, products, or activities retain professional responsibility for such statements.

(b) Behavior analysts make reasonable efforts to prevent others whom they do not oversee (e.g.,

17

=
=
®

employers, publishers, sponsors, organizational clients, and representatives of the print or broadcast
media) from making deceptive statements concerning behavior analysts’ practices or professional
or scientific activities.

(c) If behavior analysts learn of deceptive statements about their work made by others, behavior
analysts correct such statements.

(d) A paid advertisement relating to behavior analysts’ activities must be identified as such, unless it is
apparent from the context.

8.04 Media Presentations and Media-Based Services.

(a) Behavior analysts using electronic media (e.g., video, e-learning, social media, electronic
transmission of information) obtain and maintain knowledge regarding the security and limitations
of electronic media in order to adhere to this Code.

(b) Behavior analysts making public statements or delivering presentations using electronic media
do not disclose personally identifiable information concerning their clients, supervisees, students,
research participants, or other recipients of their services that they obtained during the course of
their work, unless written consent has been obtained.

(c) Behavior analysts delivering presentations using electronic media disguise confidential information
concerning participants, whenever possible, so that they are not individually identifiable to others
and so that discussions do not cause harm to identifiable participants.

(d) When behavior analysts provide public statements, advice, or comments by means of public
lectures, demonstrations, radio or television programs, electronic media, articles, mailed material,
or other media, they take reasonable precautions to ensure that (1) the statements are based on
appropriate behavior-analytic literature and practice, (2) the statements are otherwise consistent
with this Code, and (3) the advice or comment does not create an agreement for service with the
recipient.

8.05 Testimonials and Advertising.

Behavior analysts do not solicit or use testimonials about behavior-analytic services from current
clients for publication on their webpages or in any other electronic or print material. Testimonials from
former clients must identify whether they were solicited or unsolicited, include an accurate statement
of the relationship between the behavior analyst and the author of the testimonial, and comply with all
applicable laws about claims made in the testimonial.

Behavior analysts may advertise by describing the kinds and types of evidence-based services they
provide, the qualifications of their staff, and objective outcome data they have accrued or published, in
accordance with applicable laws.

18

=
=
®

8.06 In-Person Solicitation.

Behavior analysts do not engage, directly or through agents, in uninvited in-person solicitation of
business from actual or potential users of services who, because of their particular circumstances, are
vulnerable to undue influence. Organizational behavior management or performance management
services may be marketed to corporate entities regardless of their projected financial position.

9.0 Behavior Analysts and Research.

Behavior analysts design, conduct, and report research in accordance with recognized standards of
scientific competence and ethical research.

9.01 Conforming with Laws and Regulations.

Behavior analysts plan and conduct research in a manner consistent with all applicable laws and
regulations, as well as professional standards governing the conduct of research. Behavior analysts also
comply with other applicable laws and regulations relating to mandated-reporting requirements.

9.02 Characteristics of Responsible Research.

(a) Behavior analysts conduct research only after approval by an independent, formal research review
board.

(b) Behavior analysts conducting applied research conjointly with provision of clinical or human
services must comply with requirements for both intervention and research involvement by client-
participants. When research and clinical needs conflict, behavior analysts prioritize the welfare of
the client.

(c) Behavior analysts conduct research competently and with due concern for the dignity and welfare of
the participants.

(d) Behavior analysts plan their research so as to minimize the possibility that results will be misleading.
(e) Researchers and assistants are permitted to perform only those tasks for which they are

appropriately trained and prepared. Behavior analysts are responsible for the ethical conduct of
research conducted by assistants or by others under their supervision or oversight.

(f) If an ethical issue is unclear, behavior analysts seek to resolve the issue through consultation with
independent, formal research review boards, peer consultations, or other proper mechanisms.

(g) Behavior analysts only conduct research independently after they have successfully conducted
research under a supervisor in a defined relationship (e.g., thesis, dissertation, specific research
project).

