Construction Safety

Help with Board Question (No Word Count), Unit Assessment (Note Word Count For Quest. 6-7), and Unit Assignment. APA Format Throughout to Include Reference Page.

Board Question

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Recall a time when you or a member of your household did a home improvement or repair project. Were you (or they) in compliance with the standards for use of tools? What specific section of the construction standards for use of tools may have applied? What could have been done to make the job safer?

Unit Assessment

QUESTION 1

At a construction site, the travel distance to the nearest fire extinguisher shall not exceed __________ feet.

	1.	50
75
100
200

QUESTION 2

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for selecting eye protection?

Durable and easy to clean

Approved by OSHA

Protects against specific hazards

Does not interfere with other PPE

QUESTION 3

Electric hand tools do not need to be grounded if:

they are owned by the employee.

they have been inspected in the last month.

they are not used in wet environments.

they are double insulated.

QUESTION 4

Which class of hard hat provides high voltage protection?

Class A

Class C

Class E

Class F

QUESTION 5

Which of the following is NOT a required component of Powered Industrial Truck training?

Annual refresher

Formal instruction

Practical training

Evaluation of Performance

QUESTION 6

In your safety inspection of the worksite, you notice in the carpenter shop that the radial saw’s guard has been removed. The shop foreman states that the guard is preventing him from cutting lumber for a special project that must be completed before the end of the week. The foreman assures you that only a qualified operator will use the saw without the guard, and the saw will be locked out when not in use so that no one else can operate it. As the safety manager, what do you recognize as the safety hazard, and what methods are needed to remedy this hazard?
Your response should be at least 200 words in length.

QUESTION 7

Discuss how material-handling strategies presented in the required reading section would help to assure bags are moved safely without the forklift, thereby minimizing the risk of strains or other injury.
Your response should be at least 200 words in length.

Unit Assignment

Click here to access the unit assignment. The instructions will appear on the first slide of the presentation. Be sure to save the presentation to your computer first in order to be able to edit the presentation, and add your responses in the notes section for each slide. Once you have completed the assignment, save your changes.

ConstructionFocus Four: Struck-By Hazards
Student Handouts

 Hazard Alert – Nail Gun Safety
 Focus 4 “Cranes and Rigging”
 PPE for Workers Checklist

dmichalski
Typewritten Text
Blank Page

PPE for Workers Checklist
Protection TYPICAL OPERATIONS OF CONCERN YES NO

Sawing, cutting, drilling, sanding, grinding, hammering, chopping, abrasive
blasting, punch press operations, etc.

Pouring, mixing, painting, cleaning, siphoning, dip tank operations, dental
and health care services, etc.

Battery charging, installing fiberglass insulation, compressed air or gas
operations, etc.

EYE

Welding, cutting, laser operations, etc.

Pouring, mixing, painting, cleaning, siphoning, dip tank operations, etc.

Welding, pouring molten metal, smithing, baking, cooking, drying, etc.

FACE

Cutting, sanding, grinding, hammering, chopping, pouring, mixing,
painting, cleaning, siphoning, etc.

Work stations or traffic routes located under catwalks or conveyor belts,
construction, trenching, utility work, etc.

Construction, confined space operations, building maintenance, etc.

HEAD

Building maintenance; utility work; construction; wiring; work on or near
communications, computer, or other high tech equipment; arc or resistance

welding; etc.

Construction, plumbing, smithing, building maintenance, trenching, utility
work, grass cutting, etc.

Building maintenance; utility work; construction; wiring; work on or near
communications, computer, or other high tech equipment; arc or resistance
welding; etc.

Welding, foundry work, casting, smithing, etc.

FEET

Demolition, explosives manufacturing, grain milling, spray painting,
abrasive blasting, work with highly flammable materials, etc.

Grinding, sanding, sawing, hammering, material handling, etc.

Pouring, mixing, painting, cleaning, siphoning, dip tank operations, health
care and dental services, etc.

Welding, pouring molten metal, smithing, baking, cooking, drying, etc.

HANDS

Building maintenance; utility work; construction; wiring; work on or near
communications, computer, or other high tech equipment; arc or resistance
welding; etc.

Pouring, mixing, painting, cleaning, siphoning, dip tank operations,
machining, sawing, battery charging, installing fiberglass insulation,

compressed air or gas operations, etc.

Cutting, grinding, sanding, sawing, glazing, material handling, etc.

Welding, pouring molten metal, smithing, baking, cooking, drying, etc.

BODY

Pouring, mixing, painting, cleaning, siphoning, dip tank operations, etc.

HEARING
Machining, grinding, sanding, work near conveyors, pneumatic equipment,

generators, ventilation fans, motors, punch and brake presses, etc.

Samples shown are: ear muffs (left) and earplugs (right)

NOTE: Pictures of PPE are intended to provide a small sample of what the protection gear may look like. They are not to scale nor
are they inclusive of all protection gear required and/or that is available.

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit

Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

2. Apply Occupational Safety and Health Administration standards and related practices to construction.
2.1 Identify personal protective equipment requirements for construction sites.
2.2 Describe fire-related OSHA requirements at construction sites.
2.3 Determine standards and work practices for safe use of tools.
2.4 Apply safe material handling standards and work practices.

4. Examine methods used to control common construction hazards.
4.1 Analyze hazards that contribute to construction accidents.

Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes

Learning Activity

2.1
Unit IV Lesson
Required Readings
Unit IV Assessment

2.2
Unit IV Lesson
Required Readings
Unit IV Assessment

2.3
Unit IV Lesson
Required Readings
Unit IV Assessment

Unit IV Lesson
Required Readings
Unit IV Assessment

4.1

Unit IV Lesson
Required Readings
Unit IV Assessment
Unit IV Assignment

Reading Assignment

Click here to access the OSHA Construction Industry Digest and read the sections indicated below.

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. (2014). Construction industry digest. [Brochure]. Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha2202

– Air Tools, p. 10
– Belt Sanding Machines, p. 12
– Eye and Face Protection, pp. 23
– Fire Protection, pp. 26-27
– Grinding, p. 30
– Hand Tools, p. 31
– Head Protection, pp. 33-34
– Hearing Protection, pp. 34-35
– Jointers, p. 37
– Personal Protective Equipment, pp. 43-44
– Powder-Actuated Tools, p. 44

UNIT STUDY GUIDE
PPE, Fire Protection,
Material Handling, and
Tools

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha2202

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

Title

– Powered Industrial Trucks (Forklifts), p. 45
– Respiratory Protection, p. 48
– Saws, pp. 50-52
– Storage, p. 62
– Water, Working Over or Near, p. 64
– Woodworking Machinery, p. 67

Click here to access the Construction Industry Outreach-Trainer Presentations and view the Presentations
listed below.

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. (n.d.) Tools—hand and power [PowerPoint presentation].
Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/construction_generalindustry/const_outreach_tp.html

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. (n.d.). Personal protective equipment [PowerPoint
presentation]. Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/construction_generalindustry/const_outreach_tp.html

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. (n.d.). Materials handling, storage, use, and disposal
[PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/construction_generalindustry/const_outreach_tp.html

Read the Student Handout below:

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. (n.d.). Construction focus four: Struck by hazards
[Brochure]. Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/construction/focus_four/struckby/struckbyhaz_handouts

Unit Lesson

Cartoon depicting the importance of safety
(Almeida, n.d.)

What do all construction worksites have in common? Certainly, they all need to comply with the Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) construction standards, but at an operational level, one common
characteristic is that they are constantly changing. New processes are started as the project enters a new
phase, and some processes end. Each new process introduces new hazards that must be identified and
controlled. Fortunately, we can anticipate many of the hazards that are likely to arise in most construction
activities. The OSHA construction standards provide a good starting point. In this unit and the remaining units
in the course, we will use 29 CFR 1926 to guide our study and understanding of common construction
hazards.

Personal Protective Equipment

A basic principle of hazard control is that personal protective equipment (PPE), such as eye protection,
hearing protection, and head protection, is to be used only when engineering controls are not feasible (Asfahl

https://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/construction_generalindustry/const_outreach_tp.html

https://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/construction/focus_four/struckby/struckbyhaz_handouts

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

Title

& Rieske, 2010, p. 57). The changing nature of construction sites makes it difficult, if not impossible, to isolate
hazards from workers. Painters, while not creating noise themselves, may be working in close proximity to
carpenters using power saws. Electricians may be working near painters and exposed to paint vapors. Still,
making PPE use mandatory for all employees must be done judiciously. PPE can be uncomfortable, and
wearing it all day might result in its removal at a time when it is most needed. It is also important to note that a
single item of PPE may not be adequate for all degrees of a hazard. If you give painters paper dust masks
because that is what the carpenters are using, the painters will not be protected against exposure to organic
vapors. Likewise, while safety glasses with side shields may be adequate for workers using hammers to nail
roofing shingles, they would not be adequate for workers using grinding wheels—additional face protection is
needed. For all types of PPE, OSHA requires that employees be trained in the correct use, maintenance, and
storage (OSHA, n.d.-c). When PPE is required, its use must be actively enforced at the worksite.

Fire Prevention and Protection

There are many sources of fire on a construction site. Welding operations, temporary electrical wiring,
gasoline-powered generators, and temporary heaters are all sources of ignition for the wide variety of
flammable and combustible materials that are stored or used. For this reason, OSHA requires that portable
firefighting equipment be available on all construction worksites and that employees are trained in its use
(OSHA, 2014). Fire extinguishing equipment must be distributed so that employees do not have to travel
more than 100 feet from any location on the site to a functioning extinguisher. Welding operations may require
a hot work permit and a fire watch. Additional fire prevention requirements can be found in the sections of
other 29 CFR 1926 standards such as Subpart D, Occupational Health and Environmental Control, and
Subpart J, Welding and Cutting.

Material Handling

On construction sites, it seems that materials, equipment, and people are constantly on the move. Materials
are transferred from the laydown or staging area to where they are needed on the project. Scrap and waste
materials are transported to a collection area for disposal. Workers are moving from place to place on foot or
in vehicles. All of this movement creates a significant risk of accidents and injuries. The OSHA construction
standards provide some important guidelines to aid in this complex choreography.

Forklifts, also called powered industrial trucks, are the workhorses of the construction industry. They
significantly reduce the need for manual material handling and make bulk storage and movement of materials
possible. Operating a forklift is not like driving a car or truck. Forklift operators must understand the handling
and stability characteristics before they are allowed to operate on a job site. OSHA has very specific training
requirements for forklifts that require operators to demonstrate their competence (OSHA, 2014). It is also
important to note that the construction standards refer back to the general industry standards for all the
specific forklift training requirements. The operator training requirement can be found at 29 CFR 1910.176(l).

On larger construction sites, cranes may also be used to stage and move materials. The unique hazards and
risks of crane operations will be covered in Unit VI.

Not all material handling can be done with powered equipment. Workers still need to lift and carry supplies
and equipment. Manual material handling is a significant source of injuries (OSHA, n.d.-b), and employees
need to be trained in proper lifting technique as well as when to ask for help in lifting.

Tools

Construction tools come in many forms: non-powered hand tools such as hammers and screwdrivers;
powered hand tools like drills, saws, and nail guns; and larger bench-mounted tools such as abrasive grinders
and table saws. There are a number of common safety guidelines for all tools from OSHA (n.d.-d):

 maintain the tool regularly,

 use the right tool for the job,

 inspect the tool before use,

 operate according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and

 use the right PPE.

4
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

Old, worn, and broken hammers, chisels, and other non-powered hand tools can often be seen on
construction sites. These tools get heavy use and need to be replaced at regular intervals. Electric-powered
hand tools are significant sources of serious injury when they are not maintained adequately or are used
incorrectly. Electric tools must either be grounded or double insulated to protect workers from electric shock
(OSHA, n.d.-d). All power tools must be equipped with guards that protect workers from the point of operation,
in-running nip points, rotating parts, and flying chips and sparks. Maintaining the integrity of machine guards
is a significant challenge for safety professionals. Workers often feel that they can work faster or do better
work if a guard is removed. It is important to get top management support for machine guarding and action
taken when violations are discovered. If the organization does not take action, OSHA certainly will.

Struck-By Injuries

OSHA has identified struck-by injuries as one of the four leading causes of construction fatalities (OSHA, n.d.-
a). Many of the hazards that cause struck-by injuries involve tools and material handling.

Click on the image below for an example of a common struck-by hazard.

Unit IV Construction Math Application Project

One thing that is important for safety professionals to understand is the concept of load and load capacity
when lifting heavy items overhead. If you have spent any time on a construction site, this should be blatantly
obvious as materials are frequently lifted via crane or other lifting devices to higher levels where the material
is needed. Losing a load due to use of a sling that is not properly rated for the lift could result in a serious
struck-by hazard.

In lifting an item, it is important to understand some basic physics because comparing the load rating for
rigging or a sling, for instance, is not always as simple as knowing the load rating and the weight of the load.
A number of factors can influence the actual load placed on a sling by the load. Consider holding a gallon of
milk in your hand with your arm by your side and then raising that gallon of milk by extending your arm out to
the side. A lot more strain is placed on your arm at full extension even though the weight of the milk has not
changed due to the lever action placed on the body and your shoulder muscles.

Similar situations impact lifting loads with respect to how angles impact specific lifts. This is why crane
operators are required to be trained in understanding how to read a load chart, which helps them to account
for changes in crane capacity based on boom angle and boom length. Generally speaking, the longer the
boom and the lower the angle of the lift, the lower the lifting capacity.

In this unit, our math application exercise will deal with the application of considering angles in lifting loads to
provide you with a basic understanding of some of the math tools commonly applied to such situations. This
will require a very basic understanding of trigonometry.

The term trigonometry might sound a bit scary, but it basically involves mathematical relationships dealing
with right triangles (triangles with one 90˚ angle). Right triangles come in handy because the lengths of the
triangle sides and angles within the triangles depend on each other. Consider the triangle below.

https://online.waldorf.edu/CSU_Content/Waldorf_Content/ZULU/EmergencyServices/OSH/OSH3401/W15Ec/UnitIV_LessonActivity.ppsx

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

You may have heard of Pythagorean’s theorem, which is basically c2 = a2 + b2. Here, c is the longest leg of
the triangle (known as the hypotenuse), and knowing the length of the other two legs allows one to determine
the length of c. There are other relationships as well between the angles and length of the legs of the triangle.
You may have heard the terms sine, cosine, and tangent used before. These math terms are actually a lot
more basic than folks might imagine. Here is how they are determined:

 sin A = a/c (The sine of angle A equals the length of leg a divided by the length of c.)

 cos A = b/c (The cosine of angle A equals the length of leg b divided by the length of c.)

 tan A = a/b (The tangent of angle A equals the lengths of leg a divided by the length of leg b.)

Another relationship that comes in handy when doing basic trigonometry is that the total of the three angles of
a triangle is always 180˚.

All of this is not rocket science (although trigonometry is often used in rocket science). However, knowing just
a few relationships of right triangles can help us understand math fundamentals related to issues that we
might need to deal with as safety professionals. For instance, knowing we are 100 ft. from a tower on level
ground and the angle from the ground to the top of the tower, we can calculate the tower’s height using these
very basic relationships.

Using algebra, we can also come up with other useful relationships related to the triangle. See below:

 sin A = a/c

 a = c x sin A
 c = a/sin A

Another useful application of trigonometry deals with forces. Instead of using the length of legs in a triangle,
one can apply actual forces being exerted at specific angles as though the forces were actually lengths of the
legs and hypotenuse of the right triangle. For instance, given our triangle above, if we are lifting a heavy,
concrete pipe with a sling attached to two ends of the pipe, we can determine the actual load placed on the
sling to determine if the sling is properly rated for the lift. Let’s try this out.

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

In this situation, a = one half the load because there are two legs to the sling—each one carrying half of the
load—so the downward force at the midline would be halved. That is to say, the main lift line above carried
the full force of the load (1,000 lbs), but at the point where the sling took over, that downward force was
halved by the two legs of the sling. However, the sling itself is under much more force than just the 500 lbs
even though it is carrying just half the load due to the shallow angle at A (30˚). Again, consider how heavy a
gallon of milk feels when you hold your arm carrying the container out to the side. It is much easier to carry
the container close to your body.

Now, applying a little algebra and replacing the variables with actual numbers, we get the result below.

Doing this on your computer’s scientific calculator is pretty simple. You should have an option to get to the
scientific version of your computer’s calculator. (If you do not have a scientific calculator with trigonometric
functions lying around.) Once you access the calculator, simply divide 500 by the sine of 30. To get the sine
of 30, you simply enter 30 and then click on the “sin” button.

Therefore, each length of the sling is carrying a load of 1,000 lbs. However, if the sling angle were increased,
the lengths of the sling would be under less of a load. You can do the math yourself if you are curious.
Replace the 30˚ angle with a 45˚ angle, and see what you get. What if you try a 60˚ angle?

With this said, there are rules of thumb that can be applied based on the sling angle for this kind of problem.

In summary, the purpose of this short math lesson was to provide you with some insight as to how the angle
created by the placement needs to be considered in sling selection to prevent overloading. Dropped loads
can be serious struck-by hazards. You were also provided with some trigonometry basics, and hopefully you
found the math to be fairly easy to do. If you plan to sit for certification exams in the future, you will need to
become even more familiar with performing similar calculations.

References

Almeida, A. (n.d.). Arnaldo Almeida’s safe cartoons [Image]. Retrieved from
http://www.almeidacartoons.com/Safe_toons1.html

1000
sin30

500

sinA

a
c 

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE

Title
Asfahl, C. R., & Rieske, D. W. (2010). Industrial safety and health management (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River,

NJ: Pearson.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (n.d.-a). Construction focus four training. Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/construction/focus_four/index.html

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (n.d.-b). Materials handling, storage, use, and disposal
[PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/construction_generalindustry/const_outreach_tp.html

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (n.d.-c). Personal protective equipment [PowerPoint slides].
Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/construction_generalindustry/const_outreach_tp.html

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (n.d.-d) Tools—hand and power [PowerPoint slides].
Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/construction_generalindustry/const_outreach_tp.html

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2014). Construction industry digest. Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha2202

Suggested Reading

Are you looking for more insight on the topics discussed in this unit? Access the items listed below to view
videos and additional information to gain further insight and understanding.

OSHA Construction Standards

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. (n.d.). Occupational Safety & Health Administration:
Regulations (Standards – 29 CFR): Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owasrch.search_form?p_doc_type=STANDARDS&p_toc_level=1
&p_keyvalue=Construction

– 29 CFR 1926 Subpart E, Personal Protective and Life Saving Equipment
– 29 CFR 1926 Subpart F, Fire Prevention and Protection
– 29 CFR 1926 Subpart H, Material Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal
– 29 CFR 1926 Subpart I, Tools – Hand and Power

Occupational Safety & Health Administration. (n.d.). Worker Safety Series: Protecting yourself from noise
in construction [Brochure]. Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/Publications/3498noise-in-
construction-pocket-guide

Learning Activities (Nongraded)

Find an active construction site in your area and see if you can get a tour (tell them you are working on a
class project about construction). Ask about their policies concerning personal protective equipment (PPE) on
the site. Do they seem consistent with Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements?
Look for fire suppression equipment throughout the site. Are the numbers adequate?

See if you can identify any violations of OSHA standards regarding PPE, fire protection, or tools. Create a
report that describes your findings.

Nongraded Learning Activities are provided to aid students in their course of study. You do not have to submit
them. If you have questions, contact your instructor for further guidance and information.

https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owasrch.search_form?p_doc_type=standards&p_toc_level=1&p_keyvalue=construction

https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owasrch.search_form?p_doc_type=STANDARDS&p_toc_level=1&p_keyvalue=Construction

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/3498noise-in-construction-pocket-guide

Construction Safety
Unit IV Assignment – Struck-By Hazards

Student Name:

Date:

Instructions:

Each of the following slides contains a construction site photo that depicts one or more struck-by hazards. There is also a construction math slide following the photo slides.

Examine each photo, and answer the questions in the notes section of each slide. Make sure to also move the red arrow (provided in the bottom left corner of each slide) to point toward the location of the hazard. Also, provide an answer in the notes section of the construction math slide. Show your work for the calculation that you are asked to perform.

Save the completed presentation, and upload it to Blackboard.

Be sure to put your name at the top of this first slide!

Figure 1
(Occupational Safety & Health Administration [OSHA], 2003.)

Identify and describe the struck-by hazard in this photo. Move and place the red arrow over the photo to indicate the locations of the hazard.

What OSHA construction standard(s) could be cited?

What would you recommend to correct the hazard?
2

Figure 2
(OSHA, n.d.-a.)

Identify and describe the struck-by hazard in this photo. Move and place the red arrow over the photo to indicate the locations of the hazard.

What OSHA construction standard(s) could be cited?

What would you recommend to correct the hazard?
3

Figure 3
(OSHA, n.d.-b)

Identify and describe the struck-by hazard in this photo. Move and place the red arrow over the photo to indicate the locations of the hazard.
What OSHA construction standard(s) could be cited?

What would you recommend to correct the hazard?
4

Figure 4
(OSHA, n.d.-c)

Identify and describe the struck-by hazard in this photo. Move and place the red arrow over the photo to indicate the locations of the hazard.

What OSHA construction standard(s) could be cited?

What would you recommend to correct the hazard(s)?

Figure 5
(OSHA, n.d.-d)

Identify and describe the struck-by hazard in this photo. Move and place the red arrow over the photo to indicate the locations of the hazard.
What OSHA construction standard(s) could be cited?

