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This is a graded discussion: 20 points possible
due Feb 21

Using Sources – Myth or Fact – The Pandemic? 30 30

This topic was locked Feb 21 at 11:59pm.

For the first post – Due Thursday Night: (300 Words)
1. Post one myth or fact related to the pandemic that you have heard recently, and if you

think it is true or not. Keep your post to this topic only.
2. Google it, click on the first source that comes up and summarize if the sources is

concluding myth fact, or undetermined.
3. What is your first impression of the credibility of the source?
4. Add the full citation to the bottom of your post using MLA format (see bottom of this page

for the format).

For the second posts (300 words)- Due Sunday Night:
1. Choose at least one facts or myths posted by another student. (One student)
2. For the posted myth or fact, do your own background research using at least one source

and summarize what you found.
3. Using the 4 tips for evaluating sources, fully evaluate your source using 1-4.
4. What can you conclude about the reliability of the source?
5. Include full citations for all sources.

How to Cite Web Sources: MLA – See also Library Research
Guide on Canvas menu
The following is based on information from Shatford Library. For more information on citing sources go to Citation
Style: MLA Style (http://libguides.pasadena.edu/citing/mla) .

General format: Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Page or Posting.” Title of Web Site. Sponsor or publisher
of site, Copyright or Last Updated Day Month Year. Web. Access Day Month Year.

Example citations for web pages:

“Cloning Myths.” Learn.Genetics – Genetic Science Learning Center. University of Utah Health Sciences, 2014. Web.
15 May 2014.

Luscombe, Belinda. “Ten Things You Didn’t Know About the Gender Gap.” Time.com. Time Inc., 11 Nov. 2013. Web.
9 Jan. 2014.

If the website is missing any of the required information, skip that part of the citation (the author, for example). If no
sponsor or publisher is given, use n.p. in your citation. If no copyright or date is given, use n.d.

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This is a graded discussion: 20 points possible
due Feb 21

Using Sources – Myth or Fact – The Pandemic? 25 31

For the first post – Due Thursday Night: (300 Words)
1. Post one myth or fact related to the pandemic that you have heard recently, and if you

think it is true or not. Keep your post to this topic only.
2. Google it, click on the first source that comes up and summarize if the sources is

concluding myth fact, or undetermined.
3. What is your first impression of the credibility of the source?
4. Add the full citation to the bottom of your post using MLA format (see bottom of this page

for the format).

General format: Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Page or Posting.” Title of Web Site. Sponsor or publisher
of site, Copyright or Last Updated Day Month Year. Web. Access Day Month Year.

Example citations for web pages:

“Cloning Myths.” Learn.Genetics – Genetic Science Learning Center. University of Utah Health Sciences, 2014. Web.
15 May 2014.

Luscombe, Belinda. “Ten Things You Didn’t Know About the Gender Gap.” Time.com. Time Inc., 11 Nov. 2013. Web.
9 Jan. 2014.

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Changwoo Park

Dr. Elisabeth Choate-Ciletti

Physical Sciences 2

18 February 2021

The Pandemic

Three months after the coronavirus outbreak was officially confirmed in Wuhan, China in
2019, the epidemic spread to the world and drove the entire planet into fear and blockade.
So far, the coronavirus population has exceeded 110 million worldwide and the death toll
has exceeded 2.43 million. With the latest pandemic, I searched for the 1918 Spanish flu.
The 1918 Spanish flu outbreak occurred during World War I in 1918. There are various
hypotheses about where the flu originated. According to “The site of origin of the 1918
influenza pandemic and its public health effects” (author John M. Barry) published on the
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website, Haskell County, Kansas, the
United States. Some epidemiologists hypothesized that it originated from a British army
post in France. Another hypothesis is that there are various speculations, such as British
military bases where pigs and young people were raised in large numbers, or thousands of
Chinese workers who were brought into Europe to dig trenches. The 1918 Spanish flu is
true, and speculations about the origin of the Spanish flu have not yet been concluded, but
I think this is also near-factual speculation. During a seven-year study of the history of
pandemics, author John M. Barry conducted extensive research on modern medicine and
general literature to find epidemiological evidence, and his paper was published in NCBI.
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is the center of world research.
NCBI contains information on biotechnology, including PubMed, a database of bioscience
and medical papers, and GenBank, a genetic sequence database. I think NCBI’s
information is a reliable fact.

In fact, it has been officially announced that the current coronavirus outbreak also occurred
in Wuhan, but there are speculations that it occurred first in the U.S. and Britain. I hope that
the truth will be published in NBCI through constant investigation and research on where it
actually first occurred.

Works Cited

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John M Barry, “The site of origin of the 1918 influenza pandemic and its public health
implications” J Transl Med. 2004; 2: 320. Jan.2004, Journal of Translational Medicine,
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC340389/

(https:// Zhuling Dai (https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1113837/users/3802396)
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I guess you’ve all heard about new variants of the virus that will cause COVID-19 from
other countries recently, but I’m not sure what I heard is a myth or a fact. So I Googled the
Coronavirus variants and read the first article. The article reports the existed mutations in
the virus over time, and the virus’s mutation causes new variants of the COVID-19.
According to the article, the U.S. has documented multiple mutations of the virus in the past
three months. Unfortunately, the variants of COVID-19 bring negative effects to countries
and people. As the variants circulating globally, the United Kingdom reported a variant
called B.1.1.7 in the fall of 2020. This new variant spreads easier and faster than the
original virus, which may also lead to a higher risk of death rate than other variant viruses;
the U.S. also detected this variant at the end of December 2020. In South Africa and Brazil,
different new variants were reported in the winter of 2020. Those variants are detected in
the U.S. at the end of January 2021. After reading this article, I can identify that the variants
of COVID-19 are a fact, instead of a myth, since many countries reported those variants
and scientists are monitoring the mutation of the virus. So far, researchers suggest that the
currently authorized vaccines are able to recognize most of the popular variants, so we are
still safe once we get vaccinated. I gave a high credit for this source because it is on the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) website. I believe all research or
information on this website is a fact, and the reports post on this website are 100% true and
trustworthy. Since CDC is a United States federal agency, I think there will not have a bias
or other misinformation on this website.

“About Variants of the Virus That Causes COVID-19 .” Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 12 Feb. 2021.
www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/transmission/variant.html.