(h) Behavior analysts conducting research take necessary steps to maximize benefit and minimize risk
to their clients, supervisees, research participants, students, and others with whom they work.

(i) Behavior analysts minimize the effect of personal, financial, social, organizational, or political factors

19

=
=
®

that might lead to misuse of their research.
(j) If behavior analysts learn of misuse or misrepresentation of their individual work products, they

take appropriate steps to correct the misuse or misrepresentation.
(k) Behavior analysts avoid conflicts of interest when conducting research.
(l) Behavior analysts minimize interference with the participants or environment in which research is

conducted.

9.03 Informed Consent.

Behavior analysts inform participants or their guardian or surrogate in understandable language about
the nature of the research; that they are free to participate, to decline to participate, or to withdraw
from the research at any time without penalty; about significant factors that may influence their
willingness to participate; and answer any other questions participants may have about the research.

9.04 Using Confidential Information for Didactic or Instructive Purposes.

(a) Behavior analysts do not disclose personally identifiable information concerning their individual or
organizational clients, research participants, or other recipients of their services that they obtained
during the course of their work, unless the person or organization has consented in writing or
unless there is other legal authorization for doing so.

(b) Behavior analysts disguise confidential information concerning participants, whenever possible,
so that they are not individually identifiable to others and so that discussions do not cause harm to
identifiable participants.

9.05 Debriefing.

Behavior analysts inform the participant that debriefing will occur at the conclusion of the participant’s
involvement in the research.

9.06 Grant and Journal Reviews.

Behavior analysts who serve on grant review panels or as manuscript reviewers avoid conducting any
research described in grant proposals or manuscripts that they reviewed, except as replications fully
crediting the prior researchers.

9.07 Plagiarism.

(a) Behavior analysts fully cite the work of others where appropriate.
(b) Behavior analysts do not present portions or elements of another’s work or data as their own.

20

=
=
®

9.08 Acknowledging Contributions.

Behavior analysts acknowledge the contributions of others to research by including them as co-authors
or footnoting their contributions. Principal authorship and other publication credits accurately reflect
the relative scientific or professional contributions of the individuals involved, regardless of their
relative status. Minor contributions to the research or to the writing for publications are appropriately
acknowledged, such as, in a footnote or introductory statement.

9.09 Accuracy and Use of Data.

(a) Behavior analysts do not fabricate data or falsify results in their publications. If behavior analysts
discover errors in their published data, they take steps to correct such errors in a correction, retraction,
erratum, or other appropriate publication means.

(b) Behavior analysts do not omit findings that might alter interpretations of their work.
(c) Behavior analysts do not publish, as original data, data that have been previously published. This does

not preclude republishing data when they are accompanied by proper acknowledgment.
(d) After research results are published, behavior analysts do not withhold the data on which their

conclusions are based from other competent professionals who seek to verify the substantive
claims through reanalysis and who intend to use such data only for that purpose, provided that the
confidentiality of the participants can be protected and unless legal rights concerning proprietary data
preclude their release.

10.0 Behavior Analysts’ Ethical Responsibility to the BACB.

Behavior analysts must adhere to this Code and all rules and standards of the BACB.

10.01 Truthful and Accurate Information Provided to the BACB.

(a) Behavior analysts only provide truthful and accurate information in applications and documentation
submitted to the BACB.

(b) Behavior analysts ensure that inaccurate information submitted to the BACB is immediately corrected.

10.02 Timely Responding, Reporting, and Updating of Information Provided to
the BACB.

Behavior analysts must comply with all BACB deadlines including, but not limited to, ensuring that the
BACB is notified within thirty (30) days of the date of any of the following grounds for sanctioning status:
(a) A violation of this Code, or disciplinary investigation, action or sanction, filing of charges, conviction

or plea of guilty or no contest (i.e., nolo contendere) by a governmental agency, health care
organization, third-party payer or educational institution. Procedural note: Behavior analysts
convicted of a felony directly related to behavior analysis practice and/or public health and safety

21

=
=
®

shall be ineligible to apply for BACB registration, certification, or recertification for a period
of three (3) years from the exhaustion of appeals, completion of parole or probation, or final
release from confinement (if any), whichever is later; (See also, 1.04d Integrity)

(b) Any public health- and safety-related fines or tickets where the behavior analyst is named on the
ticket;

(c) A physical or mental condition that would impair the behavior analysts’ ability to competently
practice; and

(d) A change of name, address or email contact.