What would you recommend to correct the hazard(s)?

Please calculate the force on the sling “c” depicted in the image to the right. Also use rules of thumb to determine “c” when Angle A is 45 degrees and 60 degrees. Why do you think the load decreases as Angle A increases?
Hint: Information for completing this slide can be found at the end of your unit lesson. Also, do not be intimidated by this slide. Once you review the materials in the unit lesson, you should find this exercise quite simple to complete and interesting as well.
Construction Math Application Project

References
Occupational Safety & Health Administration. (n.d.-a). Figure 2 [Image]. From Struck-By Hazard Recognition [PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/construction/focus_four/struckby/struckby_hazrec.ppt
Occupational Safety & Health Administration. (n.d.-b). Figure 3 [Image]. From Struck-By Hazard Recognition [PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/construction/focus_four/struckby/struckby_hazrec.ppt
Occupational Safety & Health Administration. (n.d.-c). Figure 4 [Image]. From Struck-By Hazard Recognition [PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/construction/focus_four/struckby/struckby_hazrec.ppt
Occupational Safety & Health Administration. (n.d.-d). Figure 5 [Image]. From Struck-By Hazard Recognition [PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/construction/focus_four/struckby/struckby_hazrec.ppt
Occupational Safety & Health Administration. (2003). Figure 1 [Image]. Retrieved from http://www.msabc.net/safety%20programs/osha%20poto%20archive/html/machine_guarding_pg1.html

Construction

Industry Digest

OSHA 2202-09R 2015

Occupational Safety and Health Act of 19

“To assure safe and healthful working
conditions for working men and women; by
authorizing enforcement of the
standards developed under the Act; by
assisting and encouraging the States in their
efforts to assure safe and healthful working
conditions; by providing for research,
information, education, and training in the
field of occupational safety and health…”

This informational booklet is intended to
provide an overview of frequently used
OSHA standards in the Construction
industry. This publication does not itself alter
or determine compliance responsibilities,
which are set forth in OSHA standards
themselves and the Occupational Safety and
Health Act.

Employers and employees in the 28 states
and territories that operate their own OSHA-
approved workplace safety and health plans
should check with their state safety and
health agency. Their state may be enforcing
standards and other procedures that, while “at
least as effective as” federal standards, are not
always identical to the federal requirements.
For more information on states with OSHA-
approved state plans, please visit: www.osha.
gov/dcsp/osp.

Material contained in this publication is in the
public domain and may be reproduced, fully
or partially, without permission. Source credit
is requested but not required.

This information will be made available
to sensory-impaired individuals upon
request. Voice phone: (202) 693-1999;
teletypewriter (TTY) number: 1-877-889-5627.

Construction
Industry Digest

U.S. Department of Labor

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

OSHA 2202-09R
201

U.S. Department of Labor

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST

Contents

Foreword

General

OSHA Worksite Investigations

Frequently Used Standards in
Construction

Access to Medical and Exposure Records 9
Aerial Lifts 9

Air Tools

Asbestos 10

Belt Sanding Machines

Chains (See Wire Ropes, Chains, and
Ropes) 12

Chemicals (See Gases, Vapors, Fumes,
Dusts, and Mists; Asbestos; Lead; Silica;
and Hazard Communication) 12

Compressed Air, Use of 12

Compressed Gas Cylinders 12

Concrete and Masonry Construction

Confined Spaces 1

Cranes and Derricks

Demolition 1

Disposal Chutes

Diving

Drinking Water

Electrical Installations 18

Electrical Work Practices

Excavating and Trenching

Exits 22

Explosives and Blasting

Eye and Face Protection 23

Fall Protection

Fall Protection, Falling Objects

Fall Protection, Wall Openings 26

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION

Fire Protection 26

Flaggers

Flammable and Combustible Liquids

Forklifts (See Powered Industrial Trucks)

Gases, Vapors, Fumes, Dusts, and Mists 29

General Duty Clause

Grinding 30

Hand Tools

Hazard Communication 31

Hazardous Waste Operations

Head Protection 33

Hearing Protection

Heating Devices, Temporary

Highway Work Zones (See Flaggers;
Signs, Signals, and Barricades) 35

Hoists, Material and Personnel 35

Hooks (See Wire Ropes, Chains, and
Ropes)

Housekeeping 36

Illumination 36

Jointers

Ladders

Lasers

Lead

Lift Slab

Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Medical Services and First Aid 42

Motor Vehicles and Mechanized
Equipment

Noise (See Hearing Protection) 43

Personal Protective Equipment 43

Powder-Actuated Tools

Power Transmission and Distribution 44

Powered Industrial Trucks (Forklifts) 45

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5

Power Transmission, Mechanical 45

Process Safety Management of Highly
Hazardous Chemicals

Radiation, Ionizing 46

Railings

Recordkeeping: Recording and Reporting
Requirements 47

Reinforced Steel

Respiratory Protection 48

Rollover Protective Structures (ROPS)

Safety Nets 49

Saws

Band 50
Portable Circular 50
Radial 50
Swing or Sliding Cut-Off 51
Table 51

Scaffolds, General Requirements

Bricklaying

Erectors and Dismantlers 53
Fall Arrest Systems

Guardrails 54
Mobile

Planking 55
Supported

Suspension (Swing) 56

Signs, Signals, and Barricades
(See Flaggers)

Silica 58

Stairs 58

Steel Erection

Storage

Tire Cages 62

Toeboards 62

Toilets 62

Training and Inspections 63

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
6

Underground Construction 63

Washing Facilities

Water, Working Over or Near 64

Welding, Cutting, and Heating

Wire Ropes, Chains, and Ropes

Woodworking Machinery

Workplace Complaints:
Workers’ Rights 67

OSHA Assistance, Services
and Programs

NIOSH Health Hazard
Evaluation Program

How to Contact OSHA

OSHA Regional Offices

OSHA-Approved State Plans

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST
7

Foreword

The Construction Industry Digest contains
summaries of the most frequently used standards
in the construction industry. The standards are
presented alphabetically followed by the reference
to the appropriate regulation. With few exceptions,
standards in this digest are from Title 29 of the
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 1926.

Remember, this booklet is only a digest of basic
applicable standards and should not be
considered as a complete substitute for any
provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health
Act of 1970 (OSH Act), or for any standards issued
under the OSH Act. The requirements discussed in
this publication are summarized and abbreviated.
The actual source standards are referenced at
the end of each topic discussed; consult the CFR
for a more complete explanation of the specific
standards listed.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
8

General

Employers have the responsibility to provide a
safe workplace. Employers MUST provide their
employees with a workplace that does not have
serious hazards and follow all relevant OSHA
safety and health standards.

Employers must comply with specific standards.
All employers in the construction industry must
also have injury and illness prevention programs.
Contractors and employers who do construction
work must comply with standards in 29 CFR
1926. Subpart C, General Safety and Health
Provisions, as well as other specific sections of
these standards, include the responsibilities for
each contractor/employer to initiate and maintain
injury and illness prevention programs, provide
for a competent person to conduct frequent and
regular inspections, and instruct each employee
to recognize and avoid unsafe conditions and
know what regulations are applicable to the work
environment. Employees must be provided
training in a language and vocabulary they can
understand.

OSHA Worksite Investigations

OSHA conducts on-site inspections of worksites
to enforce the OSHA law that protects workers
and their rights. Inspections are initiated without
advance notice, conducted using on-site or
telephone and facsimile investigations, and
performed by highly trained compliance officers.
Worksite inspections are conducted based on the
following priorities:

ƒ Imminent danger;

ƒ A fatality or hospitalizations;
ƒ Worker complaints and referrals;
ƒ Targeted inspections – particular hazards, high
injury rates; and

ƒ Follow-up inspections.

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST
9

Inspections are conducted without employers
knowing when or where they will occur. The
employer is not informed in advance that there
will be an inspection, regardless of whether it is
in response to a complaint or is a programmed
inspection.

Frequently Used Standards in
Construction

Access to Medical and Exposure Records

Each employer shall permit employees, their
designated representatives, and OSHA direct
access to employer-maintained exposure and
medical records. The standard limits access only
to those employees who are, have been (including
former employees), or will be exposed to toxic
substances or harmful physical agents. 1910.1020
made applicable to construction by 1926.33

Each employer must preserve and maintain
accurate medical and exposure records for each
employee. Exposure records and data analyses
based on them are to be kept for 30 years. Medical
records are to be kept for at least the duration
of employment plus 30 years. Background data
for exposure records such as laboratory reports
and work sheets need to be kept for only 1 year.
1910.1020(b)(3), .1020(d)(1)(i), and .1020(d)(1)(ii)

Records of employees who have worked for
less than 1 year need not be retained after
employment if they are provided to the employee
upon the termination of employment. First-
aid records of one-time treatment need not be
retained for any specified period. 1910.1020(d)(1)(i)
(B) and (C)

Aerial Lifts

Aerial lifts, powered or manual, include, but are
not limited to, the following types of vehicle-
mounted aerial devices used to elevate personnel
to jobsites above ground: extensible boom
platforms, aerial ladders, articulating boom
platforms, and vertical towers. 1926.453(a)(1)

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
10

When operating aerial lifts, employers must
ensure that employees are

ƒ Trained,
ƒ Authorized,
ƒ Setting brakes,
ƒ Positioning outriggers on pads or a solid surface,
ƒ Not exceeding boom and basket load limits,
ƒ Attached to the boom or basket with a restraint
device or personal fall arrest system,

ƒ Standing firmly on the floor of the basket,
ƒ Not climbing on the edge of the basket or using
ladders, planks, or other devices for a work
position. 1926.453(b) and 1926.454

In addition, manufacturers (or the equivalent, such
as a nationally recognized testing laboratory) must
certify in writing that all modifications to aerial lifts
conform to applicable OSHA and ANSI A92.2-1969
provisions, and are at least as safe as the
equipment was before modification. 1926.453(a)(2)

Air Tools

Pneumatic power tools shall be secured to the
hose in a positive manner to prevent accidental
disconnection. 1926.302(b)(1)

Safety clips or retainers shall be securely installed
and maintained on pneumatic impact tools to
prevent attachments from being accidentally
expelled. 1926.302(b)(2)

The manufacturer’s safe operating pressure for all
fittings shall not be exceeded. 1926.302(b)(5)

All hoses exceeding 1/2-inch (1.3-centimeters)
inside diameter shall have a safety device at the
source of supply or branch line to reduce pressure
in case of hose failure. 1926.302(b)(7)

Asbestos

Each employer who has a workplace or work
operation where exposure monitoring is required
must perform monitoring to determine accurately
the airborne concentrations of asbestos to which
employees may be exposed. 1926.1101(f)(1)(i)

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST

Employers also must ensure that no employee is
exposed to an airborne concentration of asbestos
in excess of 0.1 fiber per cubic centimeter of air (f/
cc) as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA).
1926.1101(c)(1)

In addition, employers must ensure that no
employee is exposed to an airborne concentration
of asbestos in excess of 1 f/cc as averaged over a
sampling period of 30 minutes. 1926.1101(c)(2)

Respirators must be used during (1) all Class I
asbestos jobs; (2) all Class II work where an
asbestos-containing material is not removed
substantially intact; (3) all Class II and III work
not using wet methods, except on sloped roofs;
(4) all Class II and III work without a negative
exposure assessment; (5) all Class III jobs where
thermal system insulation or surfacing asbestos-
containing or presumed asbestos-containing
material is cut, abraded, or broken; (6) all Class
IV work within a regulated area where respirators
are required; (7) all work where employees
are exposed above the PEL or STEL; and (8) in
emergencies. 1926.1101(h)(1)(i) through (viii)

The employer must provide and require the use of
protective clothing – such as coveralls or similar
whole-body clothing, head coverings, gloves, and
foot coverings – for:

ƒ Any employee exposed to airborne asbestos
exceeding the PEL or STEL,

ƒ Work without a negative exposure assessment, or

ƒ Any employee performing Class I work involving
the removal of over 25 linear or 10 square feet
(10 square meters) of thermal system insulation
or surfacing asbestos containing or presumed
asbestos-containing materials. 1926.1101(i)(1)

The employer must provide a medical surveillance
program for all employees who – for a combined
total of 30 or more days per year – engage in
Class I, II, or III work or are exposed at or above
the PEL or STEL; or who wear negative-pressure
respirators. 1926.1101(m)(1)(i)

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
12

Belt Sanding Machines

Belt sanding machines shall be provided with
guards at each nip point where the sanding belt
runs onto a pulley. 1926.304(f), incorporated from
ANSI 01.1-1961, Section 4.9.4

The unused run of the sanding belt shall be
guarded against accidental contact. 1926.304(f),
incorporated from ANSI 01.1-1961, Section 4.9.4

Chains (See Wire Ropes, Chains, and Ropes)

Chemicals (See Gases, Vapors, Fumes,
Dusts, and Mists; Asbestos; Lead; Silica;
and Hazard Communication)

Compressed Air, Use of

Compressed air used for cleaning purposes shall
be reduced to less than 30 pounds per square
inch (psi) and then only with effective chip
guarding and personal protective equipment. This
requirement does not apply to concrete form,
mill scale, and similar cleaning operations.
1926.302(b)(4)

Compressed Gas Cylinders

Valve protection caps shall be in place and
secured when compressed gas cylinders are
transported, moved, or stored. 1926.350(a)(1)

Cylinder valves shall be closed when work is
finished and when cylinders are empty or are
moved. 1926.350(a)(8)

Compressed gas cylinders shall be secured in an
upright position at all times, except if necessary
for short periods of time when cylinders are
actually being hoisted or carried. 1926.350(a)(9)

Cylinders shall be kept far enough away from the
actual welding or cutting operations so that
sparks, hot slag, or flame will not reach them.

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST
13

When this is impractical, fire-resistant shields
shall be provided. Cylinders shall be placed where
they cannot become part of an electrical circuit.
1926.350(b)(1) through (2)

Oxygen and fuel gas pressure regulators,
including their related gauges, shall be in proper
working order while in use. 1926.350(h)

Concrete and Masonry Construction

No construction loads shall be placed on a
concrete structure or portion of a concrete
structure unless the employer determines, based
on information received from a person who is
qualified in structural design, that the structure or
portion of the structure is capable of supporting
the loads. 1926.701(a)

No employee shall be permitted to work under
concrete buckets while buckets are being elevated
or lowered into position. 1926.701(e)(1)

To the extent practical, elevated concrete buckets
shall be routed so that no employee or the fewest
number of employees is exposed to the hazards
associated with falling concrete buckets.
1926.701(e)(2)

Formwork shall be designed, fabricated, erected,
supported, braced, and maintained so that it is
capable of supporting – without failure – all vertical
and lateral loads that may reasonably be anticipated
to be applied to the formwork. 1926.703(a)(1)

Forms and shores (except those used for slabs on
grade and slip forms) shall not be removed until
the employer determines that the concrete has
gained sufficient strength to support its weight and
superimposed loads. Such determination shall be
based on compliance with one of the following:

ƒ The plans and specifications stipulate conditions
for removal of forms and shores, and such
conditions have been followed, or

ƒ The concrete has been properly tested with an
appropriate American Society for Testing
Materials (ASTM) standard test method designed

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION

to indicate the concrete compressive strength,
and the test results indicate that the concrete has
gained sufficient strength to support its weight
and superimposed loads. (ASTM, 100 Barr
Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428;
(610) 832-9585). 1926.703(e)(1)(i) through (ii)

A limited access zone shall be established
whenever a masonry wall is being constructed.
The limited access zone shall conform to the
following:

ƒ Established prior to the start of construction of
the wall,

ƒ Equal to the height of the wall to be constructed
plus 4 feet (1.2 meters), and shall run the entire
length of the wall,

ƒ Established on the side of the wall that will be
unscaffolded,

ƒ Restricted to entry by employees actively
engaged in constructing the wall. No other
employees shall be permitted to enter the zone,

ƒ Remain in place until the wall is adequately
supported to prevent overturning and to prevent
collapse; where the height of a wall is more than
8 feet (2.4 meters), the limited access zone shall
remain in place until the requirements of
paragraph (b) of this section have been met.
1926.706(a)(1) through (5)

All masonry walls more than 8 feet (2.4384
meters) in height shall be adequately braced
to prevent overturning and to prevent collapse
unless the wall is adequately supported so that
it will not overturn or collapse. The bracing shall
remain in place until permanent supporting
elements of the structure are in place. 1926.706(b)

Confined Spaces

All employees required to enter into confined or
enclosed spaces must be instructed as to the
nature of the hazards involved, the necessary
precautions to be taken, and in the use of
required protective and emergency equipment.

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST
15

The employer shall comply with any specific
regulations that apply to work in dangerous or
potentially dangerous areas. Confined or enclosed
spaces include, but are not limited to, storage
tanks, process vessels, bins, boilers, ventilation or
exhaust ducts, sewers, underground utility vaults,
tunnels, pipelines, and open top spaces more than
4 feet deep (1.2 meters) such as pits, tubs, vaults,
and vessels. 1926.21(b)(6)(i) through (ii)

Cranes and Derricks

Before assembly or use of a crane, ground
conditions must be firm, drained, and graded so
that the equipment manufacturer’s specifications
for adequate support and degree of level are met.
1926.1402(b)

A competent person must begin a visual inspection
prior to each shift during which the equipment will
be used, which must be completed before or during
the shift. The inspection must consist of observation
for apparent deficiencies. 1926.1412(d)(1)

A qualified person must conduct a comprehensive
inspection at least every 12 months. 1926.1412(f)(1)

The employer must comply with all manufacturer
procedures applicable to the operational functions
of equipment, including its use with attachments.
1926.1417(a)

Hand signal charts must be either posted on the
equipment or conspicuously posted in the vicinity
of the hoisting operations. 1926.1422

A personal fall arrest system is permitted to be
anchored to the crane/derrick’s hook (or other part
of the load line) where a qualified person has
determined the set-up and rated capacity of the
crane/derrick (including the hook, load line, and
rigging) meets or exceeds the requirements in
§1926.502(d)(15) and no load is suspended from
the load line when the personal fall arrest system
is anchored to the crane/derrick’s hook (or other
part of the load line). The equipment operator
must be at the work site and know the equipment
is being used for this purpose. 1926.1423(j)

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
16

Where available, hoisting routes that minimize the
exposure of employees to hoisted loads must be
used, to the extent consistent with public safety.
1926.1425(a)

The employer must ensure that, prior to operating
any equipment covered under Subpart CC, the
person operating the equipment is qualified or
certified to operate the equipment. Exceptions:
operation of derricks, sideboom cranes, and
equipment with a rated hoisting/lifting capacity of
2,000 pounds or less. 1926.1427(a)(1) through (3)

On equipment with a rated hoisting/lifting capacity
of 2,000 pounds or less the employer must train
each operator, prior to operating the equipment,
on the safe operation of the type of equipment the
operator will be using. 1926.1441(e)

Demolition

Prior to permitting employees to start demolition
operations, a competent person shall make an
engineering survey of the structure to determine
the condition of the framing, floors, and walls, and
possibility of unplanned collapse of any portion
of the structure. A similar survey of any adjacent
structure where employees may be exposed shall
be completed. The employer shall have in writing
evidence that such a survey has been performed.
1926.850(a)

During balling or claiming operations, employers
shall not permit any workers in any area that can
be adversely affected by demolition operations.
Only those workers necessary for the performance
of the operations shall be permitted in this area at
any other time. 1926.859(a)

Disposal Chutes

Whenever materials are dropped more than 20
feet (6 meters) to any exterior point of a building,
an enclosed chute shall be used. 1926.252(a)

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST
17

When debris is dropped through holes in the floor
without the use of chutes, the area where the
material is dropped shall be enclosed with
barricades not less than 42 inches high (106.7
centimeters) and not less than 6 feet (1.8 meters)
back from the projected edges of the opening
above. Warning signs of the hazard of falling
material shall be posted at each level. 1926.252(b)

Note: During demolition, 1926.852 applies to
chutes and 1926.853 applies to the removal of
materials through floor openings.

Diving

The employer shall develop and maintain a safe
practice manual, and make it available at the dive
location for each dive team member. 1910.420(a)
made applicable to construction by 1926.1080

The employer shall keep a record of each dive.
The record shall contain the diver’s name, his
or her supervisor’s name, date, time, location,
type of dive (scuba, mixed gas, surface supply),
underwater and surface conditions, and maximum
depth and bottom time. 1910.423(d)(1)(i) through
(vi) made applicable to construction by 1926.1083

Each dive team member shall have the experience
or training necessary to perform assigned
tasks safely. 1910.410(a)(1) made applicable to
construction by 1926.10

Each dive team member shall be briefed on the
tasks, safety procedures, unusual hazards or
environmental conditions, and modifications
made to the operating procedures. 1910.421(f)
made applicable to construction by 1926.1081

The dive shall be terminated when a diver
requests it, the diver fails to respond correctly,
communication is lost, or when the diver begins
to use the reserve breathing gas. 1910.422(i)(1)
through (4) made applicable to construction by
1926.1082.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
18

Drinking Water

An adequate supply of potable water shall be
provided in all places of employment. 1926.51(a)(1)

Portable drinking water containers shall be
capable of being tightly closed and equipped with
a tap. 1926.51(a)(2)

Using a common drinking cup is prohibited.
1926.51(a)(4)

Where single service cups (to be used but once)
are supplied, both a sanitary container for unused
cups and a receptacle for used cups shall be
provided. 1926.51(a)(5)

Electrical Installations

Employers must provide either ground-fault circuit
interrupters (GFCIs) or an assured equipment
grounding conductor program to protect employees
from ground-fault hazards at construction sites.
The two options are detailed below.