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I chose the myth that @Zhuling Dai. The new variants of the virus cause COVID-19
recently.
A lot of articles about The variants of COVID-19 have been published, and I cited the
article “New Variances of Coronavirus: What You Should Know” by Johns Hopkins
Health System Hospitals.
To sum up, what are the new variants of coronavirus, and how people should deal with
them. He also mentioned whether the vaccine is effective against the new variants of
coronavirus. The variants of the virus occur when mutations occur in the virus’ genes,
and the nature of RNA viruses, such as coronavirus, is evolving and changing. While
the current immune response by vaccines may be less effective than some new
variants, this does not mean that vaccines will not provide protection. Experts say that
although mutations can spread faster from person to person and more infections can
cause more people to get sick, there is no clear evidence yet that any of these strains
are more likely to cause serious illness or death and we do not need to overreact to
these strains. Experts say that changes are being observed and studied to ensure that
tests, treatments, and vaccines, like other viruses, still have a TEMP effect on new
strain viruses. And we should continue to take safety precautions against coronavirus
to reduce the risk of infection, such as wearing masks, keeping body distance, and
hand hygiene.
Johns Hopkins Hospital has been selected as the top medical institution in the United
States for 21 consecutive years and is the birthplace of medical and medical education
in the United States. The sources here are widely accepted as reputable sources of
scientific reporting. This is not a marketing website. Dr. Bollinger, the author of the
article, has more than 40 years of experience in international public health, clinical
research, and education covering global health priorities such as HIV/AIDS, malaria,
tuberculosis, leprosy, dengue, antibiotic-resistant infections, COVID-19, and other
emerging diseases. Another author Stuart Campbell Ray is Vice-Chair of Medicine for
Data Integrity and Analytics, and he also is a Professor of Medicine. So I can conclude
that this resource is reliable.

Robert Cyril Bollinger and Stuart Campbell Ray. “New Variants of Coronavirus: What
You Should Know” Johns Hopkins Medicine, January 29, 2021
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus/a-
new-strain-of-coronavirus-what-you-should-know
(https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus/a-new-
strain-of-coronavirus-what-you-should-know) – Accessed 18 Feb. 2021

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1. The Covid-19 vaccine is killing people (myth)
2. The first source I found on google (that wasn’t an Advertisement) was a Bloomberg

News article from January 2021, titled ‘Norway Moves to Calm Vaccine Anxiety After
Elderly Deaths’. A secondary heading states, ‘No evidence of direct link to Pfizer-
BioNTech shot: officials”. The article reports on public fears regarding “potential side
effects from the vaccines”, but does so in an informative manner based on facts
gathered so far, not myths. Quotes from a senior national medical officer are used in
the article, stating that “Covid-19 is far more dangerous…than vaccination.” The article
continues, stating that 33 peoople aged 75 and older have died following their
vaccination, but also explains that this is out of a total of 48,000 people in this age
range who have all been inoculated, “…well under 1 out 1,000 nursing-home
patients…” The article continues, claiming that a prediction by experts of deaths post-
vaccine could cause public confusion, and likely fear.

3. I believe the article and its sources to be extremely credible and lacking in myths. The
head of the Norwegian Institute of Public Heath was quoted, along with the medical
director at the Norwegian Medicines Agency, both qualified, credible and educated
sources for such an article. The article looked at both sides of a somewhat complex
argument, stating that some nursing home residents over 75 years of age had a higher
likelihood of dying regardless, due their age, underlying conditions/illnesses and natural
morbidity factors. The article did not make misleading claims, but instead appeared to
stick close to facts and statistics. The article also steered away from fearmongering or
over dramatization/stretching of “facts”.

4. Taraldsen, Lars Erik, and Naomi Kresge. “Norway Moves to Calm Vaccine Anxiety After
Elderly Deaths.” Bloomberg.com, 18 Jan. 2021,
www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-18/norway-finds-no-direct-link-
between-elderly-deaths-and-vaccine (http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-
01-18/norway-finds-no-direct-link-between-elderly-deaths-and-vaccine) – Accessed 18
Feb. 2021

(http Valerie Hernandez (https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1113837/users/3794938)
Thursday

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Myth: The vaccine is killing people

1. A myth I found from the student that I chose was that the Covid vaccine is killing
people. Many people have been discussing this and trying to convince others on
not getting it because it is unsafe. This has caused many people to question the
true effect on the vaccine. People worry it may have some symptoms or some
potential health risk factors.

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2. Based on the article that I read about the Covid-19 being deadly to people has
caught the attention of many people. To sum up it discusses how the vaccine was
created within a short amount of time. This time issue is what causes doubts and
questions towards its development. Not only do they question its development but
its function as well. There could be some potential underlying factors as effect that
could occur to a person’s body if taking the vaccine. I also found that the
government paid billions so that companies would feel safe in moving forward and
making more vaccines.

3. This source is a secondary source and it is widely accepted as reputable source for
science reporting. This source is evaluated as an intergovernmental agency and
the source was from a popular media such as CNN. This is not a marketing
website. I don’t know much about the author only that she is a writer and a reporter.
The source seems to be an opinion piece since it is based on what the author has
to say.

4. Overall, I can conclude that the source is not reliable since it is based on the
author’s opinion. Since it is based on her opinion the topic doesn’t seem so
convincing to me and I don’t think it could convince others.

Works Cited

Fox Maggie. “Covid-19 cant be safe and other myths.” CNN. December 18, 2020.
https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/18/health/myths-covid-vaccine-debunked/index.html

(http Vaheh (https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1113837/users/3658671)
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Today I will be examining Hallil Thompson’s post stating that deaths from the covid 19
vaccine are a myth. To restate his claim in verbatim, “The Covid-19 vaccine is killing
people (myth)”.

Upon searching for credible sources to further analyze the current data on this subject,
I found a link to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The Center for
Disease Control and Prevention had current data dated as recently as February 14 of
2021. The site states that over 52 million doses of the covid 19 vaccine have been
given from the dates of December 14 2020 up to February 14 2021. The Center for
Disease Control and Prevention elaborated that of these vaccines given, the common
side affects were: headaches, chills, fever, pain or swelling at the injection site. There
was no data for deaths caused directly by the covid 19 vaccine itself. CDC website did
state that anaphylaxis is an extremely rare but severe allergic reaction that can happen

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after receiving the vaccine. A person can die during anaphylaxis but that is
preventable with an immediate dose of epinephrine.

It is difficult to say if the Center for Disease Control and Prevention is a primary or
secondary source because the data presented is accumulative of both direct and
indirect interactions. Center for Disease Control and Prevention is an official
government site, though it might be conservative with the information shared, it
technically would not be considered biased. The information presented is an
accumulated bounty of data, it would not be possible to name one specific author. The
data stated is based off the outcome of current occurrences, which makes it factual by
default.

“Safety of COVID-19 Vaccine.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, 18 Feb. 2021, www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-
ncov/vaccines/safety/safety-of-vaccines.html.

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1. The Covid-19 vaccine is killing people

2. I have not found a source that proves the vaccine is killing people, however there
were some articles that proved significant repercussions to people who have received
the vaccine. With any new drug, there are often unforeseen side affects. This makes a
lot of people skeptical about taking a newly researched and pushed vaccine. In the
article it states that during trial stage of the vaccine, they had developed Bell’s Palsy.
This is a medical condition that causes on half of the face to droop. It is clear that the
drug manufacturer has no idea why this has happened, and it could have been an
allergic reaction, or a side affect of the newly made drug. In the early stages of the
vaccine Britain’s medicine regulator made it clear that if you have history of significant
allergic reactions to medicine, food, or vaccines, to wait a day before receiving the first
dose.

1. The source that I have found is definitely a secondary source. You can clearly tell
just by the way that they are regurgitating information from different speakers.

