Hello is there anyone that can help me with my Discussion questions.  I have multiple discussion questions for different chapters. I will have the instruction in the upload.  

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Address to the Nations of the Worldby the Pan-African ConJerence in London Q900)

The pan-African Cont’erencethat metin London in 1900 broughttogether a group of people of African heritagefrom

*ony pori, of the wirld. They were determined to add their voices to those discussing and debating the consequences ot’

Euripisqn imperialism in theiast decades of the nineteenth century. The declaration they produced gives a clear picture

ot’ thieir vision of history, their sense of the injustices associated with colonial conquest, and th-eir hopes t’or the future’
ihe chair of thl committee who wroie the address was w. E. B. Du Bois (1868-196j), an At’rican American professor ot’

history, ,oiiology, and economics, who stud.ied at Harvard and the l.)niversity of Berlin. ln
‘t909, he became a t’ounding

*r*bu, of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

must be deplorable, if not

il n the metropolis of themodern world, in thisthe closing year of thenineteenth centurY,
there has been assem-

bled a congress of men and women of
African blood, to deliberate solemnly
upon the present situation and outlook

of the darker races of mankind The
problem of the twentieth century is the

problem of the colour-line, the question

as to how far differences of race-which

show themselves chiefly in the colour of

the skin and the texture of the hair-will

hereafter be made the basis of denying

to over half the worldthe right of sharing

to their utmost ability the opportunities

and privileges of modern civilization.

To be sure, the darker races are today

the least advanced in culture according to

European standards. This has not, how-

ever, always been the case in the past, and

certainly the world’s history, both ancient

and modern, has given many instances of

no despicable ability and capacity among

the blackest races of men.

ln any case, the modern world must

remember that in this age when the ends

of the world are being brought so near

together the millions of black men in
Africa, America, and the lslands of the

Sea, not to speak of the brown and yel-

low myriads elsewhere, are bound to
have a great influence upon the world in

the future, by reason of sheer numbers

and physical contact. lf now the world of

culture bends itself towards giving
Negroes and other dark men the largest

and broadest opportunity for education

and self-development, then this contact

and influence is bound to have a benefi-

cial effect upon the world and hasten

human progress. But if, bY reason of
carelessness, prejudice, greed and injus-

tice, the black world is to be exploited
and ravished and degraded, the results

simply to them, but to the high ideals

justice, freedom and culture which

thousand years of Christian
have held before Europe.

And now therefore, to these
of crvilization, to the broader human

of the followers of the Prince of

we, the men and women of Africa
world congress assembled, do now

emnly appeal:

Let the world take no backward

in that slow but sure progress which

successively refused to let the spirit
class, of caste, of privilege, or of
debar from life, liberty and the pursuit

happiness a striving human soul

Let not color or race be a

distinction between white and
men, regardless of worth or ability.

Let not the natives of Africa be

ficed to the greed of gold, their

taken away, their familY life

powers Iooked for ways to preserve their culture and inde-

pendence from foreign attempts to impose new institutions I
and new ways o[ life on their populations.

The career o[ Muhammad Ali (1769-1849), an Otto-
man general of Albanian origin, illustrates the ways in

which Muslims sought to respond to the challenges o[

European imperialism. Ali had been involved in the Otto-

man force that expelled Napoleon’s armies from Egypt in

766 | CHAPTER 22 lmperialism and Colonialism’ 1870-1914

l80l. He later defeated the Mamluk rulers of Egypt
seized power himself, with the intention of creating a

ern Muslim state in the Middle East that could defend

and challenge the weakened Ottoman Empire for

in the region. He created a more centralized
modernized Egypt’s system of agricultural
and developed an economic policy designed to

a profit by exporting cotton and grain. He also

,

their just aspirations repressed, and
avenues of advancement and culture
taken from them.

Let not the cloak of Christian mis-
sionary enterprise be allowed in the
future, as so often in the past, to hide
the ruthless economic exploitation and
political downfall of less developed
nations, whose chief fault has been reli-

ance on the plighted faith of the Chris-

tian Church.

Let the British nation, the first mod-
ern champion of Negro Freedom, has-
ten to crown the work of Wilberforce,
and Clarkson, and Buxton, and Sharpe,

Bishop Colenso, and Livingstone, and
give, as soon as practicable, the rights

responsible government to the black

ies of Africa and the West lndies.

Let not the spirit of Garrison, Phil-
and Douglass wholly die out in

erica; may the conscience of a great
rise and rebuke all dishonesty

d unrighteous oppression toward the

Negro, and grant to him the
of franchise, security of person

property, and generous recogni-

of the great work he has accom-
in a generation toward raising

millions of human beings from
to manhood.

Let the German Empire, and the
French Republic, true to their great
past, remember that the true worth of
colonies lies in their prosperity and
progress, and that justice, impartial
alike to black and white, is the first ele-
ment of prosperity.