ƒ All 120-volt, single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere
receptacles that are not part of the permanent
wiring must be protected by GFCIs. Receptacles
on smaller generators are exempt under certain
conditions, or

ƒ An assured equipment grounding conductor
program covering extension cords, receptacles,
and cord- and plug-connected equipment must
be implemented. The program must include the
following:

ƒ A written description of the program,

ƒ At least one competent person to implement the
program,

ƒ Daily visual inspections of extension cords and
cord- and plug-connected equipment for defects.
Equipment found damaged or defective shall not
be used until repaired,

ƒ Continuity tests of the equipment grounding
conductors or receptacles, extension cords, and
cord- and plug-connected equipment. These
tests must generally be made every 3 months,

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST
19

ƒ Equipment that does not meet the above
requirements may not be used,

ƒ Required tests shall be recorded. 1926.404(b)(1)
(i) through (iii)(e)

Light bulbs for general illumination must be
protected from breakage, and metal shell sockets
must be grounded. 1926.405(a)(2)(ii)(E)

Temporary lights must not be suspended by their
cords, unless they are so designed. 1926.405(a)(2)
(ii)(F)

Portable lighting used in wet or conductive
locations, such as drums, tanks, and vessels, must
be operated at no more than 12 volts or must be
protected by a ground-fault circuit interrupter
(GFCI). 1926.405(a)(2)(ii)(G)

Extension cords must be of the three-wire type.
Extension cords and flexible cords used with
temporary and portable lights must be designed
for hard or extra hard usage (for example, types S,
ST, and SO). 1926.405(a)(2)(ii)(J)

Flexible cords must be connected to devices and
fittings so that strain relief is provided which will
prevent pull from being directly transmitted to
joints or terminal screws. 1926.405(g)(2)(iv)

Listed, labeled, or certified equipment shall be
installed and used in accordance with instructions
included in the listing, labeling, or certification.
1926.403(b)(2)

Electrical Work Practices

Employers must not allow employees to work
near live parts of electrical circuits, unless the
employees are protected by one of the following
means:

ƒ Deenergizing and grounding the parts,

ƒ Guarding the part by insulation,

ƒ Any other effective means. 1926.416(a)(1)

In work areas where the exact location of
underground electrical power lines is unknown,
employees using jack hammers, bars, or other

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
20

hand tools that may contact the lines must be
protected by insulating gloves. 1926.416(a)(2)

Barriers or other means of guarding must be used
to ensure that workspace for electrical equipment
will not be used as a passageway during periods
when energized parts of equipment are exposed.
1926.416(b)(1)

Work spaces, walkways, and similar locations
shall be kept clear of cords. 1926.416(b)(2)

Worn or frayed electric cords or cables shall not
be used. 1926.416(e)(1)

Extension cords shall not be fastened with
staples, hung from nails, or suspended by wire.
1926.416(e)(2)

Equipment or circuits that are deenergized must
be rendered inoperative and must have tags
attached at all points where the equipment or
circuits could be energized. 1926.417(b)

Excavating and Trenching

The estimated location of utility installations –
such as sewer, telephone, fuel, electric, water
lines, or any other underground installations that
reasonably may be expected to be encountered
during excavation work – shall be determined
prior to opening an excavation. 1926.651(b)(1)

Utility companies or owners shall be contacted
within established or customary local response
times, advised of the proposed work, and asked
to establish the location of the utility underground
installations prior to the start of actual excavation.
When utility companies or owners cannot
respond to a request to locate underground utility
installations within 24 hours (unless a longer
period is required by state or local law), or cannot
establish the exact location of these installations,
the employer may proceed, provided the employer
does so with caution, and provided detection
equipment or other acceptable means to locate
utility installations are used. 1926.651(b)(2)

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST

When excavation operations approach the
estimated location of underground installations,
the exact location of the installations shall be
determined by safe and acceptable means. While
the excavation is open, underground installations
shall be protected, supported, or removed, as
necessary, to safeguard employees. 1926.651(b)(3)
through (4)

Each employee in an excavation shall be
protected from cave-ins by an adequate protective
system except when excavations are made
entirely in stable rock, or excavations are less than
5 feet (1.5 meters) in depth and examination of
the ground by a competent person provides no
indication of a potential cave-in. 1926.652(a)(1)(i)
through (ii)

Protective systems shall have the capacity to
resist, without failure, all loads that are intended
or could reasonably be expected to be applied or
transmitted to the system. 1926.652(a)(2)

Employees shall be protected from excavated or
other materials or equipment that could pose a
hazard by falling or rolling into excavations.
Protection shall be provided by placing and
keeping such materials or equipment at least 2
feet (0.6 meters) from the edge of excavations, or
by the use of retaining devices that are sufficient
to prevent materials or equipment from falling or
rolling into excavations, or by a combination of
both if necessary. 1926.651(j)(2)

Daily inspections of excavations, the adjacent
areas, and protective systems shall be made by a
competent person for evidence of a situation
that could result in possible cave-ins, indications
of failure of protective systems, hazardous
atmospheres, or other hazardous conditions. An
inspection shall be conducted by the competent
person prior to the start of work and as needed
throughout the shift. Inspections shall also be
made after every rainstorm or other hazard-
increasing occurrence. These inspections are
only required when employee exposure can be
reasonably anticipated. 1926.651(k)(1)

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
22

Where a competent person finds evidence of a
situation that could result in a possible cave-in,
indications of failure of protective systems,
hazardous atmospheres, or other hazardous
conditions, exposed employees shall be removed
from the hazardous area until the necessary
precautions have been taken to ensure their
safety. 1926.651(k)(2)

A stairway, ladder, ramp, or other safe means of
egress shall be located in trench excavations that
are 4 feet (1.2 meters) or more in depth so as to
require no more than 25 feet (7.6 meters) of lateral
travel for employees. 1926.651(c)(2)

Each employee at the edge of an excavation 6
feet deep (1.8 meters) or more in depth shall
be protected from falling by guardrail systems,
fences, barricades when the excavations are not
readily seen because of plant growth or other
visual barrier. 1926.501(b)(7)(i)

Exits

Exits must be free of all obstructions so they can
be used immediately in case of fire or emergency.
1926.34(c)

Explosives and Blasting

Only authorized and qualified persons shall be
permitted to handle and use explosives.
1926.900(a)

Explosives and related materials shall be stored in
approved facilities required under the applicable
provisions of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and
Firearms regulations contained in 27 CFR Part
55, Commerce in Explosives. (See Subpart K.)
1926.904(a)

Smoking and open flames shall not be permitted
within 50 feet (15.2 meters) of explosives and
detonator storage magazines. 1926.904(c)
Procedures that permit safe and efficient loading
shall be established before loading is started.
1926.905(a)

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST

Eye and Face Protection

Eye and face protection shall be provided when
machines or operations present potential for eye
or face injury. 1926.102(a)(1)

Eye and face protective equipment shall meet the
requirements of ANSI Z87.1-1968, Practice for
Occupational and Educational Eye and Face
Protection. 1926.102(a)(2)

Employees involved in welding operations shall
be furnished with filter lenses or plates of at least
the proper shade number as indicated in Table
E-2. 1926.102(b)(1)

Table E-2 – Filter Lens Shade Numbers for
Protection Against Radiant Energy – 1926.102(b)(1)

Welding operation Shade Number

Shielded metal-arc welding 1/16-, 3/32-, 1/8-,
5/32-inch diameter electrodes

Gas-shielded arc welding (nonferrous) 1/16-,
3/32-, 1/8-, 5/32-inch diameter electrodes

11
Gas-shielded arc welding (nonferrous) 1/16-,
3/32-, 1/8-, 5/32-inch diameter electrodes
12

Shielded metal-arc welding 3/16-, 7/32-,
1/4-inch diameter electrodes

5/16-, 3/8-inch diameter electrodes 14

Atomic hydrogen welding 10-14

Carbon-arc welding 14

Soldering 2

Torch brazing 3 or 4

Medium cutting, 1 inch to 6 inches 4 or 5

Heavy cutting, over 6 inches 5 or 6

Gas welding (light), up to 1/8-inch 4 or 5

Gas welding (medium), 1/8- to 1/2-inch 5 or 6

Gas welding (heavy), over 1/2-inch 6 or 8

Employees exposed to laser beams shall be
furnished suitable laser safety goggles that will
protect for the specific wave length of the laser
and the optical density adequate for the energy
involved. 1926.102(b)(2)(i)

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
24

Fall Protection

Employers are required to assess the workplace to
determine if the walking/working surface on which
employees are to work have the strength and
structural integrity to safely support workers.
Employees are not permitted to work on those
surfaces until it has been determined that the
surfaces have the requisite strength and structural
integrity to support the workers. 1926.501(a)(2)

Where employees are exposed to falling 6 feet
(1.8 meters) or more from an unprotected side or
edge, the employer must select either a guardrail
system, safety net system, or personal fall arrest
system to protect the worker. 1926.501(b)(1)

A personal fall arrest system consists of an
anchorage, connectors, body harness and may
include a lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline, or
a suitable combination of these. Body belts used
for fall arrests are prohibited. 1926.500(b) and
1926.502(d)

Each employee in a hoist area shall be protected
from falling 6 feet (1.8 meters) or more by
guardrail systems or personal fall arrest systems.
If guardrail systems (or chain gate or guardrail)
or portions thereof must be removed to facilitate
hoisting operations, as during the landing of
materials, and a worker must lean through the
access opening or out over the edge of the access
opening to receive or guide equipment and
materials, that employee must be protected by a
personal fall arrest system. 1926.501(b)(3)

Each employee on walking/working surfaces shall
be protected from falling through holes (including
skylights) more than 6 feet (1.8 m) above lower
levels, by personal fall arrest systems, covers,
or guardrail systems erected around such holes.
1926.501(b)(4)(i)

Each employee on ramps, runways, and other
walkways shall be protected from falling 6 feet
or more to lower levels by guardrail systems.
1926.501(b)(6)

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST

Each employee at the edge of an excavation 6
feet deep (1.8 meters) or more in depth shall be
protected from falling by guardrail systems, fences,
barricades when the excavations are not readily
seen because of a visual barrier. 1926.501(b)(7)(i)

Each employee at the edge of a well, pit, shaft,
and similar excavation 6 feet (1.8 meters) or
more in depth shall be protected from falling by
guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or covers.
1926.501(b)(7)(ii)

Each employee performing overhand bricklaying
and related work 6 feet (1.8 meters) or more above
lower levels, on surfaces other than scaffolds,
shall be protected by guardrail systems, safety net
systems, or personal fall arrest systems, or shall
work in a controlled access zone. All employees
reaching more than 10 inches (25.4 centimeters)
below the level of a walking/working surface on
which they are working shall be protected by a
guardrail system, safety net system, or personal
fall arrest systems. 1926.501(b)(9)

Each employee engaged in roofing activities on
low-slope roofs with unprotected sides and
edges 6 feet (1.8 meters) or more above lower
levels shall be protected from falling by guardrail,
safety net, or personal fall arrest systems or a
combination of a:

ƒ Warning line system and guardrail system,

ƒ Warning line system and safety net system,

ƒ Warning line system and personal fall arrest
system, or

ƒ Warning line system and safety monitoring
system.

On low-slope roofs 50 feet (15.2 meters) or less
in width, the use of a safety monitoring system
without a warning line system is permitted.
1926.501(b)(10)

Each employee on a steep roof with unprotected
sides and edges 6 feet (1.8 meters) or more
above lower levels shall be protected by guardrail
systems with toeboards, safety net systems, or
personal fall arrest systems. 1926.501(b)(11)

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
26

Fall Protection, Falling Objects

When an employee is exposed to falling objects,
the employer must ensure that each employee
wear a hard hat and erect toeboards, screens, or
guardrail systems; or erect a canopy structure and
keep potential fall objects far enough from the
edge of the higher level; or barricade the area to
which objects could fall. 1926.501(c)(1) and (2)

Fall Protection, Wall Openings

Each employee working on, at, above, or near wall
openings (including those with chutes attached)
where the outside bottom edge of the wall opening
is 6 feet (1.8 meters) or more above lower levels
and the inside bottom edge of the wall opening is
less than 39 inches (1 meter) above the walking/
working surface must be protected from falling by
the use of a guardrail system, a safety net system,
or a personal fall arrest system. 1926.501(b)(14)

Fire Protection

A fire protection program is to be followed
throughout all phases of the construction and
demolition work involved. It shall provide for
effective firefighting equipment to be available
without delay, and designed to effectively meet all
fire hazards as they occur. 1926.150(a)(1)

Firefighting equipment shall be conspicuously
located and readily accessible at all times, be
periodically inspected, and be maintained in
operating condition. 1926.150(a)(2) to (4)

A fire extinguisher, rated not less than 2A
(acceptable substitutes are a 1/2-inch diameter
garden-type hose not to exceed 100 feet capable
of discharging a minimum of 5 gallons per minute
or a 55-gallon drum of water with two fire pails),
shall be provided for each 3,000 square feet (270
square meters) of the protected building area,
or major fraction thereof. Travel distance from
any point of the protected area to the nearest
fire extinguisher shall not exceed 100 feet (30.5
meters). 1926.150(c)(1)(i) to (iii)

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST
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The employer shall establish an alarm system at
the worksite so that employees and the local fire
department can be alerted for an emergency.
1926.150(e)(1)

Flaggers

High-visibility clothing

For daytime work, the flagger’s vest, shirt, or
jacket shall be orange, yellow, strong yellow-
green or fluorescent versions of these colors. For
nighttime work, similar outside garments shall be
retroreflective. The retroreflective material shall
be orange, yellow, white, silver, strong yellow-
green, or a fluorescent version of one of these
colors and shall be visible at a minimum distance
of 1,000 feet. The retroreflective clothing shall be
designed to identify clearly the wearer as a person
and be visible through the full range of body
motions. Part VI of the Manual on Uniform Traffic
Control Devices made applicable to construction
by 1926.201(a) and 1926.200(g)(2)

Hand-signaling procedures

The STOP/SLOW paddle, which gives drivers
more positive guidance than red flags, should
be the primary hand-signaling device. Flag use
should be limited to emergencies and at low-
speed and/or low-volume locations that can best
be controlled by a single flagger.

The following methods of signaling with STOP/
SLOW paddles should be used:

ƒ To Stop Traffic – The flagger shall face traffic and
extend the STOP sign paddle in a stationary
position with the arm extended horizontally
away from the body. The free arm should be
raised with the palm toward approaching traffic.

ƒ To Direct Stopped Traffic to Proceed – The
flagger shall face traffic with the SLOW paddle
held in a stationary position with the arm
extended horizontally away from the body. The
flagger should motion with the free hand for
traffic to proceed.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
28

ƒ To Alert or Slow Traffic – The flagger shall face
traffic with the SLOW sign paddle held in a
stationary position with the arm extended
horizontally away from the body. The flagger
may motion up and down with the free hand,
palm down, indicating that the vehicle should
slow down.

The following methods of signaling with a flag
should be used:

ƒ To Stop Traffic – The flagger shall face traffic
and extend the flag staff horizontally across the
traffic lane in a stationary position, so that the
full area of the flag is visible hanging below the
staff. The free arm should be raised with the
palm toward approaching traffic.

ƒ To Direct Stopped Traffic to Proceed – The
flagger shall face traffic with the flag and arm
lowered from view of the driver. With the
free hand, the flagger should motion traffic to
proceed. Flags shall not be used to signal traffic
to proceed.

ƒ To Alert or Slow Traffic – The flagger shall face
traffic and slowly wave the flag in a sweeping
motion of the extended arm from shoulder level
to straight down, without raising the arm above
a horizontal position.

Flammable and Combustible Liquids

Only approved containers and portable tanks shall
be used for storing and handling flammable and
combustible liquids. 1926.152(a)(1)

No more than 25 gallons (94.7 liters) of flammable
or combustible liquids shall be stored in a room
outside of an approved storage cabinet. No more
than three storage cabinets may be located in a
single storage area. 1926.152(b)(1) and (3)

Inside storage rooms for flammable and
combustible liquids shall be of fire-resistant
construction, have self-closing fire doors at all
openings, 4-inch (10 centimeter) sills or depressed
floors, a ventilation system that provides at least

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST
29

six air changes within the room per hour, and
electrical wiring and equipment approved for
Class 1, Division 1 locations. 1926.152(b)(4)

Storage in containers outside buildings shall not
exceed 1,100 gallons (4,169 liters) in any one pile
or area. The storage area shall be graded to divert
possible spills away from buildings or other
exposures, or shall be surrounded by a curb or
dike. 1926.152(c)(1) and (3)

Outdoor portable tanks shall be located at least 20
feet (6 meters) from any building. 1926.152(c)(4)(i)

Storage areas shall be free from weeds, debris,
and other combustible materials not necessary to
the storage. 1926.152(c)(5)

Flammable liquids shall be kept in closed
containers when not actually in use. 1926.152(f)(1)

Conspicuous and legible signs prohibiting
smoking shall be posted in service and refueling
areas. 1926.152(g)(9)

Forklifts (See Powered Industrial Trucks)

Gases, Vapors, Fumes, Dusts, and Mists

Exposure to toxic gases, vapors, fumes, dusts,
and mists at a concentration above those
specified in Appendix A, shall be avoided.
1926.55(a) and 1926.55 Appendix A

Administrative or engineering controls must be
implemented whenever feasible to comply with
Threshold Limit Values. When engineering and
administrative controls are not feasible to achieve
full compliance, protective equipment or other
protective measures shall be used to keep the
exposure of employees to air contaminants
within the limits prescribed. Any equipment and
technical measures used for this purpose must
first be approved for each particular use by a
competent industrial hygienist or other technically
qualified person. Whenever respirators are used,
their use shall comply with 1910.134, made
applicable to construction by 1926.103. 1926.55(b)

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
30

General Duty Clause

Hazardous conditions or practices not covered in
an OSHA standard may be covered under Section
5(a)(1) of the Occupational Safety and Health
Act of 1970, which states: “Each employer shall
furnish to each of his employees employment
and a place of employment which are free from
recognized hazards that are causing or are likely
to cause death or serious physical harm to his
employees.”

Grinding

All abrasive wheel bench and stand grinders
shall be equipped with safety guards that cover
the spindle ends, nut and flange projections, and
are strong enough to withstand the effects of a
bursting wheel. 1926.303(b)(1), (2), and (c)(1)

An adjustable work rest of rigid construction shall
be used on floor and bench-mounted grinders,
with the work rest kept adjusted to a clearance not
to exceed 1/8-inch (0.3 centimeters) between the
work rest and the surface of the wheel.
1926.303(c)(2)

All abrasive wheels shall be closely inspected and
ring-tested before mounting to ensure that they
are free from cracks or other defects. 1926.303(c)(7)

Portable abrasive wheel tools used for external
grinding shall be provided with safety guards,
except when the wheels are 2 inches (5
centimeters) or less in diameter or the work
location makes it impossible (then a wheel
equipped with safety flanges shall be used).
1926.303(c)(3)

Portable abrasive wheel tools used for internal
grinding shall be provided with safety flanges,
except when the wheels are 2 inches (5
centimeters) or less in diameter or the wheel is
entirely inside the work. 1926.303(c)(4)

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST
31

Hand Tools

All hand and power tools and similar equipment,
whether furnished by the employer or employee,
shall be maintained in a safe condition. Employers
shall not issue or permit the use of unsafe hand
tools. 1926.300(a) and 1926.301(a)

Wrenches shall not be used when jaws are sprung
to the point that slippage occurs. Impact tools
shall be kept free of mushroomed heads. The
wooden handles of tools shall be kept free of
splinters or cracks and shall be kept tight in the
tool. 1926.301(b) through (d)

Electric power operated tools shall either be
approved double-insulated, or be properly
grounded in accordance with Subpart K of the
standard. 1926.302(a)(1)

Hazard Communication

Employers shall develop, implement, and
maintain at the workplace a written hazard
communication program for their workplaces.
Employers must inform their employees of the
availability of the program, including the required
list(s) of hazardous chemicals, and material safety
data sheets required. 1910.1200(e)(1) and (e)(4)
made applicable to construction by 1926.