2. The news source isn’t as widely “accepted” as other new sources, and they are not
as big as the media giants we all know today. I wouldn’t particularly say that this is a
bad thing though. As some of us know the large media companies are owned by a very
small amount of people. Although this fact may include smaller companies similar to
the one that my source is from.

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3. The author has written many other sources on covid and other world affairs, but
other than that he is almost completely unknown.

4. The source appears to lay out facts, and not merely just an opinion that states “do
not take the vaccine.”

4. I think the source is somewhat reliable in the way that they have gathered useful
information. It is clear that when vaccines are in preliminary stages, with a minuscule
amount of testing, they can be dangerous. When vaccines have been out for a while,
and have been tested extensively, it makes me feel a bit safer at the least.

Desk, India.com News. “Four Volunteers Develop Facial Paralysis Symptoms After
Taking Pfizer Vaccine Shots: Details Here.” India News, Breaking News |
India.com, 10 Dec. 2020, www.india.com/news/world/covid-19-four-
volunteers-develop-facial-paralysis-symptoms-after-taking-pfizer-vaccine-
shots-details-here-4256315/ (http://www.india.com/news/world/covid-19-four-
volunteers-develop-facial-paralysis-symptoms-after-taking-pfizer-vaccine-shots-
details-here-4256315/) .

(http Jeonghyun Song (https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1113837/users/3772914)
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1. The Covid-19 vaccine is killing people (myth). I also heard this myth that the
vaccine is very deadly and not yet authorized. I also saw some people who do not
want to take the vaccine as they believe what Hallil chose as a discussion. I was
very skeptical about this but I had no way to find whether it is true or not at the time
I heard this myth.

2. According to the answers to the frequently asked question from CDC(Center for
disease control and prevention), the center confirms that the vaccination does not
kill people although the process can cause symptoms such as fever. These
symptoms are normal and are a sign that the body is building protection against the
virus that causes Covid-19. They noted that people also have to get a vaccine
although they already had Covid-19 and recovered which vaccination can protect
them from getting sick with the virus

Another study was done by Johns Hopkins show some facts and truths about the
Covid-19 vaccination. They claim that the vaccines help people develop
immunity to a virus or other germ and it introduces a less harmful part of that germ into
a person’s body. And the noted that the Covid-19 vaccine must pass certain
tests and standards to evaluate whether they are safe and effective. Organizations
such as the National Academy of Science, the National Institutes for
Health, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) use scientific data from

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research to help decide if and when new drugs and vaccines can become available
to the public.

3. Study conducted by Johns Hopkins was indeed the first source. However, CDC is
hard to tell a primary or a secondary source. Their data seems to be accumulative data
which both primary and secondary from their own or other research. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention is a government agency that is definitely widely
accepted as a reputable source for science reporting. Johns Hopkins is also a very
reliable source that is reputable among medical research organizations.

Work Cited

“Myths and Facts about COVID-19 Vaccines.” Center for Disease Control and
Prevention. Web. 03 Feb 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-
ncov/vaccines/facts.html (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-
ncov/vaccines/facts.html)

“COVID-19 Vaccine: What You Need to Know.” Johns Hopkins. Web. 21 Jan 2021.
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus/covid-19-
vaccine-what-you-need-to-know

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One myth that I constantly heard was the vaccine was unsafe because it was developed
so quickly. A vaccine was indeed finished quickly. In fact, it took just under one year to
develop. The last vaccine developed the fastest was the mumps vaccine, which took 4
years to produce. However, there are a number of factors that go into why this vaccine was
developed so quickly.

Firstly, this was not the first coronavirus that scientist has seen. SARS and MERS are
other types of coronavirus, so scientists were not starting from scratch. While this was the
first time they had to deal with SARS-CoV-2, they had experience dealing with the other
coronaviruses. There were also so many people invested in finding a vaccine quickly. This
virus has touched almost every country, so governments worldwide were interested in
finding the vaccine. That is one of the reasons why this scientific research did not find too
much trouble in finding funding. Governments and other advocates were able to provide
the necessary funding needed to complete the research.

Other than finding funding for the research, scientists face another problem is finding
volunteers to take part in the clinical trials. However, that was not the case this time around.
There was no shortage of people who were willing to help and take part in the trials. Also,

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the technology that we have today is more advanced than what it was during the last
pandemic, which was the H1N1 pandemic in 2009.

These are but a few of the reasons why this vaccine was developed so quickly. The
speed at which it was made does not make it unsafe; it just means that there was great
urgency in finding the vaccine since it has impacted almost everyone.

Newman, Tim, Addressing 13 COVID-19 vaccine
myths, MedicalNewsToday.com, Healthline Media UK, 29 Jan, 2021. Web, 18 Feb 2021.
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/medical-myths-13-covid-19-vaccine-
myths#13.-Older-adults-cannot-have-the-vaccine
(https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/medical-myths-13-covid-19-vaccine-myths#13.-
Older-adults-cannot-have-the-vaccine)

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One myth that the vaccine of Covid-19 is not safe because it was developed so fast.
People believe that vaccines usually take many years to develop and to exam to make
sure they are safe.

I google that “vaccine for covid is not safe”. The first source on the top with the topic “Is
the COVID-19 Vaccine Safe?”

At the beginning of the source, it expressed that a successful COVID-19 vaccine can
help prevent people from getting sick when they come into contact with the virus.
Families and families will be able to eventually return to a more regular routine as more
individuals are vaccinated. Then this source listed several frequent questions people
concern about. Like how do we know the vaccine is safe? What do people know about
the vaccine’s safety? The article gives the aspects of the answers: the vaccine was
been carefully tested, authorization by emergency use, Continuous monitoring for
problems and side effects. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) developed
stringent requirements for vaccine developers to follow for the COVID-19 vaccine. To
test protection and efficacy, all vaccines go through clinical trials. Moreover, the source
also gives the answer to “how does the Covid-19 develop so fast”. The mRNA
technology used to produce vaccines for COVID-19 has been in use for years to
prepare for infectious virus outbreaks. Thus, in the pandemic, the development
process was ready quite early. And the governments gave money in advance to
vaccine developers, so businesses had the support they required. In addition, the

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article claimed that when available, China shared genetic information about the SARS-
CoV-2 coronavirus, giving vaccine developers an early start on finding a vaccine. The
answer to “how effective is the vaccine” is that manufacturers say that their vaccines
are approximately 95% successful in avoiding both moderate and serious COVID-19
symptoms.

“Is the COVID-19 Vaccine Safe?” Johns Hopkins Medicine. 2020.
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus/is-the-
covid19-vaccine-safe

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Thursday

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1. During this pandemic there are many myths regarding the disease that has been going
around our world that has caused a global pandemic. A myth about the pandemic that I
have heard recently about is how the elderly and those with underlying health
conditions are more vulnerable to be infected with Covid-19. My opinion is that the
elderly and those suffering from chronic diseases such as diabetes or bronchitis are the
most vulnerable to Covid. I also believe it increases your possibility to come in contact
with the disease and become hospitalized. So yes, I believe this myth is true.