Let the Congo Free State become a

great central Negro State of the world,

and let its prosperity be counted not
simply in cash and commerce, but in
the happiness and true advancement of
its black people.

Let the nations of the World respect
the integrity and independence of the
first Negro States of Abyssinia, Liberia,
Haiti, and the rest, and let the inhabit-
ants of these States, the independent
tribes of Africa, the Negroes of the
West lndies and America, and the black
subjects of all nations take courage,
strive ceaselessly, and fight bravely, that

they may prove to the world their
incontestible rightto be counted among
the great brotherhood of mankind.

Thus we appeal with boldness and
confidence to the Great Powers of the
civilized world, trusting in the wide spirit
of humanity, and the deep sense ofjus-
tice of our age, for a generous recogni-
tion of the righteousness of our cause.

ALEXANDER WALTERS (Bishop)
President Pan- African Association

HENRY B. BROWN

Vice-President

H. SYLVESTER-WILLIANAS

General Secretory

W. E, BURGHARDT DU BOIS
Choirman Committee on Address

Source: Ayodele Langley, ldeologies of Liberation
in Blach Africo (London: 1979), pp 738-39.

Questions for Analysis

1. What value do the authors ascribe
to “race” as a description of human
difference?

2. According to the authors, what
choices do European powers have
to make as they exercise their power
in Africa? What are their hopes for
Africans in a world shaped by Euro-
pean expansion?

3. What specific “ideals of civilization”
do the authors of this declaration
invoke? Do they share these ideals
with peoples elsewhere?

4. Are ther6 echoes of European lib-
eralism or nationalism in its pan-
AfricanismT

education system in Egypt-with the help of French
embarked on an ambitious plan to modern-

the military through industrial development. But he
in 1849, and his successors were unable to continue

pace o[ reform. Mounting government debt related to
construction of the Suez Canal and other infrastruc-

projects forced the rulers of Egypt to cede frnancial

French and the British. By 1882, as we saw earlier, Egypt
was occupied by British forces, much to the dismay of its
people; and in i914, the British “protecrorare” in Egypt
became offlcial. A compliant Egyptian government contin-
ued to serve as head ofstate, but all parties understood that
Egypt’s independence was in name only. The memory of
Muhammad Ali lived on, however, as the founder of the
modern Egyptian state.

lmperial Culture | rcl

to an international commission dominated by the

-.

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L

INE5!

Completion: Students ore responsible for completing oll fourteen of these primory
source exercises ond for onswering oll guestions in o given exercise. Posts will be
groded for guolity ond length. No lote posts will beaccepted.

Formotr Complet e sent ences ond occurote grommor are required.If you do use
direct guototions, you must provide proper in-text citotions – see out oddendum
for detoils.

Originality: Do not repeot the some informotion onother student hos olreody
posted – odd something new to secune os mony points os possiblel Breoking ground

early moy be odvontageous. Eleventh hour Posts thot simply restote materiol
olneady discussed will not secure the highest scones. Cutting ond posting from on
internet source does not guolify os completing an exercise.

Student Replies: Replying to, or oddressing, another student’s post is encouroged
ond is o greot woy to moke certoin you’re not simply repeating informotion ond

losing points for redundoncy. Respectful debal e is welcomed.

Word Count: Posts must meet lhe 2oo-word minimum to eorn o possing score
(“C”). Quolify posts thot exceed fhis minimum length will secure points thot
proportionolity exceed the minimum possing grode. For instonce, guolity posts of

300 words or more eorn “B’s” while guolity posts of 400 words or more secure
“A’s.” But guolity is better thon guontity! 5o o greot post with 200 wonds will do
well. This is not on occosion for tersereplies. Contextuolize lhe guestions inyour
chopter reodings.

Darwin and IIts Readers

Charles Darwin’s On the Ori gin of Species (1 8se) and his theory of natural selection tra nsformed Western hnof natural history. The impact of Darwin’s work, owever, extended well beyond scientific circles, and assumed aimportance that exceeded even his sch ol arly co ntri b uti o n. How Darwinism was popularized is a complex question, t’orwriters and readers could mold Darwin’s ideas to t’it a variety of political and cultural purp0ses The first excerpt comesfrom the conclusion to On the Origin of Species and sets out the different laws that Darwin thought governed the

h

natural world. The second excerpt comes from the autob iography of Nicholas Osterroth (1g75 -1933), a clay minerwestern Germany, who was ambitious and s elf-educated. The passage recounts his reaction to hearing about Da rwinconveys his enthusiasm t’or late-nineteen th-century science.

Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species
i

I

l

I
I
I

It he natural system is a genea-logical arrangement, in whichwe have to discover the lines
of descent by the most permanent char_
acters, however slight their vital impor-
tance may be.