The chemical manufacturer, importer, or
distributor shall ensure that each container of
hazardous chemicals leaving the workplace is
labeled, tagged, or marked with the identity
of the hazardous chemical(s), the appropriate
hazard warnings, and the name and address of
the chemical manufacturer, importer, or other
responsible party. 1910.1200(f)(1) made applicable
to construction by 1926.59

The employer shall ensure that each container of
hazardous chemicals in the workplace is labeled,
tagged or marked with the following information:

ƒ Identity of the hazardous chemical(s) contained
therein, and

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION

ƒ Appropriate hazard warnings, or alternatively,
words, pictures, symbols, or combination
thereof, which provide at least general
information regarding the hazards of the
chemicals, and which, in conjunction with the
other information immediately available to
employees under the hazard communication
program, will provide employees with specific
information regarding the physical and health
hazards of the hazardous chemical. 1910.1200(f)
(5) made applicable to construction by 1926.59

Chemical manufacturers and importers shall
obtain or develop a material safety data sheet for
each hazardous chemical they produce or import.
Employers shall have a material safety data
sheet for each hazardous chemical they use.
1910.1200(g)(1) made applicable to construction
by 1926.59

Employers shall provide employees with
information and training on hazardous chemicals
in their work area at the time of their initial
assignment, and whenever a new hazard is
introduced into their work area. Employers shall
also provide employees with information on any
operations in their work area where hazardous
chemicals are present, and the location and
availability of the written hazard communication
program, including the required list(s) of
hazardous chemicals, and material safety data
sheets required by the standard. 1910.1200(h)
(1) and (2)(i) through (iii) made applicable to
construction by 1926.59

Employers who produce, use, or store hazardous
chemicals at multi-employer workplaces shall
additionally ensure that their hazard communication
program includes the methods the employer will
use to provide other employer(s) with a copy
of the material safety data sheet for hazardous
chemicals which employees of other employer(s)
may be exposed to while working; the methods
the employer will use to inform other employer(s)

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST
33

of any precautionary measures for the protection
of employees; and the methods the employer will
use to inform the other employer(s) of the labeling
system used in the workplace. 1910.1200(e)(2)
made applicable to construction by 1926.59

Hazardous Waste Operations

Employers must develop and implement a written
safety and health program for employees involved
in hazardous waste operations. At a minimum, the
program shall have an organizational structure, a
comprehensive workplan, standard operating
procedures, a site specific safety and health plan
(which need not repeat the standard operating
procedures), the training program, and medical
surveillance program. 1926.65(b)(1)

A site control program also shall be developed and
shall include, at a minimum, a map, work zones,
buddy systems, site communications – including
alerting means for emergencies – standard
operating procedures or safe work practices, and
identification of the nearest medical assistance.
1926.65(d)(3)

Training must be provided for all site employees,
their supervisors, and management who are
exposed to health or safety hazards before they
are permitted to engage in hazardous waste
operations. 1926.65(e)(1)(i)

Head Protection

Head protective equipment (helmets) shall be
worn in areas where there is a possible danger of
head injuries from impact, flying or falling objects,
or electrical shock and burns. 1926.100(a)

Helmets for protection against impact and
penetration of falling and flying objects shall meet
the requirements of ANSI Z89.1-1969. Helmets for
protection against electrical shock and burns
shall meet the requirements of ANSI Z89.2-1971.
1926.100(b) and (c)

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
34

Hearing Protection

Feasible engineering or administrative controls
shall be utilized to protect employees against
sound levels in excess of those shown in Table D-2.

When engineering or administrative controls fail
to reduce sound levels within the limits of Table
D-2, ear protective devices shall be provided and
used. 1926.52(b) and .101(a)

Plain cotton is not an acceptable protective device.
1926.101(c)

In all cases where the sound levels exceed
the values shown in Table D-2, a continuing,
effective hearing conservation program shall be
administered. 1926.52(d)(1)

OSHA considers the following topics to be
valuable in a hearing conservation program:

ƒ Monitoring employee noise exposures (to
determine if sound levels exceed those shown in
1926.52 Table D-2 at the right),

ƒ Using engineering, work practice and
administrative controls, and personal protective
equipment measures (see “Training and Hazard
Control” 1926.21(b)(2)),

ƒ Fitting each overexposed employee with
appropriate hearing protectors 1926.101(b),

ƒ Training employees in the effects of noise and
protection measures (see “Training and Hazard
Control” 1926.21(b)(2),

ƒ Explaining procedures for preventing further
hearing loss, and recordkeeping and reporting.

For more information: OSHA describes hearing
conservation program requirements for general
industry in the General Industry Occupational
Noise Exposure standard 1910.95(c) – (o).

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST
35

Table D-2 – Permissible Noise Exposures –
1926.52(d)(1)

Duration per day, hours: Sound Level/dBA slow response

8 90

6 92

4 95

3 97

2 100

1 1/2 102

1 105

1/2 110

1/4 or less 115

Exposure to impulsive or impact noise should not
exceed 140 dB peak sound pressure level.
1926.52(e)

Heating Devices, Temporary

When heating devices are used, fresh air shall be
supplied in sufficient quantities to maintain the
health and safety of workers. 1926.154(a)(1)

Solid fuel salamanders are prohibited in buildings
and on scaffolds. 1926.154(d)

Highway Work Zones (See Flaggers and
Signs, Signals, and Barricades)

Hoists, Material and Personnel

The employer shall comply with the
manufacturer’s specifications and limitations.
1926.552(a)(1)

Rated load capacities, recommended operating
speeds, and special hazard warnings or
instructions shall be posted on cars and platforms.
1926.552(a)(2)

Hoistway entrances of material hoists shall be
protected by substantial full width gates or bars
that are painted with diagonal contrasting colors
such as black and yellow stripes. 1926.552(b)(2)

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
36

Hoistway doors or gates of personnel hoists shall
be not less than 6 feet 6 inches (198.1 meters)
high and shall be protected with mechanical locks
that cannot be operated from the landing side
and that are accessible only to persons on the car.
1926.552(c)(4)

Overhead protective coverings shall be provided
on the top of the hoist cage or platform.
1926.552(b)(3) and (c)(7)

All material hoists shall conform to the
requirements of ANSI A10.5-1969, Safety
Requirements for Material Hoists. 1926.552(b)(8)

The requirements of 1926.1431 apply when one
or more employees are hoisted using equipment
covered by Subpart CC, Cranes and Derricks in
Construction.

Hooks (See Wire Ropes, Chains, and Ropes)

Housekeeping

Form and scrap lumber with protruding nails and
all other debris shall be kept clear from all work
areas. 1926.25(a)

Combustible scrap and debris shall be removed at
regular intervals. 1926.25(b)

Containers shall be provided for collection and
separation of all refuse. Covers shall be provided
on containers used for flammable or harmful
substances. Waste shall be disposed of at
frequent intervals. 1926.25(c)

Illumination

Construction areas, aisles, stairs, ramps, runways,
corridors, offices, shops, and storage areas
shall be lighted to not less than the minimum
illumination intensities listed in Table D-3 while
any work is in progress. 1926.26

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Table D-3 – Minimum Illumination Intensities
in Footcandles

Footcandles: Area of Operation

5……..General construction area lighting

3……..General construction areas, concrete
placement, excavation, waste areas,
accessways, active storage areas, loading
platforms, refueling, and field maintenance
areas

5……..Indoor warehouses, corridors, hallways,
and exitways

5……..Tunnels, shafts, and general underground
work areas (Exception: minimum of 10
footcandles is required at tunnel and shaft
heading during drilling, mucking, and scaling.
Bureau of Mines- approved cap lights shall be
acceptable for use in the tunnel heading)

10…….General construction plant and
shops (e.g., batch plants, screening plants,
mechanical and electrical equipment rooms,
carpenters shops, rigging lofts and active store
rooms, barracks or living quarters, locker or
dressing rooms, mess halls, indoor toilets, and
workrooms)

30…….First-aid stations, infirmaries, and offices

1926.56(a)

Jointers

A jointer guard shall automatically adjust itself
to cover the unused portion of the head and the
section of the head on the working side and the
back side of the fence or cage. The jointer guard
shall remain in contact with the material at all
times. ANSI 01.1-1961, section 4.3.2, incorporated
by reference to construction by 1926.304(f)

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
38

Ladders

A ladder (or stairway) must be provided at all
work points of access where there is a break in
elevation of 19 inches (48.2 centimeters) or more
except if a suitable ramp, runway, embankment,
or personnel hoist is provided to give safe access
to all elevations. 1926.1051(a)

Portable and fixed ladders with structural defects –
such as broken or missing rungs, cleats or steps,
broken or split rails, or corroded components –
shall be withdrawn from service by immediately
tagging “DO NOT USE” or marking in a manner
that identifies them as defective, or shall be
blocked, such as with a plywood attachment that
spans several rungs. Repairs must restore ladder
to its original design criteria. 1926.1053(b)(16), (17)
(i) through (iii) and (18)

Portable non-self-supporting ladders shall have
clear access at top and bottom and be placed at
an angle so the horizontal distance from the top
support to the foot of the ladder is approximately
one-quarter the working length of the ladder.
1926.1053(b)(5)(i) and (b)(9)

Portable ladders used for access to an upper landing
surface must extend a minimum of 3 feet (0.9
meters) above the landing surface, or where not
practical, be provided with grab rails and be secured
against movement while in use. 1926.1053(b)(1)

Ladders must have nonconductive siderails if they
are used where the worker or the ladder could
contact energized electrical conductors or
equipment. 1926.1053(b)(12)

Job-made ladders shall be constructed for their
intended use. Cleats shall be uniformly spaced not
less than 10 inches (25.4 centimeters) apart, nor
more than 14 inches (35.5 centimeters) apart.
1926.1053(a)(3)(i)

Wood job-made ladders with spliced side rails
must be used at an angle where the horizontal
distance is one-eighth the working length of the
ladder. 1926.1053(b)(5)(ii)

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST
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Fixed ladders must be used at a pitch no greater
than 90 degrees from the horizontal, measured
from the back side of the ladder. 1926.1053(b)(5)(iii)

Ladders must be used only on stable and level
surfaces unless secured to prevent accidental
movement. 1926.1053(b)(6)

Ladders must not be used on slippery surfaces
unless secured or provided with slip-resistant feet
to prevent accidental movement. Slip-resistant
feet must not be used as a substitute for the care
in placing, lashing, or holding a ladder upon a
slippery surface. 1926.1053 (b)(7)

Employers must provide a training program for
each employee using ladders and stairways. The
program must enable each employee to recognize
hazards related to ladders and stairways and to
use proper procedures to minimize these hazards.
For example, employers must ensure that each
employee is trained by a competent person in the
following areas, as applicable:

ƒ The nature of fall hazards in the work area,

ƒ The correct procedures for erecting, maintaining,
and disassembling the fall protection systems to
be used,

ƒ The proper construction, use, placement, and
care in handling of all stairways and ladders, and

ƒ The maximum intended load-carrying capacities
of ladders used.

In addition, retraining must be provided for each
employee, as necessary, so that the employee
maintains the understanding and knowledge
acquired through compliance with the standard.
1926.1060(a) and (b)

Lasers

Only qualified and trained employees shall be
assigned to install, adjust, and operate laser
equipment. 1926.54(a)

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
40

Employees shall wear proper (antilaser) eye
protection when working in areas where there is a
potential exposure to direct or reflected laser light
greater than 0.005 watts (5 milliwatts). 1926.54(c)

Beam shutters or caps shall be utilized, or the
laser turned off, when laser transmission is
not actually required. When the laser is left
unattended for a substantial period of time – such
as during lunch hour, overnight, or at change of
shifts – the laser shall be turned off. 1926.54(e)

Employees shall not be exposed to light intensities
in excess of the following: direct staring – 1
microwatt per square centimeter, incidental
observing – 1 milliwatt per square centimeter, and
diffused reflected light – 2 1/2 watts per square
centimeter. 1926.54(j)(1) through (3)

Employees shall not be exposed to microwave
power densities in excess of 10 milliwatts per
square centimeter. 1926.54(1)

Lead

Each employer who has a workplace or operation
covered by this standard shall initially determine if
any employee may be exposed to lead at or above
the action level of 30 micrograms per cubic meter
(30 µg/m3) of air calculated as an 8-hour time-
weighted average. 1926.62(d)(1)(i)

The employer shall assure that no employee is
exposed to lead at concentrations greater than 50
micrograms per cubic meter (50 µg/m3) of air
averaged over an 8-hour period (the permissible
exposure limit PEL). 1926.62(c)(1)

Whenever there has been a change of equipment,
process, control, personnel, or a new task has
been initiated that may result in additional
employees being exposed to lead at or above
the action level or may result in employees
already exposed at or above the action level
being exposed above the PEL, the employer shall
conduct additional monitoring. 1926.62(d)(7)

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST
41

Training shall be provided in accordance with the
Hazard Communication standard and additional
training shall be provided for employees exposed
at or above the action level. 1926.62(1)

Prior to the start of the job, each employer shall
establish and implement a written compliance
program. 1926.62(e)(2)(i)

Where employees are required to use respirators,
the employer must implement a respiratory
protection program. 1910.134(b) through (d)
(except (d)(iii)), and (f) through (m) made
applicable to construction by 1926.62(f)(2)(i)

Where airborne concentrations of lead equal or
exceed the action level at any time, an initial
medical examination consisting of blood sampling
and analysis shall be made available for each
employee prior to initial assignment to the area.
1926.62 Appendix B, viii, paragraph (j)

Lift Slab

Lift-slab operations shall be designed and planned
by a registered professional engineer who has
experience in lift-slab construction. Such plans
and designs shall be implemented by the
employer and shall include detailed instructions
and sketches indicating the prescribed method of
erection. 1926.705(a)

Jacking equipment shall be capable of supporting
at least two and one-half times the load being
lifted during jacking operations. Also, do not
overload the jacking equipment. 1926.705(d)

During erection, no employee, except those
essential to the jacking operation, shall be
permitted in the building or structure while jacking
operations are taking place unless the building
or structure has been reinforced sufficiently to
ensure its integrity. 1926.705(k)(1)

Equipment shall be designed and installed to
prevent slippage; otherwise, the employer shall
institute other measures, such as locking or

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
42

blocking devices, which will provide positive
connection between the lifting rods and
attachments and will prevent components from
disengaging during lifting operations. 1926.705(p)

Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Each system shall have containers, valves,
connectors, manifold valve assemblies, and
regulators of an approved type. 1926.153(a)(1)

Every container and vaporizer shall be provided
with one or more approved safety relief valves or
devices. 1926.153(d)(1)

Containers shall be placed upright on firm
foundations or otherwise firmly secured.
1926.153(g) and (h)(11)

Portable heaters shall be equipped with an
approved automatic device to shut off the flow of
gas in the event of flame failure. 1926.153(h)(8)

All cylinder connectors shall be equipped with
an excess flow valve to minimize the flow of
gas in the event the fuel line becomes ruptured.
1926.153(i)(2)

Storage of liquefied petroleum gas within
buildings is prohibited. 1926.153(j)

Storage locations shall have at least one approved
portable fire extinguisher rated not less than
20-B:C. 1926.153(l)

Medical Services and First Aid

The employer shall ensure the availability of
medical personnel for advice and consultation on
matters of occupational health. 1926.50(a)

When a medical facility is not reasonably
accessible for the treatment of injured employees,
a person qualified to render first aid shall be
available at the worksite. 1926.50(c)

First-aid supplies when required should be readily
available. 1926.50(d)(1)

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST
43

In areas where 911 is not available, the telephone
numbers of the physicians, hospitals, or
ambulances shall be conspicuously posted.
1926.50(f)

Motor Vehicles and Mechanized Equipment

All vehicles in use shall be checked at the
beginning of each shift to ensure that all parts,
equipment, and accessories that affect safe
operation are in proper operating condition and
free from defects. All defects shall be corrected
before the vehicle is placed in service. 1926.601
(b)(14)

No employer shall use any motor vehicle,
earthmoving, or compacting equipment having an
obstructed view to the rear unless:

ƒ The vehicle has a reverse signal alarm distin-
guishable from the surrounding noise level, or
the vehicle is backed up only when an observer
signals that it is safe to do so. 1926.601(b)(4)(i)
through (ii) and 602(a)(9)(i) through (ii)

Heavy machinery, equipment, or parts thereof that
are suspended or held aloft shall be substantially
blocked to prevent falling or shifting before
employees are permitted to work under or
between them. 1926.600(a)(3)(i)

Noise (See Hearing Protection)

Personal Protective Equipment

The employer is responsible for requiring the
wearing of appropriate personal protective
equipment in all operations where there is an
exposure to hazardous conditions or where the
need is indicated for using such equipment to
reduce the hazard to the employees. 1926.28(a)
and 1926.95(a) through (c)

Employers must provide most personal protective
equipment at no cost to employees. 1926.95(d)(1),
see 1926.95(d)(2) through (6) for exceptions

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
44

OSHA requires employers to provide and for
employees to use specific types of personal
protective equipment in specific standards
throughout 29 CFR 1926. These standards
include, but are not limited to:

ƒ Foot protection. 1926.96

ƒ Head protection. 1926.100

ƒ Hearing protection. 1926.101

ƒ Eye and face protection. 1926.102

ƒ Respiratory protection. 1910.134 made
applicable to construction by 1926.103

ƒ Safety belts, lifelines, and lanyards. 1926.104

ƒ Safety nets. 1926.105

ƒ Working over or near water (life jackets).
1926.106

ƒ Personal fall arrest system. 1926.502(d)

ƒ Protective equipment for use during electrical
work. 1926.416 and 1926.9

Head, hearing, eye and face, safety nets, fall
protection, and working over or near water are
covered in detail in this digest.

Powder-Actuated Tools

Only trained employees shall be allowed to
operate powder-actuated tools. 1926.302(e)(1)

All powder-actuated tools shall be tested daily
before use and all defects discovered before
or during use shall be corrected. 1926.302(e)(2)
through (3)

Tools shall not be loaded until immediately before
use. Loaded tools shall not be left unattended.
1926.302(e)(5) through (6)

Power Transmission and Distribution

Existing conditions shall be determined before
starting work, by an inspection or a test. Such
conditions shall include, but not be limited to,

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST

energized lines and equipment, condition of
poles, and the location of circuits and equipment
including power and communications, cable
television, and fire-alarm circuits. 1926.950(b)(1)

Electric equipment and lines shall be considered
energized until determined otherwise by testing or
until grounding. 1926.950(b)(2) and .954(a)

Operating voltage of equipment and lines shall be
determined before working on or near energized
parts. 1926.950(b)(3)

Rubber protective equipment shall comply with
the provisions of the ANSI J6 series, and shall be
visually inspected before use. 1926.951(a)(1)(i)
through (ii)

Protective equipment of material other than
rubber shall provide equal or better electrical and
mechanical protection. 1926.951(a)(iv)

Powered Industrial Trucks (Forklifts)

Each powered industrial truck operator must be
competent to operate a powered industrial
truck safely, as demonstrated by the successful
completion of the training and evaluation.
1910.178(l)(1)(i) made applicable to construction
by 1926.602(d)

Training shall consist of a combination of formal
instruction (e.g., lecture, discussion, interactive
computer learning, video tape, written material),
practical training (demonstrations performed by
the trainer and practical exercises performed by
the trainee), and evaluation of the operator’s
performance in the workplace. 1910.178(l)(2)(ii)
made applicable to construction by 1926.602(d)

Power Transmission, Mechanical

Belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets, spindles,
drums, flywheels, chains, or other reciprocating,
rotating, or moving parts of equipment shall be
guarded if such parts are exposed to contact by

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
46

employees or otherwise constitute a hazard.
Guarding shall meet the requirement of ANSI
B15.1-1953 (R 1958), Safety Code for Mechanical
Power Transmission Apparatus. 1926.300(b)(2)

Process Safety Management of Highly
Hazardous Chemicals

Employers shall develop a written plan of action
regarding employee participation and consult
with employees and their representatives on the
conduct and development of process hazards
analyses and on the development of the other
elements of process safety management.
1926.64(c)(1) through (2)

The employer, when selecting a contractor, shall
obtain and evaluate information regarding the
contract employer’s safety performance and
programs. 1926.64(h)(2)(i)

The contract employer shall assure that each
contract employee is trained in the work practices
necessary to safely perform his/her job. 1926.64(h)
(3)(i)

The employer shall perform a pre-startup safety
review for new facilities and for modified facilities
when the modification is significant enough to
require a change in the process safety
information. 1926.64(i)(1)

The employer shall establish and implement
written procedures to maintain the ongoing
integrity of process equipment. 1926.64(j)(2)

Radiation, Ionizing

Pertinent provisions of the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission (NRC) Standards for Protection
Against Radiation (10 CFR Part 20) relating
to protection against occupational radiation
exposure shall apply. 1926.53(a)

Any activity that involves the use of radioactive
materials or X-rays, whether or not under license
from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, shall

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST
47

be performed by competent persons specially
trained in the proper and safe operation of such
equipment. 1926.53(b)

Railings

Top edge height of top rails or equivalent guardrail
system members shall have a vertical height of
approximately 42 inches (106.6 centimeters), plus
or minus 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) above the
walking/working level. 1926.502(b)(1)

Guardrail systems shall be surfaced so as to
prevent injury to an employee, with a strength to
withstand at least 200 pounds (90 kilograms), the
minimum requirement applied in any outward or
downward direction, at any point along the top
edge. 1926.502(b)(3) and (6)

A stair railing shall be of construction similar to
a standard railing with a vertical height of not
less than 36 inches (91.5 centimeters) from the
upper surface of top rail to the surface of tread
in line with face of riser at forward edge of tread.
1926.1052(c)(3)(i)

Recordkeeping: Recording and
Reporting Requirements

All employers must report the death of any
employee from a work-related incident within
8 hours of learning about it or report within
24 hours any work-related inpatient hospitalization,
amputation or loss of an eye to the closest OSHA
office, or call 1-800-321-OSHA (6742). 1904.39(a)
and (b)(7)

If your company had more than 10 employees
at any time during the last calendar year, you
must keep the OSHA injury and illness records
using the OSHA Forms 300, 300-A, and 301 or the
equivalent form. 1904.1(a)(2) and 1904.29(a) and (b)(4)

If your company had 10 or fewer employees at
all times during the last calendar year, you do
not need to keep OSHA injury and illness records

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
48

unless OSHA or the Bureau of Labor Statistics
informs you in writing that you must keep these
records. 1904.1(a)(1)

Each recordable injury or illness must be entered
on the OSHA Forms 300 and 301 within 7 days of
receiving the information. 1904.29(b)(3)