10.03 Confidentiality and BACB Intellectual Property.

Behavior analysts do not infringe on the BACB’s intellectual property rights, including, but not limited
to the BACB’s rights to the following:
(a) BACB logo, VCS logo, ACE logo, certificates, credentials and designations, including, but not

limited to, trademarks, service marks, registration marks and certification marks owned and
claimed by the BACB (this includes confusingly similar marks intended to convey BACB
affiliation, certification or registration, or misrepresentation of an educational ABA certificate
status as constituting national certification);

(b) BACB copyrights to original and derivative works, including, but not limited to, BACB copyrights
to standards, procedures, guidelines, codes, job task analysis, Workgroup reports, surveys; and

(c) BACB copyrights to all BACB-developed examination questions, item banks, examination
specifications, examination forms and examination scoring sheets, which are secure trade secrets of
the BACB. Behavior analysts are expressly prohibited from disclosing the content of any BACB
examination materials, regardless of how that content became known to them. Behavior analysts
report suspected or known infringements and/or unauthorized access to examination content and/
or any other violation of BACB intellectual property rights immediately to the BACB. Efforts for
informal resolution (identified in Section 7.02 c) are waived due to the immediate reporting
requirement of this Section.

10.04 Examination Honesty and Irregularities.

Behavior analysts adhere to all rules of the BACB, including the rules and procedures required by
BACB approved testing centers and examination administrators and proctors. Behavior analysts must
immediately report suspected cheaters and any other irregularities relating to the BACB examination
administrations to the BACB. Examination irregularities include, but are not limited to, unauthorized
access to BACB examinations or answer sheets, copying answers, permitting another to copy answers,
disrupting the conduct of an examination, falsifying information, education or credentials, and
providing and/or receiving unauthorized or illegal advice about or access to BACB examination
content before, during, or following the examination. This prohibition includes, but is not limited
to, use of or participation in any “exam dump” preparation site or blog that provides unauthorized

22

=
=
®

access to BACB examination questions. If, at any time, it is discovered that an applicant or certificant
has participated in or utilized an exam dump organization, immediate action may be taken to
withdraw eligibility, cancel examination scores, or otherwise revoke certification gained through use of
inappropriately obtained examination content.

10.05 Compliance with BACB Supervision and Coursework Standards.

Behavior analysts ensure that coursework (including continuing education events), supervised
experience, RBT training and assessment, and BCaBA supervision are conducted in accordance with
the BACB’s standards if these activities are intended to comply with BACB standards (See also, 5.0
Behavior Analysts as Supervisors)

10.06 Being Familiar with This Code.

Behavior analysts have an obligation to be familiar with this Code, other applicable ethics codes,
including, but not limited to, licensure requirements for ethical conduct, and their application to
behavior analysts’ work. Lack of awareness or misunderstanding of a conduct standard is not itself a
defense to a charge of unethical conduct.

10.07 Discouraging Misrepresentation by Non-Certified Individuals.

Behavior analysts report non-certified (and, if applicable, non-registered) practitioners to the
appropriate state licensing board and to the BACB if the practitioners are misrepresenting BACB
certification or registration status.

23

=
=
®

Glossary

Behavior Analyst
Behavior analyst refers to an individual who holds BCBA or BCaBA certification or an individual who has
submitted a complete application for BCBA or BCaBA certification.

Behavior-Analytic Services
Behavior-analytic services are those that are explicitly based on principles and procedures of behavior analysis
(i.e., the science of behavior) and are designed to change behavior in socially important ways. These services
include, but are not limited to, treatment, assessment, training, consultation, managing and supervising
others, teaching, and delivering continuing education.

