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> ProMED Digest, Vol 91, Issue 53

   1. PRO/AH/EDR> Avian influenza (12): Czech Republic (VY)
>      backyard    poultry, HPAI H5N8, OIE (promed@promedmail.org)
>   2. PRO/AH/EDR> Lassa fever – West Africa (03): Nigeria
>      (promed@promedmail.org)
>   3. PRO/PL> Internal fruit rot, capsicum – Australia: call for
>      samples (promed@promedmail.org)
>
>
> ———————————————————————-
>
>
> From: promed@promedmail.org
> Subject: PRO/AH/EDR> Avian influenza (12): Czech Republic (VY)
>   
>   
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
>
>
> AVIAN INFLUENZA (12): CZECH REPUBLIC (VYSOCINA) BACKYARD POULTRY, HPAI
> H5N8, OIE
> ********************************************************************************
> A ProMED-mail post
>
> ProMED-mail is a program of the
> International Society for Infectious Diseases
>
>
> Date: Mon 20 Jan 2020
> Source: OIE, WAHID (World Animal Health Information Database), weekly
> disease information 2020; 33(04) [edited]
>
>
>
> Highly pathogenic avian influenza, Czech Republic
> ————————————————-
> Information received on [and dated] 20 Jan 2020 from Dr. Zbynek
> Semerad, Director General, State Veterinary Administration, Veterinary
> Administration, Prague, Czech Republic
>
> Summary
> Report type: Immediate notification
> Date of start of the event: 17 Jan 2020
> Date of confirmation of the event: 17 Jan 2020
> Reason for notification: 1st occurrence of a listed disease
> Manifestation of disease: clinical disease
> Causal agent: Highly pathogenic avian influenza [HPAI] virus
> Serotype: H5N8
> Nature of diagnosis: clinical, laboratory (basic), necropsy
> This event pertains to a defined zone within the country.
>
> New outbreaks (1)
> Summary of outbreaks
> Total outbreaks: 1
> Outbreak location: Stepanov nad Svratkou, Zdar nad Sazavou, Vysocina
> Date of start of the outbreak: 17 Jan 2020
> Outbreak status: resolved on 18 Jan 2020
> Epidemiological unit: backyard
> Total animals affected
> Species / Susceptible / Cases / Deaths / Destroyed / Slaughtered
> Birds / 15 / 6 / 6 / 9 / 0
> Affected population: Death of 6 hens out of a total of 12. The farm
> also kept 3 ducks.
>
> Outbreak statistics [rates apparent, expressed as percentages]
> Species / Morbidity rate / Mortality rate / Case fatality rate /
> Proportion susceptible animals lost*
> Birds / 40 / 40 / 100 / 100
> *Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction,
> and/or slaughter
>
> Epidemiology
> Source of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection: Unknown or
> inconclusive
>
> Control measures
> Measures applied: vaccination permitted (if a vaccine exists); no
> treatment of affected animals
> Measures to be applied: movement control inside the country;
> surveillance within containment and/or protection zone; traceability;
> official disposal of carcasses, by-products and waste; stamping out;
> control of wildlife reservoirs; zoning; disinfection
>
> Diagnostic test results
> Laboratory name and type / Species / Test / Test date / Results
> State Veterinary Institute (SVI) Prague (National laboratory) / Birds
> / reverse transcription – polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) / 17 Jan
> 2020 / Positive
>
> Future reporting
> The event is continuing. Weekly follow-up reports will be submitted.
>
> [The location of the outbreak can be seen on the interactive map
> included in the OIE report at the source URL above.]
>
> —
> Communicated by:
> ProMED-mail   
> >
> [This immediate notification complements the information already
> published in ProMED-mail posting
> http://promedmail.org/post/20200119.6897846
>
> The previous HPAI H5N8 event in Czech Republic started January 2017
> and was resolved March 2017; 38 outbreaks were reported. The affected
> population was domestic bird. See event summary and map at
> .
