Assignment 2: Descriptive Statistics

This week, you explore key statistical concepts related to data and problem solving through the completion of the following exercises using SPSS and the information found in your

Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research textbook. The focus of this assignment is to become familiar with the SPSS data analysis software and to develop an understanding of how to calculate descriptive statistics and make conclusions based on those calculations. As you formulate your responses, keep in mind that descriptive statistics only allow you to make conclusions and recommendations for the sample at hand—not for the larger population to which that sample may belong.

To prepare:

· Review the Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research chapters assigned in this week’s

Learning Resources

. Pay close attention to the examples presented, as they provide information that will be useful when you complete the software exercise this week. You may also wish to review the Research Methods for Evidence-Based Practice video resources to familiarize yourself with the software.

· Refer to the 

Week 4 Descriptive Statistics Assignment page

 and follow the directions to calculate descriptive statistics for the data provided using SPSS software. If you run into any difficulties or problems, post them to the Week 4 Discussion 2 area.

· Download and save the 

Polit2SetA.sav

 data set. You will open the data file in SPSS.

· Compare your data output against the tables presented in the 

Week 4 Descriptive Statistics SPSS Output document

. This will enable you to become comfortable with defining variables, entering data, and creating tables and graphs.

· Formulate an initial interpretation of the meaning or implication of your calculations.

To complete:

· Complete the Part I, Part II, and Part III steps and Assignment as outlined in the 
Week 4 Descriptive Statistics Assignment page
.

Learning Resources

Required Media

Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2011). Research methods for evidence-based practice: Quantitative research: Data analysis. Baltimore, MD: Author.

Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 10 minutes.

In this week’s video, the presenter describes challenges to collecting and utilizing quantitative data and offers suggestions for assessing and improving data quality. The strategic use of quantitative data by health care organizations is also considered.

0:00 / 9:46

Accessible player –Downloads–Download Video w/CCDownload AudioDownload Transcript

Research By Design. (2017, November 30). 01 SPSS for Beginners – How to use SPSS introduction [Video File]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_zFBUfZEBWQ

Laureate Education (Producer). (2016). Descriptive statistics [Video File]. Baltimore, MD: Author. Retrieved from http://studyhall.laureate.net/research/quantitative-reasoning-and-analysis-resources-rsch-8210/

0:00 / 7:20

Accessible player –Downloads–Download Video w/CCDownload AudioDownload Transcript

Required Readings

Gray, J.R., Grove, S.K., & Sutherland, S. (2017). Burns and Grove’s the practice of nursing research: Appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier.

· Chapter 21, “Introduction to Statistical Analysis” 
This chapter discusses the concepts of statistical analysis with regard to hypothesis testing. The chapter also identifies and defines common statistical terminology.

Polit, D. (2010). Statistics and data analysis for nursing research (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc.

· Chapter 1, “Introduction to Data Analysis in an Evidence-Based Practice Environment” 
This chapter provides an introduction to quantitative and qualitative data in evidence-based practice. The chapter introduces levels of measurement and types of statistical analyses relevant to different types of research studies.

·  

· Chapter 2, “Frequency Distributions: Tabulating and Displaying Data” 
Chapter 2 discusses frequency distributions as well as the different methods of presenting data, especially when data are very extensive. The chapter includes information on the use of bar charts, pie charts, histograms, and frequency polygons.

·  

· Chapter 3, “Central Tendency, Variability, and Relative Standing” 
This chapter examines the many ways data distribution for a quantitative variable can be described through shape, central tendency, and variability.

Software

IBM SPSS Statistics Standard GradPack (current version). Available in Windows and Macintosh versions. Please refer to the IBM SPSS Software area in the Course Overview section on the left navigation bar for more information on how to install, register, and license this software.

Optional Resources

Bilheimer, L. T., & Klein, R. J. (2010). Data and measurement issues in the analysis of health disparities. Health Services Research, 45(5), 1489–1507. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2010.01143.x

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

Granberg-Rademacker, J. S. (2010). An algorithm for converting ordinal scale measurement data to interval/ratio scale. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 70(1), 74–90.

Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

Statistics Help for Students. (2008). Retrieved from http://statistics-help-for-students.com/

This site provides step-by-step procedures and screenshots for working with SPSS.

Walden University. (n.d.). Descriptive statistics. Retrieved August 1, 2011, from http://streaming.waldenu.edu/hdp/researchtutorials/educ8106_player/educ8106_descriptive_stats.html

Week 4 Descriptive Statistics

Review all documents in the Week 4 tab. The SPSS output is provided so you can check your answers. Turn in this document with the title: WkAssn_LastnameFirstInitial_DATE. Do not submit as a paper, no APA ciattions or refernce list is required. Do not submitt SPSS output (tables) as answers to the questions.

Part I

Using the Polit2SetA data set, run descriptive statistics on the following variables: respondent’s age (age) and highest school grade completed (higrade). Create a frequency distribution for the variables: race and ethnicity (racethn) and currently employed (worknow). Create a table, example given, (in APA format) summarizing the results, using the below table shell as a model. The numbers in the table below are “dummy varaibles” and should be replaced with the numbers from the SPSS ouput. Write a paragraph summarizing the information in the table.