OSHA injury and illness records must be kept
for all projects. If the project is 1 year or longer
a separate OSHA 300 log must be kept. If the
projects are less than 1 year, these projects may
be placed on one OSHA 300 log that covers all
short-term projects. These records may be kept
at a central location as long as the information is
transferred within 7 days. 1904.30(a), (b)(1) and (2)

The OSHA 300 log must be verified, certified by a
company executive, and posted at the end of each
calendar year. The log must be posted no later
than February 1 of the following year and remain
posted until April 30. 1904.32 (a) and (b)

The OSHA 300 and 301 logs must be kept for 5
years following the year to which they relate.
1904.33(a) and 1904.44

Reinforced Steel

All protruding reinforced steel, onto and into
which employees could fall, shall be guarded to
eliminate the hazard of impalement. 1926.701(b)

No employee (except those essential to the post-
tensioning operations) shall be permitted to be
behind the jack during tensioning operations.
1926.701(c)(1)

Reinforcing steel for walls, piers, columns, and
similar vertical structures shall be adequately
supported to prevent overturning and to prevent
collapse. 1926.703(d)(1)

Employers shall take measures to prevent
unrolled wire mesh from recoiling. Such
measures may include, but are not limited to,
securing each end of the roll or turning over the
roll. 1926.703(d)(2)

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST
49

Respiratory Protection

In emergencies, or when feasible engineering or
administrative controls are not effective in
controlling toxic substances, appropriate
respiratory protective equipment shall be provided
by the employer and shall be used. 1910.134(a)(1)
made applicable to construction by 1926.103

Employers must select a NIOSH-certified respirator.
The respirator must be used in compliance with
the conditions of its certification. 1910.134(d)(1)(ii)
made applicable to construction by 1926.103

Respiratory protective devices shall be
appropriate for the hazardous material
involved and the extent and nature of the work
requirements and conditions. 1910.134(d)(1)(i)
made applicable to construction by 1926.103

Employees required to use respiratory protective
devices shall be thoroughly trained in their use.
1910.134(k) made applicable to construction by
1926.103

Respiratory protective equipment shall be inspected
regularly and maintained in good condition.
1910.134(h) made applicable to construction by
1926.103

Rollover Protective Structures (ROPS)

Rollover protective structures (ROPS) apply to the
following types of materials handling equipment:
all rubber-tired, self-propelled scrapers, rubber-tired
frontend loaders, rubber-tired dozers, wheel-type
agricultural and industrial tractors, crawler tractors,
crawler-type loaders, and motor graders, with or
without attachments, that are used in construction
work. This requirement does not apply to sideboom
pipelaying tractors. 1926.1000(a)(1)

Safety Nets

Safety nets must be installed as close as
practicable under the walking/working surface
on which employees are working, but in no case

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
50

more than 30 feet (9.14 meters) below such level.
When nets are used on bridges, the potential fall
area from the walking/working surface to the net
shall be unobstructed. 1926.502(c)(1)

Safety nets and their installations must be
capable of absorbing an impact force equal to that
produced by the drop test. 1926.502(c)(4)

Saws

Band Saws

All portions of band saw blades shall be enclosed
or guarded, except for the working portion of
the blade between the bottom of the guide rolls
and the table. ANSI 01.1-1961, incorporated by
reference to construction by 1926.304(f)

Band saw wheels shall be fully encased.
ANSI 01.1-1961, incorporated by reference to
construction by 1926.304(f)

Portable Circular Saws

Portable, power-driven circular saws shall be
equipped with guards above and below the base
plate or shoe. The lower guard shall cover the saw
to the depth of the teeth, except for the minimum
arc required to allow proper retraction and contact
with the work, and shall automatically return to
the covering position when the blade is removed
from the work. 1926.304(d)

Circular saws shall have a constant pressure
switch that will shut off the power when the
pressure is released. 1926.300(d)(3)

Radial Saws

Radial saws shall have an upper guard that
completely encloses the upper half of the saw
blade. The sides of the lower exposed portion
of the blade shall be guarded by a device that
will automatically adjust to the thickness of and
remain in contact with the material being cut.
1926.304(g)(1)

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST
51

Radial saws used for ripping shall have nonkickback
fingers or dogs. ANSI 01.1-1961, incorporated by
reference to construction by 1926.304(f)

Radial saws shall be installed so that the cutting
head will return to the starting position when
released by the operator. ANSI 01.1-1961,
incorporated by reference to construction by
1926.304(f)

Swing or Sliding Cut-Off Saws

All swing or sliding cut-off saws shall be provided
with a hood that will completely enclose the upper
half of the saw. ANSI 01.1-1961, incorporated by
reference to construction by 1926.304(f)

Limit stops shall be provided to prevent swing or
sliding type cut-off saws from extending beyond
the front or back edges of the table. ANSI 01.1-
1961, incorporated by reference to construction by
1926.304(f)

Each swing or sliding cut-off saw shall be
provided with an effective device to return the
saw automatically to the back of the table when
released at any point of its travel. ANSI 01.1-1961,
incorporated by reference to construction by
1926.304(f)

Inverted sawing of sliding cut-off saws shall be
provided with a hood that will cover the part of the
saw that protrudes above the top of the table or
material being cut. ANSI 01.1-1961, incorporated by
reference to construction by 1926.304(f)

Table Saws

Circular table saws shall have a hood over the
portion of the saw above the table, so mounted
that the hood will automatically adjust itself to
the thickness of and remain in contact with the
material being cut. 1926.304(h)(1)

Circular table saws shall have a spreader aligned
with the blade, spaced no more than 1/2-inch
(1.27-centimeters) behind the largest blade
mounted in the saw. This provision does not

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
52

apply when grooving, dadoing, or rabbiting.
ANSI 01.1-1961, incorporated by reference to
construction by 1926.304(f)

Circular table saws used for ripping shall have
nonkickback fingers or dogs. ANSI 01.1-1961,
incorporated by reference to construction by
1926.304(f)

Feeder attachments shall have the feed rolls or
other moving parts covered or guarded so as
to protect the operator from hazardous points.
1926.304(c)

Scaffolds, General Requirements

Scaffolds shall be erected, moved, dismantled, or
altered only under the supervision and direction
of a competent person. 1926.451(f)(7)

Scaffolds are any temporary elevated platform
(supported or suspended) and its supporting
structure (including points of anchorage), used for
supporting employees or materials or both.
1926.450(b)

Each employee who performs work on a scaffold
shall be trained by a person qualified to recognize
the hazards associated with the type of scaffold
used and to understand the procedures to
control or minimize those hazards. The training
shall include such topics as the nature of any
electrical hazards, fall hazards, falling object
hazards, the maintenance and disassembly of the
fall protection systems, the use of the scaffold,
handling of materials, the capacity and the
maximum intended load. 1926.454(a)

Fall protection (guardrail systems and personal
fall arrest systems) must be provided for each
employee on a scaffold more than 10 feet (3.1
meters) above a lower level. 1926.451(g)(1)

Each scaffold and scaffold component shall
support without failure its own weight and at
least 4 times the maximum intended load applied
or transmitted to it. Suspension ropes and
connecting hardware must support 6 times the

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST
53

intended load. Scaffolds and scaffold components
shall not be loaded in excess of their maximum
intended loads or rated capacities, whichever is
less. 1926.451(a)(1), (a)(4), (f)(1)

The scaffold platform shall be planked or decked
as fully as possible. 1926.451(b)(1)

The platform shall not deflect more than 1/60 of
the span when loaded. 1926.451(f)(16)

The work area for each scaffold platform
and walkway shall be at least 18 inches (46
centimeters) wide. When the work area must
be less than 18 inches (46 centimeters) wide,
guardrails and/or personal fall arrest systems shall
still be used. 1926.451(b)(2)(ii)

Access must be provided when the scaffold
platforms are more than 2 feet (0.6 m) above
or below a point of access. Direct access is
acceptable when the scaffold is not more than 14
inches (36 centimeters) horizontally and not more
than 24 inches (61 centimeters) vertically from the
other surfaces. Crossbraces shall not be used as a
means of access. 1926.451(e)(1) and (e)(8)

A competent person shall inspect the scaffold,
scaffold components, and ropes on suspended
scaffolds before each work shift and after any
occurrence which could affect the structural
integrity and authorize prompt corrective action.
1926.450 (b), 451(f)(3)

Scaffold, Bricklaying

Employees doing overhand bricklaying from a
supported scaffold shall be protected by a
guardrail or personal fall arrest system on all
sides except the side where the work is being
done. 1926.451(g)(1)(vi)

Scaffold, Erectors and Dismantlers

A competent person shall determine the feasibility
for safe access and fall protection for employees
erecting and dismantling supported scaffolds.
1926.451(e)(9) and (g)(2)

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
54

Scaffold, Fall Arrest Systems

A personal fall arrest system consists of an
anchorage, connectors, a body harness, a
lanyard, and may include a deceleration device.
Anchorages used for attachment shall be capable
of supporting at least 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN) per
employee attached or shall be designed, installed,
and used under the supervision of a qualified
person as part of a complete personal fall arrest
system which maintains a safety factor of at least
two. Personal fall arrest systems used on scaffolds
must be attached by lanyard to a vertical lifeline,
horizontal lifeline, or scaffold structural member.
1926.502(d)(15) and 1926.451(g)(3)

Vertical or horizontal lifelines may be used.
1926.451(g)(3)(ii) through (iv)

Lifelines shall be independent of support lines and
suspension ropes and not attached to the same
anchorage point as the support or suspension
ropes. 1926.451(g)(3)(iii) and (iv)

Employees must be tied off when working from
an aerial lift. Fall restraint systems or personal fall
arrest systems may be used. The use of personal
fall arrest systems must comply with Subpart M.
1926.453(b)(2)(v) and 1926.502(d)

Scaffold, Guardrails

Guardrails shall be installed along all open sides
and ends of platforms before the scaffold is
released for use by employees other than the
erection and dismantling crews. Guardrails are
not required on the front edge of a platform if the
front edge of the platform is less than 14 inches
(36 centimeters) from the face of the work. For
plastering and lathing, the distance is 18 inches
(46 centimeters) or less from the front edge. When
outrigger scaffolds are attached to supported
scaffolds the distance is 3 inches (8 centimeters)
or less from the front edge of the outrigger.
1926.451(b)(3) and (g)(4)

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55

The toprail for scaffolds must be 38 inches (0.97
meters) to 45 inches (1.2 meters) from the
platform. Midrails are to be installed approxi-
mately halfway between the toprail and the
platform surface. 1926.451(g)(4)(ii) and (iii)

Toeboards or other barriers are to be used to
protect employees working below. 1926.451(h)

When screens and mesh are used for guardrails,
they shall extend from the top edge of the
guardrail system to the scaffold platform, and
along the entire opening between the supports.
1926.451(g)(4)(v)

Crossbracing is not acceptable as an entire
guardrail system but is acceptable for a toprail
when the crossing point of the two braces is
between 38 inches (0.9 meters) and 48 inches
(1.3 meters) above the work platform and for
midrails when between 20 inches (0.5 meters) and
30 inches (0.8 meters) above the work platform.
The end points of the crossbracing shall be no
more than 48 inches (1.3 meters) apart vertically.
1926.451(g)(4)(xv)

Scaffolds, Mobile

Scaffolds shall be braced by cross, horizontal, or
diagonal braces, or a combination thereof.
Scaffolds must be plumb, level, and squared. All
brace connections must be secured. 1926.452(w)(1)

Each employee on a scaffold more than 10 feet
above a lower level shall be protected from falling
to that lower level by use of guardrail systems or
personal fall arrest systems. 1926.451(g)(1), (g)(1)
(vii), and (g)(4)

Scaffold, Planking

Scaffold planking shall be capable of supporting
without failure its own weight and at least 4 times
the intended load. Solid sawn wood, fabricated
planks, and fabricated platforms may be used as
scaffold planks, following the recommendations

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
56

by the manufacturer or a lumber grading
association or inspection agency. Tables showing
maximum permissible spans, rated load capacity,
nominal thickness, etc., are in Appendix A of
Subpart L (1)(b) and (c). 1926.451(a)(1)

Scaffolds, Supported

Supported scaffolds are platforms supported by
legs, outrigger beams, brackets, poles, uprights,
posts, frames, or similar rigid support. The
structural members, poles, legs, posts, frames, and
uprights, shall be plumb and braced to prevent
swaying and displacement. 1926.451(b) and (c)(3)

Supported scaffolds poles, legs, posts, frames,
and uprights shall bear on base plates and mud
sills, or on another adequate firm foundation.
1926.451(c)(2)

Either the manufacturer’s recommendation or the
following placements shall be used for guys, ties,
and braces: install guys, ties, and braces at the
closest horizontal member to the 4:1 height and
repeat vertically with the top restraint no further
than the 4:1 height from the top:

Vertically

Every 20 feet (6.1 meters) or less for scaffolds less
than 3 feet (0.9 meters) wide;

Every 26 feet (7.9 meters) or less for scaffolds
more than 3 feet (0.9 meters) wide;

Horizontally

At each end;

At intervals not to exceed 30 feet (9.1 meters)
from one end. 1926.451(c)(1)(ii)

Scaffolds, Suspension (Swing)

Each employee more than 10 feet (3.1 meters)
above a lower level shall be protected from falling
by guardrails and a personal fall arrest system
when working from single or two-point suspended
scaffolds and self-contained adjustable scaffolds that
are supported by ropes. 1926.451(g)(1)(ii) and (iv)

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST

Each employee 10 feet (3.1 meters) above a
lower level shall be protected from falling by a
personal fall arrest system when working from a
boatswain’s chair, ladder jack, needle beam, float,
or catenary scaffolds. 1926.451(g)(1)(i)

Lifelines shall be independent of support lines and
suspension ropes and not attached to the same
anchorage point as the support or suspension
ropes. 1926.451(g)(3)(iii) and (iv)

A competent person shall inspect the ropes for
defects prior to each workshift and after every
occurrence which could affect a rope’s integrity,
evaluate the direct connections that support the
load, and determine if two-point and multi-point
scaffolds are secured from swaying. 1926.451(d)
(3)(i), (d)(10), (d)(18), (f)(3)

The use of repaired wire rope is prohibited.
1926.451(d)(7)

Tiebacks shall be secured to a structurally sound
anchorage on the building or structure.
1926.451(d)(3)(ix)

Tiebacks shall not be secured to standpipes,
vents, other piping systems, or electrical conduit.
1926.451(d)(3)(ix) and (d)(5)

A single tieback shall be installed perpendicular to
the face of the building or structure. Two tiebacks
installed at opposing angles are required when a
perpendicular tieback cannot be installed.
1926.451(d)(3)(x)

Only those items specifically designed as
counterweights shall be used. Sand, gravel,
masonry units, rolls of roofing felt, and other such
materials shall not be used as counterweights.
1926.451(d)(3)(ii) and (iii)

Counterweights used for suspended scaffolds
shall be made of materials that can not be easily
dislocated. 1926.451(d)(3)(ii)

Counterweights shall be secured by mechanical
means to the outrigger beams. 1926.451(d)(3)(iv)

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
58

Signs, Signals, and Barricades (See
Flaggers)

Construction areas shall be posted with legible
traffic signs at points of hazard. 1926.200 (g)(1)

Barricades for protection of employees shall
conform to Part 6 of the Manual on Uniform
Traffic Control Devices. 1926.202

Silica

Appropriate engineering controls, personal
protective equipment, respirators, and work
practices shall be used to protect employees from
crystalline silica. 1926.55(a) and (b) and OSHA
National Emphasis Program on Crystalline Silica
1/24/2008

Stairs

A stairway or ladder must be provided at all
worker points of access where there is a break in
elevation of 19 inches (48.3 centimeters) or more
and no ramp, runway, sloped embankment, or
personnel hoist is provided. 1926.1051(a)

Except during construction of the actual stairway,
skeleton metal frame structures and steps must
not be used (where treads and/or landings are to
be installed at a later date), unless the stairs are
fitted with secured temporary treads and landings.
1926.1052(b)(2)

When there is only one point of access between
levels, it must be kept clear to permit free passage
by workers. If free passage becomes restricted,
a second point of access must be provided and
used. 1926.1051(a)(3)

When there are more than two points of access
between levels, at least one point of access must
be kept clear. 1926.1051(a)(4)

All stairway and ladder fall protection systems
must be provided and installed as required by
the stairway and ladder rules before employees

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST
59

begin work that requires them to use stairways
or ladders and their respective fall protection
systems. 1926.1051(b)

Stairways that will not be a permanent part
of the structure on which construction work is
performed must have landings at least 30 inches
deep and 22 inches wide (76.2 x 55.9 centimeters)
at every 12 feet (3.6 meters) or less of vertical rise.
1926.1052(a)(1)

Stairways must be installed at least 30 degrees,
and no more than 50 degrees, from the horizontal.
1926.1052(a)(2)

Where doors or gates open directly onto a
stairway, a platform must be provided, and the
swing of the door shall not reduce the effective
width of the platform to less than 20 inches (50.8
centimeters). 1926.1052(a)(4)

Except during construction of the actual stairway,
stairways with metal pan landings and treads
must not be used where the treads and/or
landings have not been filled in with concrete or
other material, unless the pans of the stairs and/
or landings are temporarily filled in with wood or
other material. All treads and landings must be
replaced when worn below the top edge of the
pan. 1926.1052(b)(1)

Stairways having four or more risers, or rising
more than 30 inches in height (76.2 centimeters),
whichever is less, must have at least one handrail.
A stairrail also must be installed along each
unprotected side or edge. 1926.1052(c)(1)(i)
through (ii)

Midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical
members, or equivalent intermediate structural
members must be provided between the top
rail and stairway steps of the stairrail system.
1926.1052(c)(4)

Midrails, when used, must be located midway
between the top of the stairrail system and the
stairway steps. 1926.1052(c)(4)(i)

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
60

The height of handrails must not be more than 37
inches (93.9 centimeters) nor less than 30 inches
(76.2 centimeters) from the upper surface of the
handrail to the surface of the tread in line with face
of riser at forward edge of tread. 1926.1052(c)(6)

When the top edge of a stairrail system also
serves as a handrail, the height of the top edge
must not be more than 37 inches (94 cm) nor less
than 36 inches (91.5 cm) from the upper surface of
the stairrail system to the surface of the tread, in
line with face of riser at forward edge of the tread.
1926.1052(c)(7)

Temporary handrails must have a minimum
clearance of 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) between
the handrail and walls, stairrail systems, and other
objects. 1926.1052(c)(11)

Unprotected sides and edges of stairway landings
must be provided with guardrail systems.
1926.1052(c)(12)

Steel Erection

Each employee engaged in a steel erection activity
who is on a walking/working surface with an
unprotected side or edge more than 15 feet (4.6
meters) above a lower level shall be protected
from fall hazards by guardrail systems, safety net
systems, personal fall arrest systems, positioning
device systems or fall restraint systems.
1926.760(a)(1)

Connectors more than two stories or 30 feet (9.1
meters) above a lower level, whichever is less,
shall be protected by guardrail systems, safety net
systems, personal fall arrest systems, positioning
devices systems, or fall restraint systems.
1926.760(b)(1)

Connectors at heights over 15 feet and up to 30
feet above a lower level shall be provided with
a personal fall arrest system, positioning device
system, or fall restraint system and wear the
equipment necessary to be tied off; or be provided
with other means of protection from fall hazards in
accordance with 1926.760(a)(1) and 1926.760(b)(3)

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST

Training shall be provided for all employees
exposed to fall hazards. Special training shall be
provided to connectors, workers in controlled
decking zones, and those rigging for multiple lifts.
1926.761(c)

Steel erection begins when written notification
that the concrete in the footings, piers, and walls
or the mortar in the masonry piers and walls
has attained the strength to support the loads
imposed during steel erection. 1926.752(b)

Shear connectors (such as headed steel studs,
steel bars or steel lugs), reinforcing bars,
deformed anchors or threaded studs shall not
be attached to the top flanges of beams, joists or
beam attachments so that they project vertically
from or horizontally across the top flange of the
member until after the metal decking, or other
walking/working surface, has been installed.
1926.754(c)(1)

Columns shall be anchored by a minimum of four
anchor rods (anchor bolts). 1926.755(a)(1)

Solid web structural members shall be secured
with at least two bolts per connection before being
released from the hoisting line. 1926.756(a)(1)

Open web joists must be field bolted at each end
of the bottom chord before being released from
the hoisting line. 1926.757(a)(1)(iii)

Decking shall be laid tightly and secured.
1926.754(e)(5)

Controlled decking zones shall be clearly marked
and access limited to only those employees
engaged in leading edge work. 1926.760(c)(2) and (3)

Cranes used in steel erection shall be inspected
prior to each shift by a competent person. Routes
for suspended loads shall be planned to ensure no
employee is required to work directly under
the load except for connecting or hooking or
unhooking. Hooks with self-closing latches shall
be used. All loads shall be rigged by a qualified
rigger. Multiple lifts shall hoist a maximum of five
members. 1926.753(c)(1)(i), (d)(1) and (e)(1)(ii)

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
62

Storage

All materials stored in tiers shall be secured to
prevent sliding, falling, or collapsing. 1926.250(a)(1)

Aisles and passageways shall be kept clear and in
good repair. 1926.250(a)(3)

Storage of materials shall not obstruct exits.
1926.151(d)(1)

Materials shall be stored with due regard to their
fire characteristics. 1926.151(d)(2)