> – Mod.CRD
>
> HealthMap/ProMED map available at:
> Czech Republic: ]
>
> [See Also:
> Avian influenza (11): Czech Republic (JK) poultry, HPAI H5N8
> http://promedmail.org/post/20200119.6897846
> Avian influenza (09): Hungary (HB) poultry, HPAI H5N8, OIE
> http://promedmail.org/post/20200116.6892603
> Avian influenza (08): Romania (MM) poultry, HPAI H5N8, OIE
> http://promedmail.org/post/20200115.6890556
> Avian influenza (07): Hungary (KE) poultry, H5N8, OIE
> http://promedmail.org/post/20200113.6887610
> Avian influenza (05): Slovakia (NI) backyard poultry, H5N8, OIE
> http://promedmail.org/post/20200111.6884061
> Avian influenza (03): United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) poultry,
> suspected, RFI http://promedmail.org/post/20200108.6877259
> Avian influenza (02): Poland (LU, WP) poultry, HPAI H5N8, spread
> http://promedmail.org/post/20200106.6874145
> Avian influenza (01): Poland (LU) poultry, H5N8, OIE
> http://promedmail.org/post/20200102.6867443
> 2019
> —-
> Avian influenza (33): Israel (HZ) poultry, HPAI H5N8, OIE
> http://promedmail.org/post/20190425.6439824
> Avian influenza (19): Iraq (BA) HPAI, poultry, H5N8, OIE
> http://promedmail.org/post/20190325.6385716
> Avian influenza (13): Iran (EA) HPAI, poultry, H5N8, spread, OIE
> http://promedmail.org/post/20190314.6365229
> Avian influenza (10): Pakistan (Islamabad) wild bird, HPAI H5N8, OIE
> http://promedmail.org/post/20190227.6339643
> Avian influenza (07): Namibia (KA) wild bird, HPAI H5N8, OIE
> http://promedmail.org/post/20190214.6316883
> Avian influenza (05): Kuwait (FA) HPAI, pet birds, H5N8, OIE
> http://promedmail.org/post/20190207.6305342
> Avian influenza (01): Iran (MN) HPAI, poultry, H5N8, spread, OIE
> http://promedmail.org/post/20190108.6248574
> Avian influenza (113): Iran (EA) HPAI, poultry, H5N8, OIE
> http://promedmail.org/post/20181213.6206812
> Avian influenza (112): Iran (TE) HPAI, poultry, H5N8, OIE
> http://promedmail.org/post/20181203.6178640
> 2018
> —-
> Avian influenza (104): Bulgaria (KK) poultry, H5N8, spread, OIE
> http://promedmail.org/post/20181020.6101904
> Avian influenza (102): Bulgaria (PD) poultry, H5N8, OIE
> http://promedmail.org/post/20181009.6080595
> Avian influenza (101): Germany, HPAI H5N8, eagle, 2016-2017
> http://promedmail.org/post/20181008.6077837
> Avian influenza (100): Bulgaria (PD) poultry, H5N8, OIE
> http://promedmail.org/post/20181001.6064181
> Avian influenza (43): Bulgaria (DO) poultry, HPAI H5N8
> http://promedmail.org/post/20180307.5670395
> 2017
> —-
> Avian influenza (156): Bulgaria, poultry, HPAI H5N8, spread
> http://promedmail.org/post/20171107.5428919
> Avian influenza, human (76): Russia, H5N8
> http://promedmail.org/post/20171104.5419594
> Avian influenza (151): Germany wild bird, HPAI H5N8, Bulgaria poultry,
> H5, OIE http://promedmail.org/post/20171023.5398822
> Avian influenza (150): Germany (NI) wild bird, HPAI H5N8, regional
> alarm http://promedmail.org/post/20171021.5395412
> Avian influenza (146): Italy, north, poultry, wild, HPAI H5N8, spread
> http://promedmail.org/post/20171012.5377180
> Avian influenza (133): Germany (ST) wild bird, HPAI H5N8, OIE
> http://promedmail.org/post/20170829.5282824
> Avian influenza (130): Switzerland (VD) wild bird, HPAI H5N8, OIE
> http://promedmail.org/post/20170818.5257654
> Avian influenza (120): France (NC) HPAI H5N8, poultry, spread
> http://promedmail.org/post/20170704.5148229
> Avian influenza (110): UK, England poultry, backyard, HPAI H5N8
> http://promedmail.org/post/20170604.5083412
> Avian influenza (91): Europe (Finland) Africa (Niger) H5N8, wild,
> poultry, OIE http://promedmail.org/post/20170414.4970119
> Avian influenza (76): UK (Wales) wildfowl, HPAI H5N8, OIE
> http://promedmail.org/post/20170315.4901311
> Avian influenza (60): Europe (Lithuania, Russia) wild birds, HPAI
> H5N8, H5, OIE, RFI http://promedmail.org/post/20170227.4868106
> Avian influenza (59): Ireland, HPAI H5N8, swan
> http://promedmail.org/post/20170225.4864529