Table 1. Demographic Data (N = 30)

n % M (SD)

Age (in years) 30 15(2.4)

Highest School Grade Completed 29 11(1.2)

Race and Ethnicity

Black, Not Hispanic 14 (46.67)

Hispanic 8 (26.67)

White, Not Hispanic 6 (20.0)

Other 2 (6.66)

Currently Employed

Yes 27 (90)

No 3 (10)

Note. Differences in sample size are due to missing data.

Follow these steps when using SPSS:

1. Open Polit2SetA data set.

2. Click on Analyze, then click on Descriptives Statistics, then Descriptives.

3. Click on the first continuous variable you wish to obtain descriptives for (respondent’s age), and then click on the arrow button and move it into the Variables box. Then click on highest school grade completed and then click on the arrow button and move it into the Variables box.

4. Click on the Options button in the upper-right corner. Click on mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, and skewness.

5. Click on Continue and then click on OK.

To run the frequency distribution in SPSS, do the following:

1. Click on Analyze, then click on Descriptive Statistics, then Frequencies.

2. Click on the first categorical variable you wish to obtain a frequency for (race and ethnicity), and then click on the arrow button and move it into the Variables box. Then click on currently employed, and then click on the arrow button and move it into the Variables box. Click on the Statistics button in the upper-right corner, then in the Dispersion box click on Minimum and Maximum.

3. Click on Continue and then click on OK.

4. Check your work with the SPSS Week 4 Descriptive Statistics SPSS Output document.

Assignment:
Create a table (in APA format) summarizing the results, using the below table shell as a model. Write a paragraph summarizing the information in the table.

Part II

For the variables respondent’s age (age) and highest school grade completed (higrade) create a histogram with a normal curve displayed over the histogram. Do not submit the SPSS output (tables) as the answer.

To create a histogram for respondent’s age in SPSS, do the following:

1. Click on Graphs, then on Legacy Dialogs, then Histogram.

2. Click on the variable respondent’s age and then click on the arrow button and move it into the Variables box. Click on the Display Normal Curve button, which is right below the Variables box.

3. Click on OK.

To create a histogram for highest school grade completed in SPSS, do the following:

1. Click on Graphs, then on Legacy Dialogs, then Histogram.

2. Click on respondent’s age in the Variable box and click the arrow to move it back to the box on the left that contains all the variables.

3. Click on the variable highest school grade completed and then click the arrow button and move it into the Variables box. The Display Normal Curve button should alredy be on.

4. Click on OK.

5. Check your work with the SPSS Week 4 Descriptive Statistics SPSS Output document.

Assignment:
Using the data obtained when you ran the descriptives and the histograms, determine whether the data skewed. If so, is it a positive, negative or neutral skew?

1. ______________________ skew

2. ______________________ skew

Part III

Using the Polit2SetA data set, run descriptive statistics on the variable “Family Income Prior Month, all sources” (Income).

Follow these steps when using SPSS:

1. Click on Analyze, then click on Descriptives Statistics, then Descriptives.

2. Click on Family Income Prior Month, all sources, and then click on the arrow button and move it into the Variables box.

3. Click on the Options button in the upper-right corner. Click on mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, S.E. Mean (standard error of the mean), and skewness.

4. Click on Continue and then click on OK.

5. Check your work with the SPSS Week 4 Descriptive Statistics SPSS Output document.

Assignment: Using the descriptive statistics for Family Income Prior Month, all sources (Income), answer the following questions:

1. What is the mean income in this sample?

2. What is the standard deviation (SD)?

3. What is the standard error of the mean?

4. Compute a 95% confidence interval around the mean. (Use 1.96 for the 95% CI and get the standard error from the descriptive statistics table). You should get a range (2 numbers) for the salary. The formula is as follows:

95% CI = [mean ± (1.96 SE)]

5. Compute a 99% confidence interval around the mean. (Use 2.58 for the 99% CI and get the standard error from the descriptive statistics table). You should get a range (2 numbers) for the salary. The formula is as follows:

99% CI = [mean ± (2.58 SE)]

6. Which interval is wider? Explain.

Review the corresponding Week 4 Descriptive Statistics Exercises SPSS Output document that has the SPSS output for the above problems. Compare your output with the output in the file.

Week 4 Descriptive Statistics Exercises SPSS Output

Part I

Respondent’s Age

Statistic

Statistic

Statistic

Statistic

Statistic

Highest School Grade Completed

Descriptive Statistics

N

Minimum

Maximum

Mean

Std. Deviation

Skewness

Statistic

Statistic

Statistic

Statistic

Statistic

Statistic

Std. Error

Race and Ethnicity

80.5

12.8

5.3

1.4

100.0

Currently Employed

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

54.7

100.0

100.0

T otal

Part II

Part III

Family Income

Descriptive Statistics

N

Minimum

Maximum

Mean

Std. Deviation

Skewness

Statistic

Statistic

Statistic

Statistic

Std. Error

Statistic

Statistic

Std. Error