Tire Cages

A safety tire rack, cage, or equivalent protection
shall be provided and used when inflating,
mounting, or dismounting tires installed on split
rims, or rims equipped with locking rings or
similar devices. 1926.600(a)(2)

Toeboards

Toeboards, when used to protect workers from
falling objects, shall be erected along the edge of the
overhead walking/working surface. 1926.502(j)(1)

Toeboards shall be capable of withstanding,
without failure, a force of at least 50 pounds (222
N) applied in any downward or outward direction
at any point along the toeboard. 1926.502(j)(2)

A standard toeboard shall be at least 3 1/2 inches
(9 centimeters) in height and may be of any
substantial material either solid or open, with
openings not to exceed 1 inch (2.54 centimeters)
in greatest dimension. 1926.502(j)(3)

Toilets

Toilets shall be provided according to the
following: 20 or fewer persons – one facility; 20 or
more persons – one toilet seat and one urinal per
40 persons; 200 or more persons – one toilet seat
and one urinal per 50 workers. 1926.51(c)(1)

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST

This requirement does not apply to mobile crews
having transportation readily available to nearby
toilet facilities. 1926.51(c)(4)

Training and Inspections

The employer shall initiate and maintain such
programs as may be necessary to provide for
frequent and regular inspections of the job
site, materials, and equipment by designated
competent persons. 1926.20(b)(1) through (2)

The employer should avail himself of the safety
and health training programs the Secretary
provides. 1926.21(b)(1)

The employer shall instruct each employee in the
recognition and avoidance of unsafe conditions
and in the regulations applicable to his work
environment to control or eliminate any hazards
or other exposure to illness or injury. 1926.21(b)(2)

The use of any machinery, tool, material, or
equipment that is not in compliance with any
applicable requirement of Part 1926 is prohibited.
1926.20(b)(3)

The employer shall permit only those employees
qualified by training or experience to operate
equipment and machinery. 1926.20(b)(4)

Underground Construction

The employer shall provide and maintain safe
means of access and egress to all work stations.
1926.800(b)(1)

The employer shall control access to all openings
to prevent unauthorized entry underground.
Unused chutes, manways, or other openings shall
be tightly covered, bulkheaded, or fenced off, and
shall be posted with signs indicating “Keep Out”
or similar language. Complete or unused sections
of the underground facility shall be barricaded.
1926.800(b)(3)

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
64

Unless underground facilities are sufficiently
completed so that the permanent environmental
controls are effective and the remaining
construction activity will not cause any
environmental hazard or structural failure within
the facilities, the employer shall maintain a
check-in/check-out procedure that will ensure
that aboveground designated personnel can
determine an accurate count of the number
of persons underground in the event of an
emergency. 1926.800(c)

All employees shall be instructed to recognize
and avoid hazards associated with underground
construction activities. 1926.800(d)

Hazardous classifications are for “potentially
gassy” and “gassy” operations. 1926.800(h) The
employer shall assign a competent person to
perform all air monitoring to determine proper
ventilation and quantitative measurements of
potentially hazardous gases. 1926.800(j)(1)(i)(A)

Fresh air shall be supplied to all underground
work areas in sufficient quantities to prevent
dangerous or harmful accumulation of dust,
fumes, mists, vapors, or gases. 1926.800(k)(1)(i)

Washing Facilities

The employer shall provide adequate washing
facilities for employees engaged in operations
involving harmful substances. Washing facilities
shall be near the worksite and shall be so
equipped as to enable employees to remove all
harmful substances. 1926.51(f)

Water, Working Over or Near

Employees working over or near water, where the
danger of drowning exists, shall be provided with
U.S. Coast Guard-approved life jackets or buoyant
work vests. 1926.106(a)

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST
65

Welding, Cutting, and Heating

Employers shall instruct employees in the safe use
of welding equipment. 1926.350(d) and 1926.351(d)

Proper precautions (isolating welding and cutting,
removing fire hazards from the vicinity, providing
a fire watch) for fire prevention shall be taken in
areas where welding or other “hot work” is being
done. No welding, cutting, or heating shall be
done where the application of flammable paints,
or the presence of other flammable compounds
or heavy dust concentrations creates a fire hazard.
1926.352(a) through (c) and (f)

Arc welding and cutting operations shall be
shielded by noncombustible or flameproof
screens to protect employees and other persons
in the vicinity from direct arc rays. 1926.351(e)

When electrode holders are to be left unattended,
the electrodes shall be removed and the holder
shall be placed or protected so that they cannot
make electrical contact with employees or
conducting objects. 1926.351(d)(1)

All arc welding and cutting cables shall be
completely insulated and be capable of handling
the maximum current requirements for the job.
There shall be no repairs or splices within 10 feet
(3 meters) of the electrode holder, except where
splices are insulated equal to the insulation of
the cable. Defective cable shall be repaired or
replaced. 1926.351(b)(1) through (2) and (4)

Employees performing such operations in
the open air shall be protected by filter-type
respirators in accordance with the requirements of
1910.134, except that employees performing such
operations on beryllium-containing base or filler
metals shall be protected with air line respirators in
accordance with 1910.134. 1926.353(c)(3)

Fuel gas and oxygen hose shall be easily
distinguishable and shall not be interchangeable.
Hoses shall be inspected at the beginning of each
shift and shall be repaired or replaced if defective.
1926.350(f)(1) and (3)

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
66

General mechanical ventilation, local exhaust
ventilation, air line respirators, and other
protection shall be provided, as required, when
welding, cutting or heating:

ƒ Zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury,
or materials bearing, based, or coated with
beryllium in enclosed spaces,

ƒ Stainless steel with inert-gas equipment,

ƒ In confined spaces, and

ƒ Where an unusual condition can cause an unsafe
accumulation of contaminants. 1926.353(b)(1),
(c)(1)(i) through (iv), (c)(2)(i) through (iv), (d)(1)
(iv), and (e)(1)

Proper eye protective equipment to prevent
exposure of personnel shall be provided.
1926.353(e)(2)

Wire Ropes, Chains, and Ropes

Wire ropes, chains, ropes, and other rigging
equipment shall be inspected prior to use and as
necessary during use to ensure their safety.
Defective gear shall be removed from service.
1926.251(a)(1)

Job or shop hooks and links or makeshift
fasteners formed from bolts, rods, or other such
attachments shall not be used. 1926.251(b)(3)

When U-bolts are used for eye splices, the U-bolt
shall be applied so that the “U” section is in
contact with the dead end of the rope. 1926.251(c)
(5)(i)

When U-bolt wire rope clips are used to form
eyes, the following table shall be used to
determine the number and spacing of clips.
1926.251(c)(5)

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST
67

Table H-2 – Number and Spacing of U-Bolt Wire
Rope Clips – 1926.251(c)(5)

Improved plow
steel, rope diameter

(inches)

Number of clips
Drop Other

forged material

Minimum spacing
(inches)

1/2 (1.27 cm) 3 4 3 (7.62 cm)

5/8 (.625 cm) 3 4 3-3/4 (8.37 cm)

3/4 (.75 cm) 4 5 4-1/2 (11.43 cm)

7/8 (.875 cm) 4 5 5-1/4 (12.95 cm)

1 (2.54 cm) 5 6 6 (15.24 cm)

1-1/8 (2.665 cm) 6 6 6-3/4 (15.99 cm)

1-1/4 (2.79 cm) 6 7 7-1/2 (19.05 cm)

1-3/8 (2.915 cm) 7 7 8-1/4 (20.57 cm)

1-1/2 (3.81 cm) 7 8 9 (22.86 cm)

Woodworking Machinery

All fixed power-driven woodworking tools shall
be provided with a disconnect switch that can
be either locked or tagged in the off position.
1926.304(a)

All woodworking tools and machinery shall meet
applicable requirements of ANSI 01.1-1961, Safety
Code for Woodworking Machinery. 1926.304(f)

Workplace Complaints:
Workers’ Rights

Workers have the right to a safe workplace. The
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH
Act) was passed to prevent workers from being
killed or seriously harmed at work. The law
requires employers to provide their employees
with working conditions that are free of known
dangers. Workers may file a complaint to have
OSHA inspect their workplace if they believe that
their employer is not following OSHA standards or
that there are serious hazards. Further, the OSH Act
gives complainants the right to request that their

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
68

names not be revealed to their employers. It is also
against the law for an employer to fire, demote,
transfer, or retaliate in any way against a worker for
filing a complaint or using other OSHA rights.

If a workplace has unsafe or unhealthful working
conditions, workers may want to file a complaint.
Often the best and fastest way to get a hazard
corrected is to notify a supervisor or employer.
Workers or their representatives may file a
complaint online or by phone, mail, email or fax
with the nearest OSHA office and request an
inspection. A worker may also ask OSHA not to
reveal his or her name. To file a complaint, call
1-800-321-OSHA (6742) or contact the nearest
OSHA regional, area, state plan, or consultation
office listed at www.osha.gov. The teletypewriter
(TTY) number is (877) 889-5627. Written, signed
complaints submitted to OSHA area offices
are more likely to result in an on-site OSHA
inspection. Most online or unsigned complaints
are resolved informally over the phone with the
employer. Complaints from workers in states with
an OSHA approved state plan will be forwarded to
the appropriate state plan for response. Workers
can call 1-800-321-OSHA (6742) to request a
complaint form from their local OSHA office or
visit www.osha.gov/pls/osha7/eComplaintForm.
html to submit the form online. Completed forms
can be faxed or mailed to the local OSHA office
(provided at the end of this guide). Include your
name, address and telephone number so that
OSHA can contact you.

OSHA Assistance, Services and
Programs

OSHA has a great deal of information to assist
employers in complying with their responsibilities
under OSHA law. Several OSHA programs and
services can help employers identify and correct
job hazards, as well as improve their injury and
illness prevention program.

http://www.osha.gov

http://www.osha.gov/pls/osha7/eComplaintForm.html

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST

Establishing an Injury and Illness
Prevention Program
The key to a safe and healthful work environment
is a comprehensive injury and illness prevention
program.

Injury and illness prevention programs are
systems that can substantially reduce the number
and severity of workplace injuries and illnesses,
while reducing costs to employers. Thousands
of employers across the United States already
manage safety using injury and illness prevention
programs, and OSHA believes that all employers
can and should do the same. Thirty-four states
have requirements or voluntary guidelines for
workplace injury and illness prevention programs.
Most successful injury and illness prevention
programs are based on a common set of key
elements. These include management leadership,
worker participation, hazard identification, hazard
prevention and control, education and training,
and program evaluation and improvement. Visit
OSHA’s Injury and Illness Prevention Programs
web page at www.osha.gov/dsg/topics/
safetyhealth for more information.

Compliance Assistance Specialists
OSHA has compliance assistance specialists
throughout the nation located in most OSHA
offices. Compliance assistance specialists can
provide information to employers and workers
about OSHA standards, short educational
programs on specific hazards or OSHA rights and
responsibilities, and information on additional
compliance assistance resources. For more
details, visit www.osha.gov/dcsp/compliance_
assistance/cas.html or call 1-800-321-OSHA (6742)
to contact your local OSHA office.

Free On-site Safety and Health
Consultation Services for Small Business
OSHA’s On-site Consultation Program offers free
and confidential advice to small and medium-
sized businesses in all states across the country,

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
70

with priority given to high-hazard worksites.
Each year, responding to requests from small
employers looking to create or improve their
safety and health management programs, OSHA’s
On-site Consultation Program conducts over
29,000 visits to small business worksites covering
over 1.5 million workers across the nation.

On-site consultation services are separate from
enforcement and do not result in penalties or
citations. Consultants from state agencies or
universities work with employers to identify
workplace hazards, provide advice on compliance
with OSHA standards, and assist in establishing
safety and health management programs.

For more information, to find the local On-site
Consultation office in your state, or to request
a brochure on consultation services, visit
www. osha.gov/consultation, or call 1-800-321-
OSHA (6742).

Under the consultation program, certain
exemplary employers may request participation
in OSHA’s Safety and Health Achievement
Recognition Program (SHARP). Eligibility
for participation includes, but is not limited
to, receiving a full-service, comprehensive
consultation visit, correcting all identified hazards
and developing an effective safety and health
management program. Worksites that receive
SHARP recognition are exempt from programmed
inspections during the period that the SHARP
certification is valid.

Cooperative Programs
OSHA offers cooperative programs under which
businesses, labor groups and other organizations
can work cooperatively with OSHA. To find out
more about any of the following programs, visit
www.osha.gov/cooperativeprograms.

www.osha.gov/cooperativeprograms

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST

Strategic Partnerships and Alliances

The OSHA Strategic Partnerships (OSP)
provide the opportunity for OSHA to partner
with employers, workers, professional or trade
associations, labor organizations, and/or other
interested stakeholders. OSHA Partnerships are
formalized through unique agreements designed
to encourage, assist, and recognize partner efforts
to eliminate serious hazards and achieve model
workplace safety and health practices. Through
the Alliance Program, OSHA works with groups
committed to worker safety and health to prevent
workplace fatalities, injuries and illnesses by
developing compliance assistance tools and
resources to share with workers and employers,
and educate workers and employers about their
rights and responsibilities.

Voluntary Protection Programs (VPP)

The VPP recognize employers and workers
in private industry and federal agencies who
have implemented effective safety and health
management programs and maintain injury and
illness rates below the national average for their
respective industries. In VPP, management, labor,
and OSHA work cooperatively and proactively to
prevent fatalities, injuries, and illnesses through a
system focused on: hazard prevention and control,
worksite analysis, training, and management
commitment and worker involvement.

Occupational Safety and Health Training
The OSHA Training Institute partners with 27 OSHA
Training Institute Education Centers at 42 locations
throughout the United States to deliver courses
on OSHA standards and occupational safety and
health topics to thousands of students a year.
For more information on training courses, visit
www.osha.gov/otiec.

http://www.osha.gov/otiec

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION

OSHA Educational Materials
OSHA has many types of educational materials
in English, Spanish, Vietnamese and other
languages available in print or online. These
include:

ƒ Brochures;

ƒ Fact Sheets;

ƒ Guidance documents that provide detailed
examinations of specific safety and health issues;

ƒ Online Safety and Health Topics pages;

ƒ Posters;

ƒ Small, laminated QuickCards™ that provide brief
safety and health information; and

ƒ QuickTakes, OSHA’s free, twice-monthly online
newsletter with the latest news about OSHA
initiatives and products to assist employers and
workers in finding and preventing workplace
hazards. To sign up for QuickTakes visit www.
osha.gov/quicktakes.

To view materials available online or for a
listing of free publications, visit www.osha.gov/
publications. You can also call 1-800-321-OSHA
(6742) to order publications.

Select OSHA publications are available in e-Book
format. OSHA e-Books are designed to increase
readability on smartphones, tablets and other mobile
devices. For access, go to www.osha.gov/ebooks.

OSHA’s web site also has information on job
hazards and injury and illness prevention for
employers and workers. To learn more about
OSHA’s safety and health resources online,
visit www.osha.gov or www.osha.gov/html/
a-z-index.html.

http://www.osha.gov/publications

http://www.osha.gov/ebooks

http://www.osha.gov

http://www.osha.gov/html/a-z-index.html

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST
73

NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation
Program

Getting Help with Health Hazards
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH) is a federal agency that conducts
scientific and medical research on workers’
safety and health. At no cost to employers or
workers, NIOSH can help identify health hazards
and recommend ways to reduce or eliminate
those hazards in the workplace through its Health
Hazard Evaluation (HHE) Program.

Workers, union representatives and employers
can request a NIOSH HHE. An HHE is often
requested when there is a higher than expected
rate of a disease or injury in a group of workers.
These situations may be the result of an unknown
cause, a new hazard, or a mixture of sources. To
request a NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation go
to www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/request.html. To find
out more, in English or Spanish, about the Health
Hazard Evaluation Program:

E-mail HHERequestHelp@cdc.gov or
call 800-CDC-INFO (800-232-4636).

How to Contact OSHA

For questions or to get information or advice,
to report an emergency, fatality, inpatient
hospitalization, amputation, or loss of an eye, or to
file a confidential complaint, contact your nearest
OSHA office, visit www.osha.gov or call OSHA
at 1-800-321-OSHA (6742), TTY 1-877-889-5627.

For assistance, contact us.
We are OSHA. We can help.

It’s confidential.

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/request.html

mailto:HHERequestHelp@cdc.gov

http://www.osha.gov

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
74

OSHA Regional Offices

Region I
Boston Regional Office
(CT*, ME*, MA, NH, RI, VT*)
JFK Federal Building, Room E340
Boston, MA 02203
(617) 565-9860 (617) 565-9827 Fax

Region II
New York Regional Office
(NJ*, NY*, PR*, VI*)
201 Varick Street, Room 670
New York, NY 10014
(212) 337-2378 (212) 337-2371 Fax

Region III
Philadelphia Regional Office
(DE, DC, MD*, PA, VA*, WV)
The Curtis Center
170 S. Independence Mall West
Suite 740 West
Philadelphia, PA 19106-3309
(215) 861-4900 (215) 861-4904 Fax

Region IV
Atlanta Regional Office
(AL, FL, GA, KY*, MS, NC*, SC*, TN*)
61 Forsyth Street, SW, Room 6T50
Atlanta, GA 30303
(678) 237-0400 (678) 237-0447 Fax

Region V
Chicago Regional Office
(IL*, IN*, MI*, MN*, OH, WI)
230 South Dearborn Street
Room 3244
Chicago, IL 60604
(312) 353-2220 (312) 353-7774 Fax

Region

Dallas Regional Office
(AR, LA, NM*, OK, TX)
525 Griffin Street, Room 602

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DIGEST

Dallas, TX 75202
(972) 850-4145 (972) 850-4149 Fax
(972) 850-4150 FSO Fax

Region VII
Kansas City Regional Office
(IA*, KS, MO, NE)
Two Pershing Square Building
2300 Main Street, Suite 1010
Kansas City, MO 64108-2416
(816) 283-8745 (816) 283-0547 Fax

Region VIII
Denver Regional Office
(CO, MT, ND, SD, UT*, WY*)
Cesar Chavez Memorial Building
1244 Speer Boulevard, Suite 551
Denver, CO 80204
(720) 264-6550 (720) 264-6585 Fax

Region IX
San Francisco Regional Office
(AZ*, CA*, HI*, NV*, and American Samoa,
Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands)
90 7th Street, Suite 18100
San Francisco, CA 94103
(415) 625-2547 (415) 625-2534 Fax

Region X
Seattle Regional Office
(AK*, ID, OR*, WA*)
300 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1280
Seattle, WA 98104
(206) 757-6700 (206) 757-6705 Fax

* These states and territories operate their own
OSHA-approved job safety and health plans and
cover state and local government employees as well
as private sector employees. The Connecticut, Illinois,
Maine, New Jersey, New York and Virgin Islands
programs cover public employees only. (Private
sector workers in these states are covered by Federal
OSHA). States with approved programs must have
standards that are identical to, or at least as effective
as, the Federal OSHA standards.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
76

Note: To get contact information for OSHA area
offices, OSHA-approved state plans and OSHA
consultation projects, please visit us online at
www.osha.gov or call us at 1-800-321-OSHA (6742).

NVCA

WA
AK

ND
MN

INIL

MS
AL GA

NH
VT

RICT

VA DC

TN
NC

OSHA-approved state plans (private sector and
public employees)

Federal OSHA (private sector and most federal employees)

OSHA-approved state plans (for public employees only;
private sector employees are covered by Federal OSHA)

OSHA-Approved State Plans

http://www.osha.gov

(800) 321-OSHA (6742)

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION

U.S. Department of Labor

For more information:

Occupational
Safety and Health
Administration

www.osha.gov (800) 321-OSHA (6742)

Frequently Used Standards in
Construction

Access to Medical and Exposure Records
Aerial Lifts
Air Tools
Asbestos
Belt Sanding Machines
Chains (See Wire Ropes, Chains, and Ropes)
Chemicals (See Gases, Vapors, Fumes, Dusts, and Mists; Asbestos; Lead; Silica; and Hazard Communication)
Compressed Air, Use of
Compressed Gas Cylinders
Concrete and Masonry Construction
Confined Spaces
Cranes and Derricks
Demolition
Disposal Chutes
Diving
Drinking Water
Electrical Installations
Electrical Work Practices
Excavating and Trenching
Exits
Explosives and Blasting
Eye and Face Protection
Fall Protection
Fall Protection, Falling Objects
Fall Protection, Wall Openings
Fire Protection
Flaggers
Flammable and Combustible Liquids
Forklifts (See Powered Industrial Trucks)
Gases, Vapors, Fumes, Dusts, and Mists
General Duty Clause
Grinding
Hand Tools
Hazard Communication
Hazardous Waste Operations
Head Protection
Hearing Protection
Heating Devices, Temporary
Highway Work Zones (See Flaggers and Signs, Signals, and Barricades)
Hoists, Material and Personnel
Hooks (See Wire Ropes, Chains, and Ropes)
Housekeeping
Illumination
Jointers
Ladders
Lasers
Lead
Lift Slab
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Medical Services and First Aid
Motor Vehicles and Mechanized Equipment
Noise (See Hearing Protection)
Personal Protective Equipment
Powder-Actuated Tools
Power Transmission and Distribution
Powered Industrial Trucks (Forklifts)
Power Transmission, Mechanical
Process Safety Management of Highly
Hazardous Chemicals
Radiation, Ionizing
Railings
Recordkeeping: Recording and
Reporting Requirements
Reinforced Steel
Respiratory Protection
Rollover Protective Structures (ROPS)
Safety Nets
Saws
Band Saws
Portable Circular Saws
Radial Saws
Swing or Sliding Cut-Off Saws
Table Saws

Scaffolds, General Requirements
Scaffold, Bricklaying
Scaffold, Erectors and Dismantlers
Scaffold, Fall Arrest Systems
Scaffold, Guardrails
Scaffolds, Mobile
Scaffold, Planking
Scaffolds, Supported
Scaffolds, Suspension (Swing)

Signs, Signals, and Barricades (See Flaggers)
Silica
Stairs
Steel Erection
Storage
Tire Cages
Toeboards
Toilets
Training and Inspections
Underground Construction
Washing Facilities
Water, Working Over or Near
Welding, Cutting, and Heating
Wire Ropes, Chains, and Ropes
Woodworking Machinery

Workplace Complaints:
Workers’ Rights
OSHA Assistance, Services and Programs

Establishing an Injury and Illness
Prevention Program
Compliance Assistance Specialists
Free On-site Safety and Health Consultation Services for Small Business
Cooperative Programs
Strategic Partnerships and Alliances
Voluntary Protection Programs (VPP)
Occupational Safety and Health Training
OSHA Educational Materials

NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation Program

Getting Help with Health Hazards
How to Contact OSHA
OSHA Regional Offices
OSHA-Approved State Plans

Debe tambiéncapacitar a losempleadosque tienen
quehacerusodel equipodeprotecciónpersonal
paraquesepancomohacer lo siguiente:
• Usar adecuadamenteel equipodeprotecciónper-
sonal.
• Saber cuándoesnecesarioel equipodeprotección
personal.
• Conocerqué tipodel equipodeprotecciónpersonal
esnecesario.
• Conocer las limitacionesdel equipodeprotección
personal paraprotegerde lesionesa losemplead-
os.
• Ponerse, ajustarse, usar yquitarseel equipode
protecciónpersonal.
• Mantener el equipodeprotecciónpersonal enbuen
estado.