> Avian influenza (40): Portugal (Algarve) wildfowl, HPAI H5N8, OIE
> http://promedmail.org/post/20170202.4811961
> Avian influenza (30): Italy (VN) poultry, HPAI H5N8, OIE
> http://promedmail.org/post/20170124.4787128
> Avian influenza (16): Europe, HPAI H5, H5N8, wildfowl
> http://promedmail.org/post/20170117.4771394
> Avian influenza (11): Ireland (WX) wild bird, HPAI H5N8, new strain,
> OIE http://promedmail.org/post/20170111.4759033
> Avian influenza (10): global, H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4, FAO update &
> recommendations http://promedmail.org/post/20170111.4758712
> Avian influenza (08): Slovenia, HPAI H5N8, swan
> http://promedmail.org/post/20170111.4757155
> Avian influenza (05): Europe, Asia, H5N8, poultry, wild, spread
> http://promedmail.org/post/20170109.4752395
> Avian influenza (01): Croatia (VP) HPAI H5N8, 1st report
> http://promedmail.org/post/20170101.4736233
> 2016
> —-
> Avian influenza (153): Europe, Asia, Africa, H5N8, poultry, wild,
> spread, RFI http://promedmail.org/post/20161229.4731583
> Avian influenza (142): Europe, Middle East, Africa, 1st cases, spread
> HPAI H5N8 http://promedmail.org/post/20161221.4712786
> Avian influenza (134): Europe, HPAI H5N8, wild, poultry, spread
> http://promedmail.org/post/20161214.4699227
> Avian influenza (120): Romania, HPAI H5N8, swan
> http://promedmail.org/post/20161130.4665157
> Avian influenza (119): Romania (CT) wildfowl, HPAI H5N8, OIE
> http://promedmail.org/post/20161130.4664106
> Avian influenza (106): Europe, wild, poultry, HPAI H5N8, spread
> http://promedmail.org/post/20161121.4645059
> Avian influenza (104): Europe (Germany) wild, poultry, HPAI H5N8,
> genotyping http://promedmail.org/post/20161119.4641281
> Avian influenza (102): Europe, wild birds, poultry, HPAI H5N8, spread,
> control http://promedmail.org/post/20161115.4631139
> Avian influenza (91): Poland (ZP) wild, H5N8, OIE
> http://promedmail.org/post/20161108.4614616
> Avian influenza (90): India (KL) poultry, H5N8, OIE, (HR) poultry,
> susp, RFI http://promedmail.org/post/20161105.4609424
> Avian influenza (89): Hungary (BE,CS) poultry, wild bird, HPAI H5N8,
> OIE http://promedmail.org/post/20161104.4608240
> Avian influenza (79): Russia (TU) HPAI H5N8, migratory birds
> http://promedmail.org/post/20161011.4551755]
> ………………………………………….crd/ao/lxl
>
> ——————————
>
> Message: 2
> Date: Tue, 21 Jan 2020 03:27:55 +0000
> From: promed@promedmail.org
> Subject: PRO/AH/EDR> Lassa fever – West Africa (03): Nigeria
> To: promed-post@promedmail.org, promed-edr-post@promedmail.org,
>    promed-ahead-post@promedmail.org
> Message-ID:
>    <0100016fc62474d2-f6a84d40-7bbd-4834-be64-411bcc098c8d-000000@email.amazonses.com>
>   
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
>
>
> LASSA FEVER – WEST AFRICA (03): NIGERIA
> ***************************************
> A ProMED-mail post
>
> ProMED-mail is a program of the
> International Society for Infectious Diseases
>
>
> Date: Sun 5 Jan 2020
> Source: Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Lassa Fever Situation
> Report (NCDC) [edited]
>
>
>
> Key points
> Table 1: Summary of current week [01] indicators
> Suspected cases (Negative) 98 (80)
> Confirmed cases 18
> Deaths (Confirmed cases) 2
> Case Fatality Rate (CFR) 11.1%
> Number of States affected: 18
> LGAs affected (Confirmed cases): 11
>
> Table 2: Cumulative data compared to previous year (week 1 – current
> week [01])
> Suspected cases (Negative) / Confirmed cases / Deaths (Confirmed
> cases) CFR
> 2019     2020  /    2019    2020 /   2019    2020 /  2019    2020
> 57(32)  98(80) /    25        18   /      7          2    /   28.0% 
> 11.1%
>
> Highlights
>
> – In week 01, the number of new confirmed cases has increased from 16
> cases in week 52, 2019 to 18. These were reported from 5 states (Edo,
> Ondo, Ebonyi, Bauchi and Abia) (Table 3).
>
> – The number of deaths has decreased. The overall case fatality rate
> (CFR) for 2020 is (11.1%) which is lower than the CFR for the same
> period during 2019 (28%) (Figure 5).