2. Bases on the source of CDC it mentions that the risk of Covid increases with age where
older adults are at a much higher risk than younger people. It also mentions that those
with medical conditions also have a great risk with developing symptoms related to
Covid. It discusses how 8 out of 10 are older adults that have died due to Covid.
Although, people of all ages can contract Covid, which means there is a high chance for
older people to develop symptoms, related to Covid. Overall, this source from what I
have read is concluding a myth fact.

3. My first impression about the credibility about this source is that it can be trusted. The
CDC is an organization for public health in the United States therefore it is reliable. I
trust it because it sums up what I need to know as well as providing more in depth
knowledge about the disease. It also provides a whole website that answers any
questions I may encounter regarding this Covid-19 pandemic. It provides awareness to
all individuals who are in need of help or precaution of this disease.

Works Cited

“Older Adults and COVID-19”,CDC, February 18, 2021.
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/older-
adults.html#:~:text=The%20risk%20for%20severe%20illness,older%20adults%20at%20hig

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hest%20risk.&text=need%20to%20know-,Risk%20for%20severe%20illness%20with%20C
OVID%2D19%20increases%20with%20age,increase%20risk%20for%20severe%20illness.

(http Bo Gao (https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1113837/users/3762026)
Friday

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1. @ Valerie Hernandez (https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1113837/users/3794938)

The myth is that elderly people with underlying health conditions or also knowns as
comorbidities, are more vulnerable to covid-19 deaths.

2. Upon researching comorbidities in the elderly with mortalities related to covid-19 we
can see that there is a staggering difference between the elderly, specifically ages
above 70 with comorbidities such as asthma, heart disease, lung disease, diabetes
and other health risks. With a sample size ranging from China, Europe, and other
countries around the world. In the JAMDA study which had hospital records of elderly
admitted and discharged, The death rate for elderly ( not accounting comorbidities) is a
staggering 24%. While the high death rate can not really be associated with underlying
heath conditions, the reports states that higher age group is definitely contributing
factor to the high mortality rate along with the presence of comorbidities. Of the 250
patients that were admitted to the hospital 24% of the age group 70 and over did not
survive.

Another study done by a Chinese research group ( take that for what its worth ) at
the institute of Hepatology and multiply other hospitals in Changsha, China wrote a
research paper detailing the data set of 568 survivors and 597 mortalities. The reports
states that elderly Chinese males 70 and older only accounted for 25% of the
survivors, whereas Non-Chinese survivors had a 55% along with European’s 63%. The
data shows that even though Chinese elderly males 70 and higher had a low
survivability, they also had lower comorbidities. The study also states that survival
times of the elderly males vs non-elderly males are also drastically different with the
median being 29 days versus 62 days for younger patients. Comorbidities mentioned
in the above two researches include hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, lung
disease, Cancer, Chronic bronchitis, liver disease, tuberculosis, and digestive
diseases.

One thing to note in these studies is that Cerebrovascular disease has a mortality rate
of 4x more than other comorbidities among elderly males.

3. The source for both studies are the primary source, its is high unlikely any media
would skew the report results for a different narrative given that both websites are for
scholar use. Both studies have listed authors being doctorates and also listed locations

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of hospitals on which the study was done. Also both reports have what seems to be
factual data sets of the patients.

Hägg, Sara, et al. “Age, Frailty, and Comorbidity as Prognostic Factors for Short-Term
Outcomes in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Geriatric Care.” Journal of the
American Medical Directors Association, vol. 21, no. 11, 2020,
doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2020.08.014.

Li, Guangdi, et al. “Mortality Risk of COVID-19 in Elderly Males with Comorbidities: a
Multi-Country Study.” Aging, 2020, doi:10.18632/aging.202456.

(http Angelyce Lynch (She/Her) (https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1113837/users/3792605)
Sunday

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1. I chose the myth that Valerie mentioned. Being that the elderly and those with
underlying health conditions are more vulnerable to be infected with Covid-19. This
is a myth that health professionals have been lecturing us about since the
beginning of covid. This is a myth that makes sense to me and that I believe. The
way I think of it is that if your body is already fighting a preexisting health condition
and then having to then also fight covid, it’s taxing. Also, as you get older your
immune system does not work the same, it ages with us.

2. From the article that I read about understanding why some people are more
vulnerable to covid-29 than others, they explain it has everything to do with the
protein and oxidation in our cells and being able to replicate. Cellular oxidation is
the process in which an electron is taken away from a molecule. To summarize the
article, greater cellular oxidation in elders and people with underlying health
conditions can make them more prone to have a more tough time with the infection
and replication, and disease. Oxidation can damage structures that are essential to
the cell. It can affect the things in our body that are heavy users of oxygen, which
explains why covid is a big respiratory disease.

3. I believe the article I have used is a popular media source. At the bottom of the
article, they mention the source and journal references, it was also reviewed by a
blogger. The source seems to be a summed-up version of scientist’s research and
journaling along with some quotes. I can conclude that the resource is reliable, the
research is from a public researching university.

4. “Understanding Why Some People Are More Vulnerable to COVID-19.” News-
Medical.net, 3 Dec. 2020, www.news-medical.net/news/20201203/Understanding-
why-some-people-are-more-vulnerable-to-COVID-19.aspx. Accessed 19 Feb.
2021.

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(https:// Vaheh (https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1113837/users/3658671)
Thursday

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COVID 19 can spread through breathing

With the ongoing battle against covid 19, I have heard that covid 19 can spread through
breathing. At first impression it seems to be a statement of an over active imagination.
However surmising the precautions we have been taking for months, this seems to be a
viable fact. If we have to cover our mouth and nose, then it’s plausible to acknowledge that
this virus spreads through the expression of our respiratory system. Though we are only
able to see our breath when the temperature around us is much cooler than the
temperature inside us, its important to remember that breath is tangible. Taking that
awareness into consideration, it’s clear to see that there are particles to mobilize the virus.

Upon utilizing google to search for articles on the subject on covid 19 spreading through
breath, I came across the website “
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7205645#:~:text=The%20study%20re
ported%20that%20even,when%20infected%20people%20exhale
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7205645#:~:text=The%20study%20reported%2
0that%20even,when%20infected%20people%20exhale) .” The website refers to 3 different
studies on the movement of bio-aerosols. The article states that the results are
inconclusive. Though there are diagrams showing that there is movement of droplets when
a person speaks or breaths, the volume of droplets needed to be infectious is unclear. This
does not dismiss the possibility of infection but clarifies the need of further testing.

The credibility of the source seems intact. The website is the US National Library of
Medicine, which has an innate state of credibility due to the nature of the people that
interact with the information posted. The information posted is transparent because it’s
policed by scientists, doctors and researchers. People in these professions would not risk
their certifications or research on fraudulent claims.

Ningthoujam, Ramananda. “COVID 19 Can Spread through Breathing, Talking, Study
Estimates.” Current Medicine Research and Practice, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital. Published
by Elsevier, a Division of RELX India, Pvt. Ltd., 8 May 2020,
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7205645/#:~:text=The study reported that
even,when infected people exhale.