Protección de Lesiones Cerebrales
Los cascos pueden proteger a sus empleados de
impactos al cráneo, de heridas profundas y de
choques eléctricos como los que causan los obje-
tos que se caen o flotan en el aire, los objetos fijos
o el contacto con conductores de electricidad.
Asimismo, el reglamento de OSHA requiere que
los empleadores se cercioren de que los traba-
jadores cubren y protegen el cabello largo con el
fin de evitar que se agarre en piezas de maquinaria
como las correas y las cadenas.

Protección de Lesiones en los Pies y los
Piernas
Ademásdel equipodeproteccióndepies ydel zap-
ato de seguridad, las polainas (de cuero, de rayón
aluminizadouotromaterial adecuado, por ejemplo)
puedenayudar a evitar lesiones yproteger a los tra-
bajadores deobjetos que se caenoque ruedan, de
objetosafilados, de superficiesmojadaso resbalosas,
demetales fundidos, de superficies calientes yde
peligros eléctricos.

Protección de Lesiones a los Ojos y a la Cara
Ademásde lasgafasde seguridady lasgafaspro-
tectorasdegoma, el equipodeprotecciónpersonal
tales como los cascosoprotectores especiales, las
gafas conDepartamentodeTrabajode losEE.UU.
AdministracióndeSeguridadySaludOcupacional
2002 protectores laterales y las caretas pueden

Responsabilidades del Empleador
Lasnormasprincipalesdel equipodeprotección
personal deOSHAseencuentranenTitle 29of the
Codeof Federal Regulations (CFR) (Título 29del
CódigodeReglamentos Federales), Parte 1910, sub-
párrafo 1, y en reglamentos equivalentes en los esta-
dosque cuentan conplanes estatales aprobadospor
OSHA.Noobstante, puedeencontrar los requisitos
dl equipodeprotecciónpersonal enotros textos
comoen lasNormasde la IndustriaGeneral. Por
ejemplo, 29CFR1910.156, laNormadeBrigadasde
bomberos, establece requisitospara el equipode
bomberos.Además, 29CFR1926.95 cubre la indus-
tria de la construcción. Los requisitosgeneralesdl
equipodeprotecciónpersonal deOSHAexigenque
los empleadores llevena cabounaevaluaciónde los
riesgosen sus lugaresde trabajopara identificar los
riesgosqueexistenyque requierenel usodel
equipodeprotecciónpersonal, paraquebrindenel
equipodeprotecciónpersonal adecuadoa los traba-
jadores yqueexijanqueestosmismoshaganuso
del equipoademásdemantenerlo en condiciones
sanitarias y fiables.

El usodel equipodeprotecciónpersonal suele ser
esencial, peroesgeneralmente laúltimaalternativa
luegode los controlesde ingeniería, de lasprácticas
laboralesyde los controlesadministrativos. Los con-
trolesde ingeniería implican lamodificación físicade
unamáquinaodel ambientede trabajo. Los con-
trolesadministrativos implicanmodificar cómoy
cuando los trabajadores realizansus tareas, tales
cómo loshorariosde trabajoy la rotaciónde traba-
jadores conel finde reducir la exposición. Lasprácti-
cas laborales implican la capacitaciónde los traba-
jadoresen la formade realizar tareasquereducen los
peligrosdeexposiciónenel lugarde trabajo.

Comoempleador, usteddebeevaluar su lugarde tra-
bajo conel findedeterminar si existen riesgosque
requieranel usodel equipodeprotecciónpersonal.
Si existenestos riesgos, usteddebeseleccionar el
equipodeprotecciónpersonal yexigir que loutilicen
sus trabajadores, comunicar sus seleccionesdel
equipodeprotecciónpersonal a sus trabajadoresy
seleccionar el equipodeprotecciónpersonal quese
ajustea la tallade sus trabajadores.

Equipo de Protección Personal
El equipo de protección personal (PPE – Personal Protection Equipment) está diseñado para
proteger a los empleados en el lugar de trabajo de lesiones o enfermedades serias que puedan
resultar del contacto con peligros químicos, radiológicos, físicos, eléctricos, mecánicos u otros.
Además de caretas, gafas de seguridad, cascos y zapatos de seguridad, el equipo de protección
personal incluye una variedad de dispositivos y ropa tales como gafas protectoras, overoles,
guantes, chalecos, tapones para oídos y equipo respiratorio.

Hoja de Datos

Esta es una hoja de una serie de hojas informativas de datos enfocada en los programas, políticas o normas
de OSHA. No impone ningún nuevo requisito de cumplimiento. Para una lista abarcadora de requisitos de
cumplimiento de las normas o reglamentos de OSHA, refiérase al Título 29 del Código de Reglamentos
Federales. Esta información estará a disponibilidad de las personas sensorialmente incapacitadas, a solicitud.
El teléfono de voz es (202) 693-1999; el número del teléfono de texto (TTY) es (877) 889-5627.

DOC 7/2010

ayudar aproteger a los trabajadoresde ser impacta-
dospor fragmentos, las astillas degran tamaño, las
chispas calientes, la radiaciónóptica, las salpica-
durasdemetales fundidos, así como losobjetos, las
partículas, la arena, la suciedad, los vapores, el polvo
y los resplandores.

Protección de Pérdida Auditiva
Utilizar taponesparaoídosuorejeraspuedeayudar
aproteger losoídos. La exposiciónaaltosnivelesde
ruidopuede causar pérdidasodiscapacidades audi-
tivas irreversibles así comoestrés físicoopsicológi-
co. Los taponesparaoídosdematerial alveolar, de
algodónenceradoode lanade fibradevidrio son
fáciles deajustar correctamente. Taponesdeoídos
moldeadosopreformadosdebenser adecuadosa
los trabajadoresquevanautilizarlosporunprofe-
sional. Limpie los tapones con regularidady reem-
place losquenopueda limpiar.

Protección de Lesiones de los Manos
Los trabajadoresexpuestosa sustanciasnocivas
medianteabsorciónpor lapiel, a laceracioneso
cortesprofundos, abrasiones serias, quemaduras
químicas, quemaduras térmicasyextremosde tem-
peraturanocivosdebenproteger susmanos.

Protección De Lesiones a Todo el Cuerpo
Enciertos casos los trabajadoresdebenproteger la
mayorpartede, o todo, su cuerpo contra lospeligros
enel lugar de trabajo, comoenel casodeexposi-
ciónal calor y a la radiaciónasí comocontrametales
calientes, líquidoshirvientes, líquidosorgánicos,
materialesodesechospeligrosos, entreotrospeli-
gros.Ademásde losmaterialesdealgodónyde lana
que retardanel fuego,materialesutilizados enel
equipodeprotecciónpersonal de cuerpoentero
incluyenel hule, el cuero, los sintéticos y el plástico.

Cuándo Usar la Protección Respiratoria
Cuando los controlesde ingeniería no son factibles,
los trabajadoresdebenutilizar equipo respiratorio
paraprotegerse contra los efectosnocivos a la salud
causadosal respirar aire contaminadoporpolvos,
brumas, vapores, gases, humos, salpicaduraso
emanacionesperjudiciales.Generalmente, el equipo
respiratorio tapa lanariz y la boca, o la carao cabeza
entera y ayudaaevitar lesionesoenfermedades.No
obstante, unajuste adecuadoesesencial paraque
seaeficaz el equipo respiratorio. Todoempleadoal
que se le requierahacer usodeequipos respiratorios
debeprimero someterse aunexamenmédico.

Información Adicional
Puedeencontrarmás información sobre el equipode
protecciónpersonal, incluyendoel texto completode
lasnormasdeOSHA, enelWebsite deOSHA
www.osha.gov.Además, Publicacionesqueexplican
enmayordetalle el temadePPEpuedenobtenerse a
travésdeOSHA.Personal ProtectiveEquipment—
OSHA3077 (EquipodeProtecciónPersonal) Sehal-
landisponibles enelWebsite deOSHA.Paramás
información sobre el equipodeprotecciónpersonal
en la industria de la construcción, visítewww.osha-
slc.gov/SLTC/constructionppe/index.html.

Para Ponerse en Contacto de OSHA
Parapresentar unaquejapor teléfono, comunicar
unaemergenciauobtener consejos, ayudaopro-
ductosdeOSHA, contacte a suoficinadeOSHAmás
cercana listadabajo “U.S.Department of Labor” en
suguía telefónicao llame librede cargosmarcando
el (800) 321-OSHA (6742). El númerode teleprinter
(TTY) es (877) 889-5627. Parapresentar unaqueja en
líneauobtenermás información sobre losprogra-
mas federales y estatalesdeOSHA, visite elWebsite
deOSHAwww.osha.gov.

Departamento del Trabajo de Estados Unidos
www.osha.gov

(800) 321-OSHA

Para información más completa:

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10-hour Construction Outreach

Name: _____________________________ Date: _____________

Knowledge Check: PPE

1. Who is responsible for providing PPE?

a. The employer

b. The employee

c. OSHA

d. Workers’ Compensation

2. Common causes of foot injuries include: crushing, penetration, molten metal, chemicals, slippery surfaces, and sharp objects.

a. True

b. False

3. Safety controls must meet the following order of priority:

a. Substitution, PPE, workaround, and administrative

b. Workaround, stop work, PPE, and engineering

c. Stop work, PPE, engineering, and substitution

d. Substitution, engineering, administrative, and PPE

4. Which type of hard hat would provide the most protection from electrical hazards?

a. Class A

b. Class C

c. Class E

d. Class G

5. The need for hearing protection is triggered at which decibel level?

a. When it exceeds 80 decibels

b. When it exceeds 90 decibels

c. When it exceeds 100 decibels

d. When it exceeds 110 decibels

6. Who is responsible for providing specialized work footwear?

a. The employer
b. The employee
c. OSHA

d. Insurance companies

7. Which of the following is considered approved eye protection?

a. Sun glasses

b. Prescription glasses

c. Reading glasses

d. Glasses meeting ANSI standard Z87

8. Which of the following is not considered PPE?

a. Rubber gloves

b. Glasses meeting ANSI Z87

c. Sports shoes

d. Hearing muffs

Page 1 of 2

Knowledge Check: PPE Created by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup 05/18/2015

10-hour Construction Outreach

IDENTIFICATION

TOPIC TITLE: __Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)_________________________________

MINIMUM TIME: ___30 minutes__________________________________________________

OBJECTIVES

Terminal Objective:

Given current OSHA and industry information regarding worksite illnesses, injuries, and/or fatalities, the student will be able to select appropriate personal protective equipment for common construction industry hazards.

Enabling Objectives:

1. Describe the hierarchy of controls as it relates to personal protective equipment.

2. Identify types of personal protective equipment utilized in construction.

3. Explain personal protective equipment training requirements.

4. Explain the responsibilities of employers and employees regarding personal protective equipment.

INSTRUCTOR MATERIALS AND RESOURCES

· PowerPoint presentation: Personal Protective Equipment

· Examples of required PPE

· Knowledge Check Answer Key: Personal Protective Equipment

STUDENT MATERIALS

· OSHA Fact Sheet: Personal Protective Equipment

· Knowledge Check: Personal Protective Equipment

TEACHING PROCEDURES —Preparation, Presentation, Application, Evaluation

Anticipatory Set (Focus Attention/Gain Interest) Estimated Time: ?? hours

Key Points

Methods

OSHA requires employees to protect their employees from workplace hazards through the use of engineering or work practice controls. When these controls are not feasible or do not provide sufficient protection, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is required.
Employers are required to assess the workplace to determine if hazards are present, or are likely to be present, which necessitates the use of PPE. If employees use PPE, employers must establish general procedures, called a PPE Program, to give employees necessary protective equipment and to train them to use it properly. The program should explain when to use PPE and how to select, maintain, and evaluate it.

PPT slides #1 – #3

Presentation (Instruction)______________________ Estimated Time: ?? hours

Key Points

Methods

I. Hierarchy of controls
A. Engineering controls
1. Substitution
2. Isolation
3. Ventilation
4. Equipment modification
5. Others
B. Administrative controls
1. Proper procedures
2. Inspection and maintenance
3. Housekeeping
4. Supervision
5. Regulated areas (no eating, drinking, smoking,
chewing tobacco or gum, and applying cosmetics)
6. Limit exposure by time or distance
7. Others
C. PPE
II. Types of PPE
A. Head protection
1. Classes of hard hats
2. Selecting the right hard hat
B. Eye and face protection
1. When must eye protection be provided?
2. Criteria for selecting eye protection
3. Employees who wear eyeglasses
4. Examples of eye and face protection
C. Respiratory Protection
D. Hearing protection
1. Average dBA for selected construction trades/
activities
2. When must hearing protection be provided?
3. Examples of hearing protection
E. Hand and arm protection
1. When must hand protection be provided?
2. Examples of hand and arm protection
F. Foot and leg protection
1. When must foot protection be provided?
2. Examples of foot and leg protection
G. Body protection – protective clothing
1. Major causes of body injuries
2. Criteria for selecting body protection
3. Examples of body protection
III. Training employees who are required to use PPE
A. Why PPE is necessary
B. How PPE will protect employee
C. What PPE can and cannot do
D. When and how to wear PPE
E. How to identify signs of wear and tear
F. How to clean and disinfect PPE
G. When PPE is worn out and how to properly dispose of PPE
IV. Responsibilities
A. Employer
1. Assess workplace for hazards
2. Provide PPE at no cost to employee
3. Determine when to use
4. Provide PPE training

B. Employee
1. Use PPE in accordance with training and other
instructions
2. Inspection and maintenance
3. Turn in PPE for replacement when needed

Instructor-led discussion
PPT slides #4 – #8
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/safetyhealth/comp3.html

PPT slides #9 – #29
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/safetyhealth/comp3.html
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html

https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/eyeandface/index.html

https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/respiratory/respirator_selection.html

https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/noise/index.html

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html

PPT slide #30
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html

PPT slides #31 – #32
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html
https://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/intro_osha/7_employee_ppe

Application (How students apply what they learn) __ Estimated Time: ?? hours

Key Points

Methods

Show pictures of jobsite activities. Have students identify the hazards and PPE needed.

PPT slides #33 – #36

Evaluation/Summary Estimated Time: ?? hours

Key Points

Methods

Summarize key points
Knowledge Check: Personal Protective Equipment

References

PPT slide #37
PPT slides #38 – #45

OSHA Standard:

https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owasrch.search_form?p_doc_type=STANDARDS&p_toc_level=1&p_keyvalue=Construction

1926 Subpart C

, General safety and health provisions

1926.28

, Personal protective equipment

1926 Subpart E

, Personal protective and life-saving equipment

1926.95

, Criteria for personal protective equipment

1926.96

, Occupational foot protection

1926.100

, Head protection

1926.101

, Hearing protection

1926.102

, Eye and face protection

1926.103

, Respiratory protection

1926.104

, Safety belts, lifelines, and lanyards

1926.105

, Safety nets

1926.106

, Working over or near water

1926.107

, Definitions applicable to this subpart

OSHA Publications

http://www.osha.gov/pls/publications/publication.athruz?pType=Industry&pID=55

· Construction PPE QuickCard™
(OSHA 3289 – 2005) (English:

HTML

PDF

)
Construction Personal Protective Equipment QuickCard
(OSHA 3289) (Spanish: HTML PDF)

· Fall Prevention: Training Guide – A Lesson Plan for Employers
(OSHA 3666 – 2013) (English:

EPUB

MOBI

PDF)

· Personal Protective Equipment
(OSHA 3151 – 2003) (English: HTML PDF)

· Personal Protective Equipment Fact Sheet
(English: PDF)
(OSHA FS 3603 – 2012) (Portuguese: PDF)

· Respirators QuickCard™
(OSHA 3280 – 2005) (English: HTML PDF)
(OSHA 3600 – 2012) (Portuguese: PDF)
(OSHA 3280 – 2005) (Spanish: HTML PDF)

· Silica: Controlling Silica Exposures in Construction
(OSHA 3362 – 2009) (English: PDF)

OSHA References/Resources

· Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Safety and Health Topics –

https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/personalprotectiveequipment/construction.html

· Eye and Face Protection eTool – https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/eyeandface/index.html

· Respiratory Protection eTool –

https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/respiratory/index.html

· Noise and Hearing Conservation eTool -– https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/noise/index.html

Page 1 of 7

Sample Lesson Plan: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Revised by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup 05.18.15

10-hour Construction Outreach

Name: _____________________________ Date: _____________

Knowledge Check: PPE

Answer Key

1. Who is responsible for providing PPE?

a. The employer

b. The employee

c. OSHA

d. Workers’ Compensation

2. Common causes of foot injuries include: crushing, penetration, molten metal, chemicals, slippery surfaces, and sharp objects.

a. True

b. False

3. Safety controls must meet the following order of priority:

a. Substitution, PPE, workaround, and administrative

b. Workaround, stop work, PPE, and engineering

c. Stop work, PPE, engineering, and substitution

d. Substitution, engineering, administrative, and PPE

4. Which type of hard hat would provide the most protection from electrical hazards?

a. Class A

b. Class C

c. Class E

d. Class G

5. The need for hearing protection is triggered at which decibel level?

a. When it exceeds 80 decibels

b. When it exceeds 90 decibels

c. When it exceeds 100 decibels

d. When it exceeds 110 decibels

6. Who is responsible for providing specialized work footwear?

a. The employer
b. The employee
c. OSHA

d. Insurance companies

7. Which of the following is considered approved eye protection?

a. Sun glasses

b. Prescription glasses

c. Reading glasses

d. Glasses meeting ANSI standard Z87

8. Which of the following is not considered PPE?

a. Rubber gloves

b. Glasses meeting ANSI Z87

c. Sports shoes

d. Hearing muffs

Page 1 of 2

Knowledge Check: PPE Created by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup 05/18/2015

You must also train workers who are required to
wear personal protective equipment on how to
do the following:
• Use protective equipment properly,
• Be aware of when personal protective equip-
ment is necessary,

• Know what kind of protective equipment is
necessary,

• Understand the limitations of personal protec-
tive equipment in protecting workers from
injury,

• Put on, adjust, wear, and take off personal pro-
tective equipment, and

• Maintain protective equipment properly.

Protection from Head Injuries
Hard hats can protect your workers from head
impact, penetration injuries, and electrical
injuries such as those caused by falling or
flying objects, fixed objects, or contact with
electrical conductors. Also, OSHA regulations
require employers to ensure that workers
cover and protect long hair to prevent it from
getting caught in machine parts such as belts
and chains.

Protection from Foot and Leg Injuries
In addition to foot guards and safety shoes,
leggings (e.g., leather, aluminized rayon, or
otherappropriate material) can help prevent
injuries by protecting workers from hazards
such as falling or rolling objects, sharp objects,
wet and slippery surfaces, molten metals, hot
surfaces, and electrical hazards.

Protection from Eye and Face Injuries
Besides spectacles and goggles, personal
protective equipment such as special helmets
or shields, spectacles with side shields, and
faceshields can protect workers from the haz-
ards of flying fragments, large chips, hot sparks,

Employer Responsibilities
OSHA’s primary personal protective equip-
ment standards are in Title 29 of the Code of
Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 1910 Subpart I,
and equivalent regulations in states with OSHA-
approved state plans, but you can find protec-
tive equipment requirements elsewhere in the
General Industry Standards. For example, 29
CFR 1910.156, OSHA’s Fire Brigades Standard,
has requirements for firefighting gear. In addi-
tion, 29 CFR 1926.95-106 covers the construc-
tion industry. OSHA’s general personal protec-
tive equipment requirements mandate that
employers conduct a hazard assessment of
their workplaces to determine what hazards
are present that require the use of protective
equipment, provide workers with appropriate
protective equipment, and require them to use
and maintain it in sanitary and reliable condition.