>
> – In total for 2020, 5 states have recorded at least one confirmed
> case across 11 Local Government Areas.
>
> – 89% of all confirmed cases are from Edo (38%), Ondo (38%) and Ebonyi
> (11%) states.
>
> – The predominant age-group affected is 11-40 years (Range: over 11 to
> 60 years, Median Age: 33 years). The male to female ratio for
> confirmed cases is 1:1 (Figure 3).
>
> – The number of suspected cases has increased and is higher than the
> numbers reported in 2019.
>
> – There was no Health Care Worker infection identified in week 01.
>
> Figures and tables [available at the source URL above]
>
> Figure 1 [graph]: Epidemic curve showing number of confirmed Lassa
> fever cases by epidemiological week 48, 2019 to week 1, 2020
>
> Figure 2 [map]. Confirmed Lassa fever cases in LGAs in Nigeria,
> cumulative 2020 to current week
>
> Figure 3 [map]. Confirmed Lassa fever rate per 100 000 population for
> LGAs in Nigeria, week 01 2020
>
> Figure 4 [map]. Confirmed Lassa fever cases by states in Nigeria, week
> 01 2020
>
> Table 3. Confirmed cases by state, current week 2020 with trend
> compared to previous week
>
> Table 4: Key indicators for current week 2020 and trend compared to
> previous week, Nigeria
>
> Figure 5 [graph]: Age and sex pyramid of Lassa fever confirmed cases
> for 2020
>
> Figure 6 [graph]: Number of confirmed cases with case fatality rate
> (CFR) by state, Week 01, 2020
>
> Figure 7 [graph]: Number of confirmed cases by epidemiological week,
> 2016-2020, Nigeria.
>
> Notes on this report
> Data Source
> Information for this disease was case based data retrieved from the
> Technical Working Group.
>
> Case definitions:
>
> – Suspected case: any individual presenting with one or more of the
> following: malaise, fever, headache, sore throat, cough, nausea,
> vomiting, diarrhoea, myalgia, chest pain, hearing loss and either
> a. History of contact with excreta or urine of rodents
> b. History of contact with a probable or confirmed Lassa fever case
> within a period of 21 days of onset of symptoms OR Any person with
> inexplicable bleeding/hemorrhagia.
>
> – Confirmed case: any suspected case with laboratory confirmation
> (positive IgM antibody, PCR or virus isolation)
> – Probable case: any suspected case (see definition above) who died or
> absconded without collection of a specimen for laboratory testing
> – Contact: Anyone who has been exposed to an infected person or to an
> infected person’s secretions, excretions, or tissues within 3 weeks of
> last contact with a confirmed or probable case of Lassa fever
> – Active State: means where there has been at least one confirmed
> case, and contacts within 21 days post exposure
> – Case Fatality Rate (CFR) for this disease is reported for confirmed
> cases only.
>
> —
> Communicated by:
> ProMED-mail Rapporteur Kunihiko Iizuka
>
> [The 18 new confirmed and 98 suspected cases in week 01 of 2020
> indicate that Lassa fever (LF) virus transmission is continuing and
> perhaps accelerating. Nigeria is now entering the period of the year
> when fewer cases usually occur, as illustrated in the graph in Figure
> 7 (at the source URL above). There has been a peak in case numbers
> between weeks 1 and 11 (January-March) over the past 3 years and
> probably will be the case again this year (2020).
>
> Transmission of LF virus occurs when individuals are in contact with
> rodent reservoir host excreta or are within healthcare facilities. It
> would be interesting to know whether the prevalence of Lassa fever
> virus has been increasing in populations of rodent hosts in areas
> where human cases are occurring.
>
> Images of the rodent reservoirs of Lassa fever virus:
> _Mastomys natalensis_:
>
> _Mastomys erythroleucus_ and _Hylomyscus pamfi_:
> .
>
> There is no specific mention in the plans above of public education
> for avoidance of contact with these rodents and their excreta. –
> Mod.TY
>
> Maps of Nigeria:
> and
> .]