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(https:// Angelyce Lynch (She/Her) (https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1113837/users/3792605)
Thursday

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

I haven’t really heard too many myths about the pandemic recently or at all really, only a
few. A myth or fact that I have been hearing though, since the start of the pandemic is that
covid is just like the flu. This myth that I’ve heard about covid I used to believe when covid
first became a problem when we didn’t know much about it, and it was all new. Now, this
myth is one that I personally do not believe in at all. I think while for some people covid
doesn’t affect them and their body as badly while for other people it may be really severe, I
think everyone’s body may handle and fight it differently. For some people, it’s mild
symptoms, no symptoms at all, or severe symptoms. Also as far as I know you can’t catch
the flu and go the entire time period of having it and be asymptomatic with 0 symptoms, but
you can with covid. The myth is saying they are just like each other when there are many
many differences.

The source that came up was the CDC website, in which they go over all similarities and
differences. While they may be similar in symptoms, in the way they are spread, and in
risks, in every place there are similarities there are also some differences. The source
doesn’t conclude the myth in any form, just compares. But I’d say this myth is false. To say
the two are just alike is false, being that there are differences present between the two of
them. My first impression of the credibility of the source is that it’s very credible being that it
is from the CDC website. The CDC is the public health institute setting guidelines and
regulations for covid, CDC stands for (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).

CDC. “Flu Symptoms & Complications.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 10
July 2020, www.cdc.gov/flu/symptoms/flu-vs-covid19.htm.

(http Alyssa Chavolla (https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1113837/users/3775449)
Sunday

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1. Choose at least one facts or myths posted by another student. Angelyce – COVID is just
like the flu

2. For the posted myth or fact, do your own background research using at least one source
and summarize what you found. For the Myth COVID is just like the flu I have
done some Research and used an article from the CDC. The source claims that although they
may have small similarities they are very different and we should be taking precautions as
directed. After reading this article it has taken every little thing you can think of about COVID

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and say it’s the same but the source has provided the differences so you can clearly see
COVID and the flu may sound similar but internally are very well different.

1. Using the 4 tips for evaluating sources
(https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1113837/pages/evaluating-media-sources-2?
module_item_id=13024601) , fully evaluate your source using 1-4.
The article I have found online by the CDC is a
primary source this means the information provided within this article has came by them
directly.The CDC is a very well known and reputable source.it’s media outlet is
government.Although there is no other it doesn’t change my opinion or skepticism about the
article. in my opinion this is a myth and it’s government provided information, which doesn’t
mean anything coming from the government is true but for the safety of our health author or no
author i believe this article has presented the correct information.This source fully appears to
be a factual piece.

2. What can you conclude about the reliability of the source? The reliability of
this source I would say is pretty accurate considering it’s information given by the CDC. They
should have the most correct answers about these COVID myths. Also hopefully all the
information they provide is as truthful as possible because someone who actually has these
questions could get the right information.

3. Include full citations for all sources. CDC.
“Similarities and Differences Between Flu and COVID-19” Centers For Disease Control and
Prevention, 27 January. 2021. Web. ND.

(http Hallil Thompson (He/Him) (https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1113837/users/3737336)
Sunday

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For the second posts (300 words)- Due Sunday Night:
1. Covid-19 is just like the Flu – Angelyce Lynch
2. I chose an article published on forbes.com authored by John Drake, a professor

from the University of Georgia, titled, “Why Covid-19 Isn’t Just A Bad Version of the
Flu”. The article is concise but on-topic, stating that at the start of the week former
(then) President Trump had “compared Covid-19 to seasonal influenza”, continuing
to state that Dr. Fauci disagreed with that statement. The author states that he
wants to look at 5 differences between Covid and seasonal influenza we face
annually. Under each statement, contrasting the differences between flu and
Covid-19, he is able to explain why Covid is a bigger threat to the world, using
familiar language, terms and explaining more difficult scientific information such as
the “Reproduction” number of the Covid-19 virus versus the flu.

3. (1)The source is a secondary source, which is the educated opinion of the author,
John Drake. His full educational and professional credentials are provided at the
end of the article, along with an email contact. Throughout the article, when he
makes a claim, he provides a hyperlink to the source, such as the CDC. (2) A
reputable source for science reporting? Although Forbes.com is not a scientific
publication, this article is published under their science section, and typically is

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known to be a good source of information, and is not known for publishing “fake
news” or elaborating facts. (3) Knowledge of author/source: The article is
written by a scientist and university educator, adding credence to the publication.
His full credentials are listed on the website. (4) Opinion piece or Factual
piece? The article is based on facts that the author gathered, either through his
scientific knowledge or research for the piece. He has attached hyperlinks to
sources throughout the article that take the reader to the CDC website, NIH
website, and others, showing the source of his information for the article.

4. What can you conclude about the reliability of the source? It is my opinion,
based on reading the hyperlinks/sources linked within the article that all of the
sources used are reliable and back up all statements made in Drake’s article. His
article lacks personal opinion, which is a wise move, because again, it adds
credence to the article leaving it to be based on facts, which are all cited via
hyperlink.

5. Citation: Drake, John. “Why Covid-19 Isn’t Just A Bad Version Of The Flu.”
Forbs.com 6 Oct. 2020

(https:// Huilin Li (https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1113837/users/3758807)
Thursday



I have heard that drinking or gargling salt water can prevent infecting Covid-19 or reducing the
symptoms of the COVID. And I Google it, this first source cone up has a title that “Coronavirus:
Researchers to trial salt water as Covid-19 treatment”
In this source, the researchers in Edinburgh are going to examine that salt water can be one of the
treatments of Covid-19. The previous research has found the symptoms of a common cold can be
reduced by homemade remedy. In addition, people who usually drink salt water solution or clean
their nose and mouth have less coughs and will recover faster. The study was recruiting adults who
have Covid-19 symptoms, and certified as having been infected by the virus. They organized
people into two groups. The researchers asked one of the groups to gargle and rinse their nasal
passage by using salt water solution when they felt necessary. And the other group is going to keep
the way they normally do. Each participant needs to write down their situation and feeling in a diary
every day for two weeks. The group who gargling and rinse their nasal passage by using salt water
solution had a shorter time period of cold, have less probability to pass the cold or other symptoms
to other people in the family, and were less likely to use medicines. Prof Aziz Sheikh is going
forward to the exam that salt water solution will be a great treatment to control and decrease the
impact and the speed of spread of the infection. Moreover, the most important thing is this treatment
is only required water and salt which are common and cheap ingredients. In my point of view after
reading this material, I believe this is the truth. Because this source expressed how the researchers
progressed this experiment.

“Coronavirus: Researchers to trial salt water as Covid-19 treatment.” BBC News.
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-53170734. 24 June 2020.