The framework of bones being the
same in the hand of a man, wing of a
bat, fin of the porpoise, and leg of the
horse,-the same number of vertebrae
forming the neck of the giraffe and of
the elephant,-and innumerable other
such facts, at once explain themselves
on the theory of descent with slow and
slight successive modiflcations. The
similarity of pattern in the wing and leg
of a bat, though used for such differ_
ent purposes,-in the jaws and legs of a
crab,-in the petals, stamens/ and pistils
of a flower, is likewise intelligible on the

view of the gradual modification of parts
or organs, which were alike in the early
progenitor of each class. . . .

It is interesting to contemplate an
entangled bank, clothed with many
plants of many kinds, with birds sing_
ing on the bushes, with various insects
flitting about, and with worms crawling
through the damp earth, and to refleci
that these elaborately constructed
forms, so different from each other,
and dependent on each other .in so
complex a mannel have all been pro_
duced by laws acting around us. These
laws, taken in the largest sense, being
Growth with Reproduction; lnheritance
which is almost implied by reproduc-
tion; Variability from the indirect and
direct action of the external conditions
of life, and from use and disuse; a Ratio

Natural Selection, entailing
of Character and the Extinction
improved forms. Thus, from the
nature, from famine and death, the
exalted object which we are
of conceiving, _narnely, the
of the higher animals, dire ctly fol
There is grandeur in ihis view of life,
its several powersi
breathed into a few forms o
and that, whilst this planet
cycling on according to the
gravity, from so simple a b eginning
Iess forms most beautiful and most
derful have been, and are being, evol

Source: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of
(Harmondsworth, UK: 196g),
458-60.

pp.4s0-51,

Competing Viewpoints

also relied on a similar set of racial assun

L

Nicholas Osterroth: A Miner’s Reaction

tl[iln’;:x:T#ili
lvlosaic story of creation with the natu-
ral evolutionary history, illuminated the
contradictions of the biblical story, and
gave a concise description of the evo-
lution of organic and rnorganic nature,
interwoven with plenty of striking
proofs.

What particularly impressed me was
a fact that now became clear to me: that
evolutionary natural history was monop-
olized by the institutions of higher learn-
ing; that Newton, Laplace, Kant, Darwin,
and Haeckel brought enlightenment
only to the students of the upper social
classes; and that for the common people
in the grammar school the old Moses
with his six-day creation of the world still
was the authoritative world view. For the

upper classes there was evolution, for us
creation; for them productive liberating
knowledge, for us rigid faith; bread for
those favored by fate, stones for those
who hungered for truth!

Why do the people need scienceT
Why do they need a so’called Weltan-
schauung [worldview]? The people must

keep Azloses, must keep religion; religion
is the poor man’s philosophy. Where
would we end up if every miner and
every farmhand had the opportunity to
stick his nose into astronomy, geology,
biology, and anatomy? Does it serve any
purpose for the divine world order of
the possessing and privileged classes to
tell the worker that the Ptolemaic heav-
ens have long since collapsed; that out
there in the universe there is an eternal
process of creation and destruction; that
in the universe at large, as on our tiny
earth, everything is in the grip of eternal
evolution; that this evolution takes place
according to inilterable natural laws that
defy even the omnipotence of the old
Mosarc Jehovah. . . .Why tell the dumb
people that Copernicus and his follow-
ers have overturned the old Mosaic
creator, and that Darwin and modern
science have dug the very ground out
from under his feet of clay?

That would be suicidel Yes, the old
religion is so convenient for the divine
world order of the ruling classl As long
as the worker hopes faithfully for the
beyond, he won’t think of plucking the
blooming roses in this world. . . .

The possessing classes of all civilized
nations need servants to make possible
their godlike existence. So they cannot
allow the servant to eat from the tree of
knowledge.

Source: Alfred Kelly, ed., lhe Germarl Worher:
Worhing-Class Autobiographies from the Age
of lndustrialization (Berkeley, CA: 1987),
pp. 185-85.

Questions for Analysis

1. Was the theory oI evolution revolu-
tionary? lf so, howT Would it be fair to
say that Darwin did for the nineteenth
century what Newton had done for
the seventeenth and eighteenth cen-
turies? Why or why not?

2. Why did people think the natural
world Was governed by lawsT Was this
a religious belief or a scientific fact?

3. What aspects of Darwin’s theory
appealed to Osterroth? Why?

nature o[ human experience. Darwin had already called
into question the notion that humanity was fundamentally
superior to the rest of the animal kingdom, and similarly
discomfiting conclusions came from a new freld of psy-
chology. The Russian physiclan Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

asserted that animal behavior could be understood as a
series of trained responses to physical stimuli. Pavlov’s

famous experiment showed that if dogs were fed after they
heard the ringing of a bell, they would eventually salivare
at the sound of the bell alone, exactly as if they had smelled
and seen food. Moreover, Pavlov insisted that such condi-
tioning constituted a significant part of human behavior
as well. Known as “behaviorism,” this type of physioiogi-
cal psychology avoided vague concepts such as mind and

The Science and Soul oJ the Modern Age
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