>
> [See Also:
> Lassa fever – West Africa (02): Nigeria
> http://promedmail.org/post/20200107.6876305
> Lassa fever – West Africa (01): Nigeria
> http://promedmail.org/post/20200101.6865640]
> ………………………………………….lxl/ty/msp/lxl
>
> ——————————
>
> Message: 3
> Date: Tue, 21 Jan 2020 03:28:26 +0000
> From: promed@promedmail.org
> Subject: PRO/PL> Internal fruit rot, capsicum – Australia: call for
>    samples
> To: promed-post@promedmail.org, promed-plant-post@promedmail.org
> Message-ID:
>    <0100016fc624ebe1-c49c56fa-412b-4348-96e3-3aa9eea5c9b2-000000@email.amazonses.com>
>   
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
>
>
> INTERNAL FRUIT ROT, CAPSICUM – AUSTRALIA: CALL FOR SAMPLES
> **********************************************************
> A ProMED-mail post
>
> ProMED-mail is a program of the
> International Society for Infectious Diseases
>
>
> Date: January 2020
> Source: SoilWealth [edited]
>
>
>
> Internal rot of capsicums and chillies is a major ongoing issue for
> Australian growers, typically those in warm, humid growing areas. It
> affects both field and greenhouse grown fruit, especially if humidity
> is not well controlled. The disease generally affects the seed inside
> the fruit rather than the edible portion.
>
> Although infection is believed to occur at flowering, the disease
> usually does not develop until the capsicum/ chilli starts to ripen,
> with spread most rapid after harvest. As the disease cannot be
> detected from the outside, infected fruit can be sent to market. This
> can lead to consignments being downgraded or destroyed, as well as
> affecting consumer confidence and purchases.
>
> Several different fungi can cause the disease, including species of
> _Fusarium_ and _Alternaria_. However, it is unclear which is/are the
> main organism(s) responsible for this disease in Australia. [To]
> identify the causal organism(s) and develop management techniques to
> both prevent infection and minimise the risk of sending unacceptable
> fruit to market, affected capsicums and chillies [are needed].
>
> [A] flyer with instructions on how to collect samples and send [them]
> for study [can be downloaded via]
> .
>
> —
> Communicated by:
> ProMED-mail
> >
> [Internal fruit rot of capsicum crops is considered an increasing
> problem worldwide, particularly in glasshouse cultivation. An
> incidence of up to 40 percent has been reported in some crops. Some
> yield losses occur at the production stage and vary between crops and
> seasons. However, since infections generally do not become obvious
> until harvest or during postharvest storage, most of the loss for
> growers is rejection of whole batches of produce by the trade.
>
> Fungal species of _Alternaria_, _Fusarium_, _Botrytis_ and
> _Colletotrichum_ (anthracnose), as well as occasionally also soft rot
> bacteria (such as _Pectobacterium_ spp.) have been reported in
> association with these fruit rots in different areas. The pathogens
> enter the host by infection of the flowers and do not move from fruit
> to fruit. They establish themselves inside developing fruits,
> including stalk, base and pulp, or around the seeds. Disease
> development is favoured by high humidity and warm temperatures, such
> as are present in glasshouses.
>
> Generally, these pathogens can be spread with contaminated plant
> material (including crop debris, transplants, seeds), by mechanical
> means (including insect and human activities), wind, water and rain.
> Some weeds and volunteer crop plants may serve as pathogen reservoirs.
> Disease management may include use of certified clean propagation
> material, fungicides, crop rotation and use of cultivars with reduced
> susceptibility. Biocontrol with _Trichoderma_ has been shown to be
> promising for some of the fungi.
>
> However, at present there is no effective control method for capsicum
> internal fruit rots that is suitable for growers. The research project
> reported above will provide information on which pathogens are
> involved and which factors lead to high disease incidence in
> Australia. The project will thus enable the design of specific
> management strategies for these scenarios, but it will also contribute
> to the scientific knowledge about the pathogens overall.
>
> Maps
> Australia (with states):
>
>
> Pictures
> Internal fruit rot of capsicum:
> and
>
>
> Links
> Additional news stories:
>
> and
>
> Information on internal fruit rots of capsicum crops:
>
> (with pictures),
> ,
> ,
> ,
> and
>
> Fungal taxonomy via:
>
> – Mod.DHA]
>
> [See Also:
> 2015
> —-
> Buckeye & bacterial blight, tomato, capsicum – India: (HP)
> http://promedmail.org/post/20150721.3525025
> 2011
> —-
> Alternaria blight, capsicum – India: (HP)
> http://promedmail.org/post/20110708.2064
> 2009
> —-
> Multiple pathogens, tomato, capsicum, strawberry – India
> http://promedmail.org/post/20090622.2284
> 2001
> —-
> Haematonectria sp., pepper, fruit rot – New Zealand
> http://promedmail.org/post/20011222.3088
> and additional items on the mentioned pathogens in the archives]
> ………………………………………….sb/dha/msp/lxl
>
> ——————————
>
> List-Unsubscribe: https://join.isid.org/promed/
>
>
> End of ProMED Digest, Vol 91, Issue 53
> **************************************

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