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(http Zhuling Dai (https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1113837/users/3802396)
Saturday

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

1.
My source also proves that salt water helps reduce the early symptom(cold) of COVID-
19 is a fact.
2.
In Edinburgh and Lothians Viral Intervention Study, or ELVIS, researchers found that
gargled and cleared noses with a salt water solution may reduce the early symptoms of
COVID-19. The participants who gargled salt water solution have fewer coughs and
less congestion in the research. The article clearly states that only sea salt helps to
reduce the early symptoms of COVID-19. Researchers explain that sea salt can boost
human cells’ antiviral defense while participants are affected by a cold. In conclusion,
gargling with sea salt water solution and using it to wash noise reduced the amount of
cold virus in their nose, which helps reduce the early symptoms of COVID-19.
3.
Tip 1: My article is a primary source because it was posted on the University of
Edinburgh website. And the salt water solution to reduce the study of the early
symptoms was first conducted in Edinburgh Medical School. Although there isn’t actual
data in this article, it does give a brief description of the research. There’s no author
information on the website.
Tip 2: The University of Edinburgh is a very famous university in the UK, so I think its
website is widely accepted as a reputable science reporting source. I think the
university will not publish any fake or biased article because it will destroy its
reputation.
Tip 3: I can’t find the author for this source, but I believe the university published it.
Tip 4: The source appears to be a factual piece because the university publishes the
result of their study on salt water solution to reduce the early symptom of COVID-19. I
believe they also publish their dates and scientific methods in their journal article, so
this source is a small summary of their study.
4.
In conclusion, I think the source is reliable because pass the four tips examination. And
the information in the article does make sense to me.
5.
“Salt Water Solution Could Treat COVID-19 Symptoms.” The University of Edinburgh.
N.p., 2021. www.ed.ac.uk/usher/news-events/news-2020/salt-water-solution-could-
treat-covid-19-symptoms. 14 Aug, 2020.

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Sunday

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

Can gargling saltwater prevent infecting COVID-19 or at the very least reduce the
symptoms of the virus. One of the articles I was reading was discussing research
conducted where it was suggested that gargling could significantly reduce the
occurrence of flu and colds. The solution in the study used a teaspoon of salt per cup
of water. The research showed that the cells in the throat took up extra chorine from
the salt solution. The outcome was a compound that has known antiviral properties.
However, this study was done to research gargling and nasal irrigation for the common
cold. There was no mention of the COVID-19 virus or variants of it in the study. Since
all is required is salt and water, there is very little downside to trying out this remedy. It,
at the very least, can help with a sore throat. However, there is still very little research
to say that it will have serious health benefits like fighting off colds, flu, and
coronaviruses.

The article was from the New York times is a reputable source and study. Was the
same as my peers’ mention from the University of Edinburgh.

Naito, Neal, M.D. Gargling for Coronavirus? What Science Can Tell Us.
NewYorkTimes.com. New York Times. 14 Apr 2020. Web. 21 Feb 2021.
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/29/well/live/gargle-gargling-coronavirus-
infections-bacteria-virus.html (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/29/well/live/gargle-
gargling-coronavirus-infections-bacteria-virus.html)

(https:// Bo Gao (https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1113837/users/3762026)
Friday



1. Post one myth or fact related to the pandemic that you have heard recently, and
if you think it is true or not. Keep your post to this topic only.

I’ve heard the rumor that most people think(not including myself) that the vaccine can
cause autism. Along with other vaccines.

2. Google it, click on the first source that comes up and summarize if the sources is
concluding myth fact, or undetermined.

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The summary of the article states that vaccines and autism are is no way related. It states
that the rumor first started when a scientist published a journal about how the MMR vaccine
or also called the measles-mump-rubella vaccine might cause autism. However, shortly
after the journal was published, the doctors license was taken away when other doctors
found no link between vaccines and autism going through the research, or any of the
ingredients associated with the vaccine. The medical journal was then retracted. The article
did state that vaccine could have alternative reactions like mild fevers or rashes, but
generally they are safe.

3. What is your first impression of the credibility of the source?

The website is a non-profit organization website which can be credible, however, giving that
I’ve personally written a lot of college papers, there are no links to journal or credible
sources to disproving the rumor. There isn’t even any proof on how the test was conducted
or how the rumor isn’t credible only that it is written in the article. My first impression of the
article is there is a lack of sources and even a lack of name from the author.

4. Add the full citation to the bottom of your post using MLA format (see bottom of
this page for the format).

Children’s Minnesota. “IS THERE A CONNECTION BETWEEN VACCINES AND
AUTISM?” Children’s Minnesota, 1 Mar. 2019,
www.childrensmn.org/educationmaterials/parents/article/12583/is-there-a-connection-
between-vaccines-and-autism.

(http Mario Ruiz (https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1113837/users/3781160)
Sunday



Hey Bo,

1) I love your article because this myth has been around since the early days of
vaccines and seems to resurface every time some big new vaccine comes around and
uneducated folks get ahold of media and start spreading lies. So this is what I found
that proves that is a myth. I googled and clicked on the link:
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/autism.html
(https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/autism.html) which states that there is no
concrete evidence proving that there is any linkage between any ingredients in
vaccines or the reactions they cause and Autism. It cites study after study that proves
that vaccines do not cause autism including the preservative thimerosal that was the
one that was dragged into the mess that many years ago and since then proven to be
safe over and over again.

2) So using the 4 tips for evaluating:

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2A] My source is the primary source… it is the CDC.

2B] It is widely accepted as a reputable source for science reporting throughout the
scientific community.

2C] It is a government agency that’s sole purpose is to protect America from health,
safety, and security threats, both foreign and in the U.S. Whether diseases start at
home or abroad, are chronic or acute, curable or preventable, human error or
deliberate attack. Its been around since 1946 when a major malaria outbreak was
threatening the nation and since then has expanded to other communicable diseases
and is one of the go-to agencies for any type of biological major disaster.

2D] I can without any hesitation say that the reliability of the source is concretely solid.
They take the time to do studies directly and are at the forefront of the nations and
global biological disasters, up there with the WHO.

3. Citation:

n/a, n/a. “Autism and Vaccines.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, 25 Aug. 2020,
www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/autism.html.

(https:// Alyssa Chavolla (https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1113837/users/3775449)
Saturday



A myth I came across quite a few times was if you drank or gargled bleach, ethanol, and methanol
you could prevent or even cure coronavirus disease. First off these are all poisons and just hearing
that my first thought is this serious and are people really going to believe this. I one hundred
percent do not agree with this myth. It’s ridiculous and dangerous if someone goes overboard and
is willing to take the risk. This myth was around before ex president Trump made the comments of
injecting chemical in our body to prevent it but his comments also did not help the situation.The
article I have found concludes that ingesting bleach or any sort of disinfectant chemical will not
prevent you from contacting coronavirus nor will it cure you. The article goes into depth about the
side effects of consumption of bleach. It all varies but as most of us know we can live but it can be
deadly. My initial reaction to the credibility of the source was hesitant because I didn’t see the
answer stated clearly right away. Once I got through the entire article it was very clear it’s not at all
an effective way to prevent the virus. It also mentioned there was no actual evidence but,
considering all these chemical products are not meant to be ingested in any form according to the
FDA that is enough to say no. Bleach and other chemicals are proven to clean multiple surfaces
and prevent the spread of germs. That being said it is meant for cleaning purposes not curing or
prevention of getting any disease. Considering I learned from this even though I never thought of
doing it myself, I now have the knowledge from this research.This article was very informative for
someone who is actually curious about this so hopefully it would help them to not make a bad
decision and reconsider.