Behavior-Change Program
The behavior-change program is a formal, written document that describes in technological detail every
assessment and treatment task necessary to achieve stated goals.

Client
The term client refers to any recipient or beneficiary of the professional services provided by a behavior
analyst. The term includes, but is not limited to:

(a) The direct recipient of services;
(b) The parent, relative, legal representative or legal guardian of the recipient of services;
(c) The employer, agency representative, institutional representative, or third-party contractor for

services of the behavior analyst; and/or
(d) Any other individual or entity that is a known beneficiary of services or who would normally be

construed as a “client” or “client-surrogate”.

For purposes of this definition, the term client does not include third-party insurers or payers, unless the
behavior analyst is hired directly under contract with the third-party insurer or payer.

Functional Assessment
Functional assessment, also known as functional behavior assessment, refers to a category of procedures
used to formally assess the possible environmental causes of problem behavior. These procedures include
informant assessments (e.g., interviews, rating scales), direct observation in the natural environment (e.g., ABC
assessment), and experimental functional analysis.

Multiple Relationships
A multiple relationship is one in which a behavior analyst is in both a behavior-analytic role and a non-
behavior-analytic role simultaneously with a client, supervisee, or someone closely associated with or related to
the client.

24

=
=
®

Public Statements
Public statements include, but are not limited to, paid or unpaid advertising, brochures, printed matter, directory
listings, personal resumes or curriculum vitae, interviews or comments for use in media, statements in legal
proceedings, lectures and public presentations, social media, and published materials.

Research
Any data-based activity designed to generate generalizable knowledge for the discipline, often through
professional presentations or publications. The use of an experimental design does not by itself constitute
research. Professional presentation or publication of already collected data are exempt from elements in section
9.0 (Behavior Analysts and Research) that pertain to prospective research activities (e.g., 9.02a). However, all
remaining relevant elements from section 9.0 apply (e.g., 9.01 Conforming with Laws and Regulations; 9.03
Informed Consent relating to use of client data).

Research Review Board
A group of professionals whose stated purpose is to review research proposals to ensure the ethical treatment
of human research participants. This board might be an official entity of a government or university (e.g.,
Institutional Review Board, Human Research Committee), a standing committee within a service agency, or an
independent organization created for this purpose.

Rights and Prerogatives of Clients
Rights and prerogatives of clients refers to human rights, legal rights, rights codified within behavior analysis,
and organizational and administrative rules and regulations designed to benefit the client.

Risk-Benefit Analysis
A risk-benefit analysis is a deliberate evaluation of the potential risks (e.g., limitations, side effects, costs) and
benefits (e.g., treatment outcomes, efficiency, savings) associated with a given intervention. A risk-benefit
analysis should conclude with a course of action associated with greater benefits than risks.

Service Record
A client’s service record includes, but is not limited to, written behavior-change plans, assessments, graphs, raw
data, electronic recordings, progress summaries, and written reports.

Student
A student is an individual who is matriculated at a college/university. This Code applies to the student during
formal behavior-analytic instruction.

Supervisee
A supervisee is any individual whose behavior-analytic services are overseen by a behavior analyst within the
context of a defined, agreed-upon relationship.

Copyright © 2014 by the Behavior Analyst Certification Board,® Inc. (“BACB®”). Electronic and/or paper copies of part or all of this
work may be made for personal, educational, or policymaking purposes, provided such copies are not made or distributed for profit or
commercial advantage. All copies, unless made for regulatory or licensure purposes, must include this notice on the first
page. Abstracting with proper credit is permitted, so long as the credit reads “Copyright © 2014 by the Behavior Analyst Certification
Board,® Inc. (“BACB®”), all rights reserved.” All other uses and/or distributions in any medium require advance written permission of the
BACB. To request permission complete the Copyright and/or Trademark Permission Request form.