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Pietrangelo, Ann. “The Major Harmful Side Effects of Drinking Bleach.” Healthline.com. NP, 5 May.
2020. Web. 5 May. 2020.

(https:// Mario Ruiz (https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1113837/users/3781160)
Sunday



DO NOT! take painkillers right before your COVID-19 vaccine!! : (MYTH!)

2) After googling it I clicked on the first link: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/covid-19-
vaccine-shot-painkillers-doctors/ (https://www.cbsnews.com/news/covid-19-vaccine-
shot-painkillers-doctors/) and in a nutshell, it warns that you should not preemptively take
an NSAID or painkiller prior to the COVID-19 vaccine as it could dull its efficacy. It cites
very clearly that is not proven at all…a few experts and some studies have suggested that it
better to let the symptoms happen so you can see them and know that your body is
building a response since the common side effects would give you an insight to know its
working and to dull it with painkillers might affect that. I wanted to say this is a myth, I am
not medically trained (yet) but I know there is a big difference from a full-blown
immunosuppressant to a fever reducer, also we all react different to NSAID’s and that is
science so if say you were to have an intense allergic reaction or side effect I don’t think
taking a pain killer would not mask that if that is what the concern is. Also, I have yet to
hear in any science journal that you disrupt the upload of data into your immune system
with a Tylenol. People do not seem to completely understand the inner workings of the
human body.

3) Off the bat just by the title it seems like one of the other million “don’t do that! do this!”
articles that tell you some crazy thing to in order to keep COVID free. They seem to base
themselves on some Karen-like one-off situation that some random person had and they
went around spreading the “truth” to save other people a minor discomfort. If you’re a
common person with some common sense you know that when you get a vaccine you
might get a fever or a symptom or two as a sign that your body is registering the
information and building protection for when your exposed, so it’s ready to fight.

4) Citation:

“Don’t Take Painkillers before Your COVID-19 Shot, Doctors
Advise.” Www.cbsnews.com, www.cbsnews.com/news/covid-19-vaccine-shot-
painkillers-doctors/. Accessed 22 Feb. 2021.

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(http Brenda (https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1113837/users/2211699)
Sunday


DO NOT! take painkillers right before your COVID-19 vaccine!! : (MYTH!)

You’re right about this being a possible myth. There isn’t enough research on this
topic to conclude that taking a painkiller or any kind of medication can lessen the
effects of the vaccine. They do say however that if you feel any symptoms of the
vaccine to take painkillers or a type of medication. Some of the symptoms
regarding the vaccine are fever, chills, muscle pain, fatigue, swelling at the
injection, and/or possibly a lump in your armpit. In these cases a doctor would
prescribe or advise you to take painkillers or some type of antihistamine or
hydrocortisone. Antihistamines stop the release of histamine. Histamine is released
when your body senses danger like infections. When you take antihistamines
before you take the vaccine you block the receptors (histamine) from letting your
body know that there’s danger there. So when the vaccine looks for that danger
you might’ve “blocked it” with an antihistamine beforehand and hence why doctors
advise you to not take it. Hydrocortisone is used to bring down your body’s immune
response to you lessen pain, swelling or itching. Pain, swelling, and itching are side
effects of the Covid-19 vaccine. If you were to get these side effects after the
vaccine doctors are worried that hydrocortisone wouldn’t be as effective. There’s
been studies conducted on this topic. Both antihistamines and hydrocortisone are
immunosuppressants. What they play in question according to the sources below
is, how do you fight off side effects of the coronavirus vaccine if you suppress your
immune system beforehand? There’s been a small study conducted about taking
immunosuppressants before the vaccine. Professionals advise to take any
immunosuppressants after the vaccine has been administered. I can see what
professionals mean by advising against immunosuppressants before a vaccine for
theoretical reasons. In turn I do agree with you that this is a myth, there isn’t
enough information to prove this hypothesis.

Crouch, Michelle. “Are Pain Relievers OK for COVID Vaccine Side Effects?” AARP, 5
Feb. 2021, www.aarp.org/health/drugs-supplements/info-2021/pain-relievers-covid-
vaccine.html.

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NHS Choices, NHS, www.nhs.uk/medicines/hydrocortisone/
(http://www.nhs.uk/medicines/hydrocortisone/) .

NHS Choices, NHS, www.nhs.uk/conditions/antihistamines/.

(https:// Brenda (https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1113837/users/2211699)
Sunday


Using Sources – Myth or Fact – The Pandemic?

Post one myth or fact related to the pandemic that you have heard recently, and if
you think it is true or not. Keep your post to this topic only.
One myth I’ve heard about the pandemic has been about catching coronavirus through
pets. I’ve seen billboards stating that you can’t catch coronavirus through pets. I wanted
to see if this was true myself.

Google it, click on the first source that comes up and summarize if the sources is
concluding myth fact, or undetermined.
Undetermined.This source claims that some coronaviruses in animals can transmit to
people and then spread through other people. They also mentioned that this is very
rare.They emphasized on this throughout the page. Some coronaviruses that affect cats
or dogs can’t be passed down to other human beings, only through other animals.
Although animals can’t transmit the virus to other human beings, animals can contract
coronavirus from humans. There’s been studies throughout the country in zoos about
animals having Covid-19 through contact with zookeepers/zoo employees. Which is
why it’s best if you have Covid-19 to refrain from contact with your pets so they don’t
get coronavirus.

What is your first impression of the credibility of the source?
My first impression of the credibility of the source was that they weren’t really sure
themselves and can’t conclude much. Although there isn’t much research on animal to
human virus transmission of the coronavirus, there’s research being conducted at the
moment to get more accurate information on this hypothesis.

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http://www.nhs.uk/medicines/hydrocortisone/

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 Reply

Add the full citation to the bottom of your post using MLA format (see bottom of
this page for the format).

“COVID-19 and Animals.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 10 Feb. 2021, www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-
coping/animals.html#. Content Source: National Center for Immunization & Respiratory
Diseases (NCIRD), Division of Viral Diseases.

(https:// Dylan Gates (https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1113837/users/3772468)
Sunday



1. One popular myth/fact I have heard about the pandemic is that the virus originated in a
lab in Wuhan, China. I am not sure if this is fact or fiction, but this idea has been tossed
around a lot. I tend to be more skeptical than not when it comes to news and world affairs,
especially when it has an effect on my thinking or health. With this theory, however, it
seems to be a bit out there. This doesn’t change my opinion on truth or falsehood. Not until
I have done proper research on multiple sources, proving or disproving it. Jumping to
conclusions can sometimes be a very dangerous way of thinking.

2. The article states that according to the World Health Organization, the coronavirus
“most likely originated in animals before spreading to humans.” Then after, they dismissed
the idea that the disease had been leaked by a laboratory in Wuhan. However, this
statement would need more evidence and studies to back up the claim. This does not
mean that it’s true nor false. The general opinion is that it originated in animals, however.
They have found that bats and pangolins are “potential candidates for transmission,” but
they were not found to be “sufficiently similar ” to the coronavirus. Although it may be
obvious that the virus wasn’t created in a lab, the claim has to have originated from
somewhere. Just because the claim is made that it is extremely unlikely doesn’t make it
100% bogus until it is proven to be true.

3. My first impression of the credibility of the source is that it is somewhat credible. They
are a large corporate-owned media company, with its own agenda. They skew a bit heavy
to the left, but their source seems to be somewhat credible. I am a bit skeptical of most
media companies in general, but since this is the first source I found I can’t be nit-picky.
The evidence they have used to back up their claims seems to be credible and has multiple
citations.

Meredith, Sam. “WHO Says Covid ‘Most Likely’ Originated in Animals and Spread to
Humans, Dismisses Lab Leak Theory.” CNBC, CNBC, 9 Feb. 2021,

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www.cnbc.com/2021/02/09/who-outlines-wuhan-findings-on-origins-of-covid-
pandemic.html (http://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/09/who-outlines-wuhan-findings-on-
origins-of-covid-pandemic.html) .

(https:// Edison Duong (https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1113837/users/3711229)
Sunday

 Reply


The 2009 swine flu pandemic impact a lot of people and many people blame it on pig/pork.

My first impression toward researching the article, “Pork Industry Still Reeling From Swine
Flu” by Alina Selyukh was that I’m was not that surprising as many people were taking the
blame on the pig/pork because the swine equals pig which means pork. What surprised me
the most about the swine flu pandemic was its origin. After all, there got to a beginning.
According to the article, “Pork Industry Still Reeling From Swine Flu” by Alina Selyukh,
Selyukh states, “The earliest detect H1N1 virus was found in a 5-year-old who lived near a
pig farm in Mexico, hence the name “swine flu.” This states that the disease may have
started from a pig and then a human, mainly farmers, and then to other people, right?
Maybe, but also it could be other peoples like the transporters, the factory workers, the
employee of a supermarket, and course the regular consumers like us or maybe it is a pig
that injured or eating a bad diet that might cause it to have the virus. However, what does
matter was that it impacts everyone.

Selyukh, Alina. “ABC News.” Pork Industry Still Reeling From Swine Flu, ABC News
Network, 15 Oct. 2009, 2:51 p.m., abcnews.go.com/Business/pork-industry-reeling-swine-
flu/story?id=8840004. 21 Feb. 2021

(https:// Jeonghyun Song (https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1113837/users/3772914)
Sunday



I recently heard that Corona Virus is transmitted in a cold climate and not in a hot and
humid climate. I couldn’t find any resource about it at that time however I googled the rumor
today and this came out. According to research from the University of Texas at Austin, they
noted that the link between weather and COVID-19 is complicated. They also claimed that
the weather influences the environment in which the coronavirus must survive before
infecting a new host. But the thing is that the virus itself is not the only reason why it is
spreading. As the weather also influences human behavior which moves the virus from one
host to another. As a matter of fact, research from the University of Texas at Austin claimed

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that temperature and humidity do not play a significant role in coronavirus spread rather
than the other features such as mobilities or human interaction. I felt the source was quite
believable as a first impression. Authoritative university led the research and the source
contained lots of factors that gave credibilities such as statistical figures and a quote from a
professor of their school. Also, it has an exact date and place when and where the
research was published. Not only the University of Texas Austin conducted the research
but also they cooperated with Ohio State University. This research even received a fund
from NASA and the National Science Foundation which made highly credible about the
source.

Reference

University of Texas at Austin. “Hot or cold, weather alone has no significant effect on
COVID-19 spread.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 2 November 2020.
.

(https:// mariethaconrado (She/Her) (https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1113837/users/3765660)
Sunday



A recent myth related to the pandemic that has gained traction among some groups is that
the COVID-19 vaccine contains microchips or ingredients that will turn people into 5G
antennas. The facts and the evidence do not support the notion that the COVID-19 vaccine
is implanting microchips into people nor that a vaccine will turn human beings into 5G
antennas. Based on my understanding, I do not find this to be a credible claim.Searching
Google with the following phrases, “covid19 vaccine implants microchips, turns people into
5g antennas” led to a BBC News article detailing how widespread these claims are. From
the beginning, the source made clear that these were nothing more than baseless lies and
set out to demonstrate how social media has only amplified the propagation of these
conspiracy theories regarding vaccines. It illustrates how so much misinformation is being
spread not just by everyday people, but also people of influence such as religious leaders,
presidents, prime ministers, etc. My first impression of the credibility of the sources is that
it’s a news website. Personally, I have found the BBC News to be a credible source. Of
course, claims made can be biased, stories can be misrepresented and my hope is that in
this area they are more honest than dishonest. However, should any scientific or historical
claims be made I tend to be very distrusting of typical news mediums. I really enjoy reading
peer-reviewed papers to get the science, facts and evidence directly from the scientist
working on whatever I’m researching. Digging through sources to get to the plain and
simple science is something I try to practice when reading articles based on science from
news websites. In this instance, I feel I understand science, overall, well enough to know
that humans cannot be turned into 5G antennas through a vaccine and was more
astonished at how gullible people tend to be.

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Source:

Goodman, Jack, and Carmichael, Flora. “Coronavirus: 5G and microchip conspiracies
around the world.” BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/53191523
(https://www.bbc.com/news/53191523) . Accessed 20 Feb 2021.

(https:// Lico Li (She/Her) (https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1113837/users/3759984)
1:07pm



One of the facts I have heard recently is that there is an increased risk of Covid-19 infection
among the minority groups in the US. I think this is true because black people have been
disproportionately affected by Covid-19.

The first source was “Health Equity Considerations & Racial & Ethnic Minority Groups”. The
source concluded the fact because it explained that black people have also been affected
by the disease. The author explained that there have been long-standing systemic health
and social inequalities that have put many people from racial and ethnic minority groups at
increased risk of getting sick and dying from Covid-19.

Several factors contribute to the increased risk of getting Covi-19 among the minority
groups. One of the factors is discrimination. Discrimination still exists in systems that are
meant to protect health or well-being. These systems include finance, education, housing,
and healthcare. Discrimination leads to toxic and chronic stress and also shapes the
economic and social factors that put people from certain ethnic and racial minority groups
at an increased risk of Covid-19. People from some racial and ethnic minority groups are
less likely to b insured. Other factors such as cultural differences, language barriers, and
lack of transportation also limit healthcare access among the racial and ethnic minority
groups.

My first impression was that the source was credible. That is because it was published on a
government website. Articles published on the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s
website are always credible. One may not post false information on the website. The
source was also credible because it had been written within the last six months. It was
recent enough for the topic of the Covid-19 pandemic. The source was relevant to the
topic. The author had also presented factual information in the source.

Works Cited

“Health Equity Considerations & Racial & Ethnic Minority Groups.” COVID-19, Center for
Disease Control and Prevention, Feb 12, 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-

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