Using personal protective equipment is often
essential, but it is generally the last line of
defense after engineering controls, work prac-
tices, and administrative controls. Engineering
controls involve physically changing a machine
or work environment. Administrative controls
involve changing how or when workers do
their jobs, such as scheduling work and rotat-
ing workers to reduce exposures. Work prac-
tices involve training workers how to perform
tasks in ways that reduce their exposure to
workplace hazards.

As an employer, you must assess your work-
place to determine if hazards are present
that require the use of personal protective
equipment. If such hazards are present, you
must select protective equipment and require
workers to use it, communicate your protective
equipment selection decisions to your workers,
and select personal protective equipment that
properly fits your workers.

FactSheet
Personal Protective Equipment
Personal protective equipment, or PPE, is designed to protect workers from serious

workplace injuries or illnesses resulting from contact with chemical, radiological, physi-

cal, electrical, mechanical, or other workplace hazards. Besides face shields, safety

glasses, hard hats, and safety shoes, protective equipment includes a variety of devices

and garments such as goggles,coveralls, gloves, vests, earplugs, and respirators.

This is one in a series of informational fact sheets highlighting OSHA programs, policies or
standards. It does not impose any new compliance requirements. For a comprehensive list of
compliance requirements of OSHA standards or regulations, refer toTitle 29 of the Code of Federal
Regulations. This information will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request.
The voice phone is (202) 693-1999; teletypewriter (TTY) number: (877) 889-5627.

U.S. Department of Labor
www.osha.gov
(800) 321-OSHA

For more complete information:

DOC 4/2006

optical radiation, splashes from molten metals,
as well as objects, particles, sand, dirt, mists,
dusts, and glare.

Protection from Hearing Loss
Wearing earplugs or earmuffs can help prevent
damage to hearing. Exposure to high noise
levels can cause irreversible hearing loss or
impairment as well as physical and psychologi-
cal stress. Earplugs made from foam, waxed
cotton, or fiberglass wool are self-forming and
usually fit well. A professional should fit your
workers individually for molded or preformed
earplugs. Clean earplugs regularly, and replace
those you cannot clean.

Protection from Hand Injuries
Workers exposed to harmful substances through
skin absorption, severe cuts or lacerations,
severe abrasions, chemical burns, thermal
burns, and harmful temperatureextremes will
benefit from hand protection.

Protection from Body Injury
In some cases workers must shield most or all
of their bodies against hazards in the work-
place, such as exposure to heat and radiation as
well as hot metals, scalding liquids, body fluids,
hazardous materials or waste, and other haz-
ards. In addition to fire-retardant wool and fir-
eretardant cotton, materials used in whole-body
personal protective equipment include rubber,
leather, synthetics, and plastic.

When to Wear Respiratory Protection
When engineering controls are not feasible,
workers must use appropriate respirators to
protect against adverse health effects caused by
breathing air contaminated with harmful dusts,
fogs, fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays, or
vapors. Respirators generally cover the nose
and mouth or the entire face or head and help
prevent illness and injury. A proper fit is essen-
tial, however, for respirators to be effective.
Required respirators must be NIOSH-approved
and medical evaluation and training must be
provided before use.

Additional Information
For additional information concerning protec-
tive equipment view the publication, Assessing
the Need for Personal Protective Equipment: A
Guide for Small Business Employers (OSHA
3151) available on OSHA’s web site at www.
osha. gov. For more information about personal
protective equipment in the construction indus-
try, visit www.osha-slc.gov/SLTC/construc-
tionppe/ index.html.

Contacting OSHA
To report an emergency, file a complaint or seek
OSHA advice, assistance or products, call (800)
321-OSHA or contact your nearest OSHA
regional or area office.

10-hour Construction Outreach

Page 1 of 2
Knowledge Check: PPE Created by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup 05/18/2015

Name: _____________________________ Date: _____________

Knowledge Check: PPE

Answer Key

1. Who is responsible for providing PPE?

a. The employer

b. The employee

c. OSHA

d. Workers’ Compensation

2. Common causes of foot injuries include: crushing, penetration, molten metal, chemicals,

slippery surfaces, and sharp objects.

a. True

b. False

3. Safety controls must meet the following order of priority:

a. Substitution, PPE, workaround, and administrative

b. Workaround, stop work, PPE, and engineering

c. Stop work, PPE, engineering, and substitution

d. Substitution, engineering, administrative, and PPE

4. Which type of hard hat would provide the most protection from electrical hazards?

a. Class A

b. Class C

c. Class E

d. Class G

5. The need for hearing protection is triggered at which decibel level?

a. When it exceeds 80 decibels

b. When it exceeds 90 decibels

c. When it exceeds 100 decibels

d. When it exceeds 110 decibels

10-hour Construction Outreach

Page 2 of 2
Knowledge Check: PPE Created by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup 05/18/2015

6. Who is responsible for providing specialized work footwear?

a. The employer
b. The employee
c. OSHA

d. Insurance companies

7. Which of the following is considered approved eye protection?

a. Sun glasses

b. Prescription glasses

c. Reading glasses

d. Glasses meeting ANSI standard Z87

8. Which of the following is not considered PPE?

a. Rubber gloves

b. Glasses meeting ANSI Z87

c. Sports shoes

d. Hearing muffs

10-hour Construction Outreach

Page 1 of 2
Knowledge Check: PPE Created by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup 05/18/2015

Name: _____________________________ Date: _____________

Knowledge Check: PPE

1. Who is responsible for providing PPE?

a. The employer

b. The employee

c. OSHA

d. Workers’ Compensation

2. Common causes of foot injuries include: crushing, penetration, molten metal, chemicals,

slippery surfaces, and sharp objects.

a. True

b. False

3. Safety controls must meet the following order of priority:

a. Substitution, PPE, workaround, and administrative

b. Workaround, stop work, PPE, and engineering

c. Stop work, PPE, engineering, and substitution

d. Substitution, engineering, administrative, and PPE

4. Which type of hard hat would provide the most protection from electrical hazards?

a. Class A

b. Class C

c. Class E

d. Class G

5. The need for hearing protection is triggered at which decibel level?

a. When it exceeds 80 decibels

b. When it exceeds 90 decibels

c. When it exceeds 100 decibels

d. When it exceeds 110 decibels

10-hour Construction Outreach

Page 2 of 2
Knowledge Check: PPE Created by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup 05/18/2015

6. Who is responsible for providing specialized work footwear?

a. The employer
b. The employee
c. OSHA

d. Insurance companies

7. Which of the following is considered approved eye protection?

a. Sun glasses

b. Prescription glasses

c. Reading glasses

d. Glasses meeting ANSI standard Z87

8. Which of the following is not considered PPE?

a. Rubber gloves

b. Glasses meeting ANSI Z87

c. Sports shoes

d. Hearing muffs

10-hour Construction Outreach

Page 1 of 7
Sample Lesson Plan: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Revised by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup 05.18.15

IDENTIFICATION

TOPIC TITLE: __Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)_________________________________

MINIMUM TIME: ___30 minutes__________________________________________________

OBJECTIVES

Terminal Objective:

Given current OSHA and industry information regarding worksite illnesses, injuries, and/or
fatalities, the student will be able to select appropriate personal protective equipment for
common construction industry hazards.

Enabling Objectives:

1. Describe the hierarchy of controls as it relates to personal protective equipment.
2. Identify types of personal protective equipment utilized in construction.
3. Explain personal protective equipment training requirements.
4. Explain the responsibilities of employers and employees regarding personal protective

equipment.

INSTRUCTOR MATERIALS AND RESOURCES

 PowerPoint presentation: Personal Protective Equipment
 Examples of required

PPE

 Knowledge Check Answer Key: Personal Protective Equipment

STUDENT MATERIALS

 OSHA Fact Sheet: Personal Protective Equipment



Knowledge Check: Personal Protective Equipment

10-hour Construction Outreach

Page 2 of 7
Sample Lesson Plan: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Revised by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup 05.18.15

TEACHING PROCEDURES —Preparation, Presentation, Application, Evaluation

Anticipatory Set (Focus Attention/Gain Interest) Estimated Time: ?? hours

Key Points Methods

OSHA requires employees to protect their employees from

workplace hazards through the use of engineering or work practice

controls. When these controls are not feasible or do not provide

sufficient protection, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE)

is required.

Employers are required to assess the workplace to determine if

hazards are present, or are likely to be present, which necessitates

the use of PPE. If employees use PPE, employers must establish

general procedures, called a PPE Program, to give employees

necessary protective equipment and to train them to use it properly.

The program should explain when to use PPE and how to select,

maintain, and evaluate it.

PPT slides #1 – #3

Presentation (Instruction)______________________ Estimated Time: ?? hours
Key Points Methods

I. Hierarchy of controls

A. Engineering controls

1. Substitution

2. Isolation

3. Ventilation

4. Equipment modification

5. Others

B. Administrative controls

1. Proper procedures

2. Inspection and maintenance

Instructor-led discussion

PPT slides #4 – #8

https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/

etools/safetyhealth/comp3.ht

https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/safetyhealth/comp3.html

10-hour Construction Outreach

Page 3 of 7
Sample Lesson Plan: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Revised by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup 05.18.15

3. Housekeeping

4. Supervision

5. Regulated areas (no eating, drinking, smoking,

chewing tobacco or gum, and applying cosmetics)

6. Limit exposure by time or distance

7. Others

C. PPE

II. Types of PPE

A. Head protection

1. Classes of hard hats

2. Selecting the right hard hat

B. Eye and face protection

1. When must eye protection be provided?

2. Criteria for selecting eye protection

3. Employees who wear eyeglasses

4. Examples of eye and face protection

C. Respiratory Protection

D. Hearing protection

1. Average dBA for selected construction trades/

activities

2. When must hearing protection be provided?

3. Examples of hearing protection

E. Hand and arm protection

1. When must hand protection be provided?

2. Examples of hand and arm protection

PPT slides #9 – #29

https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/
etools/safetyhealth/comp3.ht
ml

https://www.osha.gov/Publica

tions/osha3151.html

https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/

etools/eyeandface/index.html

https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/

etools/respiratory/respirator_

selection.html

https://www.osha.gov/dts/ost

a/otm/noise/index.html

https://www.osha.gov/Publica
tions/osha3151.html

https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/safetyhealth/comp3.html

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html

https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/eyeandface/index.html

https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/respiratory/respirator_selection.html

https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/noise/index.html

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html

10-hour Construction Outreach

Page 4 of 7
Sample Lesson Plan: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Revised by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup 05.18.15

F. Foot and leg protection

1. When must foot protection be provided?

2. Examples of foot and leg protection

G. Body protection – protective clothing

1. Major causes of body injuries

2. Criteria for selecting body protection

3. Examples of body protection

III. Training employees who are required to use PPE

A. Why PPE is necessary

B. How PPE will protect employee

C. What PPE can and cannot do

D. When and how to wear PPE

E. How to identify signs of wear and tear

F. How to clean and disinfect PPE

G. When PPE is worn out and how to properly dispose of

PPE

IV. Responsibilities

A. Employer

1. Assess workplace for hazards

2. Provide PPE at no cost to employee

3. Determine when to use

4. Provide PPE training

https://www.osha.gov/Publica
tions/osha3151.html

PPT slide #30

https://www.osha.gov/Publica
tions/osha3151.html

PPT slides #31 – #32

https://www.osha.gov/Publica
tions/osha3151.html

https://www.osha.gov/dte/ou

treach/intro_osha/7_employe

e_ppe

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html

https://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/intro_osha/7_employee_ppe

10-hour Construction Outreach

Page 5 of 7
Sample Lesson Plan: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Revised by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup 05.18.15

B. Employee

1. Use PPE in accordance with training and other

instructions

2. Inspection and maintenance

3. Turn in PPE for replacement when needed

Application (How students apply what they learn) __ Estimated Time: ?? hours
Key Points Methods

Show pictures of jobsite activities. Have students identify the

hazards and PPE needed.

PPT slides #33 – #36

Evaluation/Summary Estimated Time: ?? hours
Key Points Methods

Summarize key points

Knowledge Check: Personal Protective Equipment

PPT slide #37

PPT slides #38 – #45

10-hour Construction Outreach

Page 6 of 7
Sample Lesson Plan: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Revised by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup 05.18.15

References

OSHA Standard:

https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owasrch.search_form?p_doc_type=STANDARDS&p_toc_level
=1&p_keyvalue=Construction

 1926 Subpart C, General safety and health provisions

1926.28, Personal protective equipment

 1926 Subpart E, Personal protective and life-saving equipment

1926.95, Criteria for personal protective equipment

1926.96, Occupational foot protection

1926.100, Head protection

1926.101, Hearing protection

1926.102, Eye and face protection

1926.103, Respiratory protection

1926.104, Safety belts, lifelines, and lanyards

1926.105, Safety nets

1926.106, Working over or near water

1926.107, Definitions applicable to this subpart

OSHA Publications

http://www.osha.gov/pls/publications/publication.athruz?pType=Industry&pID=55

 Construction PPE QuickCard™
(OSHA 3289 – 2005) (English: HTML PDF)
Construction Personal Protective Equipment QuickCard
(OSHA 3289) (Spanish: HTML PDF)

 Fall Prevention: Training Guide – A Lesson Plan for Employers
(OSHA 3666 – 2013) (English: EPUB MOBI PDF)

 Personal Protective Equipment
(OSHA 3151 – 2003) (English: HTML PDF)

 Personal Protective Equipment Fact Sheet
(English: PDF)
(OSHA FS 3603 – 2012) (Portuguese: PDF)

https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owasrch.search_form?p_doc_type=STANDARDS&p_toc_level=1&p_keyvalue=Construction

https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owastand.display_standard_group?p_toc_level=1&p_part_number=1926#1926_Subpart_C

https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10614

https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owastand.display_standard_group?p_toc_level=1&p_part_number=1926#1926_Subpart_E

https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10658

https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10659

https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10663

https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10664

https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10665

https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10666

https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10667

https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10668

https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10669

https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10670

http://www.osha.gov/pls/publications/publication.athruz?pType=Industry&pID=55

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/construction_ppe.html

https://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_Hurricane_Facts/construction_ppe

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/3260-09N-05-Spanish-07-05-2007.html

https://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_Hurricane_Facts/construction_ppe_sp

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3666.epub

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3666.mobi

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3666

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151

https://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_General_Facts/ppe-factsheet

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3603_portuguese

10-hour Construction Outreach

Page 7 of 7
Sample Lesson Plan: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Revised by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup 05.18.15

 Respirators QuickCard™
(OSHA 3280 – 2005) (English: HTML PDF)
(OSHA 3600 – 2012) (Portuguese: PDF)
(OSHA 3280 – 2005) (Spanish: HTML PDF)

 Silica: Controlling Silica Exposures in Construction
(OSHA 3362 – 2009) (English: PDF)

OSHA References/Resources

 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Safety and Health Topics –
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/personalprotectiveequipment/construction.html

 Eye and Face Protection eTool – https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/eyeandface/index.html

 Respiratory Protection eTool – https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/respiratory/index.html

 Noise and Hearing Conservation eTool -–
https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/noise/index.html

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/3280-10N-05-english-06-27-2007.html

https://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_Hurricane_Facts/respirators

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3600_portuguese

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/3280-10N-05-spanish-07-05-2007.html

https://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_Hurricane_Facts/sp_respirators_qc

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/3362silica-exposures

https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/personalprotectiveequipment/construction.html

https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/eyeandface/index.html

https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/respiratory/index.html

https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/noise/index.html

10-hour Construction Outreach

Name: _____________________________ Date: _____________

Knowledge Check: Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal

1. How old do you have to be to operate a forklift, regardless of training?

a. 16 years old

b. 18 years old

c. 21 years old

d. 25 years old

2. One good way to prevent materials handling hazards is to _____.

a. refuse to allow personnel to ride equipment without a seat and seatbelt

b. report all damaged equipment immediately

c. operate within manufacturer’s specifications

d. All of these

3. Which of the following is a method for eliminating or reducing crane operation hazards?

a. Operators should know how much they are lifting as well as the rated capacity of the crane.

b. A competent person should visually inspect the crane once a year.

c. Never exceed the load limit by more than 10%.

d. All of these.

4. Employers must comply with OSHA standards related to materials handling, including training and _____.

a. equipment

b. operations

c. inspection

d. All of these

Page 1 of 1

Knowledge Check: Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal Created by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup 05/18/2015

10-hour Construction Outreach

IDENTIFICATION

TOPIC TITLE: ___Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal________________________

MINIMUM TIME: ___30 minutes__________________________________________________

OBJECTIVES

Terminal Objective:

Given best practices and current OSHA and industry information regarding worksite illnesses, injuries, and/or fatalities, the student will be able to recognize how to protect themselves from hazards associated with material handling.

Enabling Objectives:

1. Identify types of material handling equipment.

2. Describe hazards associated with material handling activities (e.g., storage, use, and disposal).

3. Identify methods to prevent hazards associated with material handling equipment.

4. Recognize employer requirements to protect workers from material handling hazards.

INSTRUCTOR MATERIALS AND RESOURCES

· PowerPoint presentation: Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal

· Knowledge Check Answer Key: Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal

STUDENT MATERIALS

· Fact Sheet

· Knowledge Check: Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal

TEACHING PROCEDURES —Preparation, Presentation, Application, Evaluation

Anticipatory Set (Focus Attention/Gain Interest) Estimated Time: ?? hours

Key Points

Methods

Handling and storing materials involves operations such as hoisting steel with a crane, driving a truck loaded with concrete blocks, manually carrying bags, and stacking drums, lumber or loose bricks. Improper handling and storing of materials can cause costly injuries.
Workers frequently cite the weight and bulkiness of objects being lifted as causes of their injuries. Bending, twisting and turning are movements that cause back injuries. Back injuries account for over 20 percent of all occupational illnesses. The majority of over-exertion cases with lost-workdays are due to lifting, pushing/pulling, and carrying. Those cases represent 27 percent of all lost-workday cases.

PPT slides #1 – #3

Presentation (Instruction)______________________ Estimated Time: ?? hours

Key Points

Methods

I. Types of Materials Handling Equipment
A. Conveyors
B. Cranes
C. Slings
D. Powered Industrial Trucks

II. Hazards Associated with Materials Handling Activities
A. Factors cited by workers as contributors to injuries
1. Major contributors – weight and bulkiness of objects
2. Other common contributors – bending, twisting, and
turning movements.

B. Hazards
1. Improper operation of equipment, such as forklifts, cranes, and work trucks
2. Accumulated materials or clutter that present tripping hazards, fire/explosion hazards, or hazards associated with the harboring of rats and other pests
3. Unsafe conditions of materials or containers, such as protruding nails, dry rot, or deteriorated containers
4. Flammability or toxicity of some materials
5. Weight of materials in excess of capabilities of lifting equipment, floors, or storage shelves
6. Improperly cutting of binding ties or other devices that secure bundles or bound materials
7. Falling objects from improper handling or storage
8. Lifting, pushing, pulling, or otherwise manually moving large, heavy items
9. Improperly stacked materials that have a potential to slide, fall, or collapse leading to struck-by or crushed-by incidents
10. Struck-by or caught-in/-between hazards related to
equipment, machinery, or falling loads
C. Injuries associated with materials handling
3. Commonly reported injuries
a. Sprains, strains, tears
b. Soreness and pain
c. Bruises and contusions
d. Cuts, lacerations, and punctures
4. Events or exposures leading to injuries include, but are not limited to:
a. Contact with objects and equipment
b. Overexertion
c. Falls, slips, trips, or loss of balance
d. Transportation incidents
e. Exposure to harmful substances or
environments
f. Repetitive motion

III. Preventing Hazards Associated with Material Handling Equipment
A. Cranes
1. Handling and storing materials often involves operations such as hoisting tons of material, steel, and concrete with cranes. Only thoroughly trained and competent workers are permitted to operate cranes.
2. Use the following methods to eliminate or reduce hazards of crane operations:
a. Operators should know how much they are lifting, how much it weighs, the rated capacity of the crane, and when a load is safe to lift.
b. Always check for crane load chart and do not exceed load limits for the operating conditions.
c. A qualified person must inspect equipment that has been modified, repaired, or adjusted and must inspect equipment post-assembly and at least every 12 months; equipment not in regular use must be inspected if idle for 3 months or more.
d. A competent person must begin visual inspection of equipment prior to each shift that must be completed before or during the shift. A monthly inspection must also be completed before equipment can be used.
B. Slings
1. A sling commonly connects a crane hook to a load and is an important rigging tool.
2. To eliminate or reduce hazards, slings need to be:
a. Inspected every day before they are used and whenever service conditions change that could warrant another inspection;
b. Removed from service if they are found damaged or defective in any way; and,
c. Lubricated in the field to lengthen its useful service.

d. Selected for use based on the requirements of the job. Wire rope slings are used to hoist materials. Alloy steel chain slings are the best choice for hoisting very hot materials.
e. Do not shorten slings with knots or bolts or other makeshift devices and do not kink sling legs.
C. Forklifts
1. The four main causes of injuries involving forklifts include:
a. Forklift overturns
b. Forklift striking workers on foot
c. Persons crushed by forklifts
d. Persons falling from forklifts
2. It is illegal for anyone to operate a forklift if they are under 18 years of age or over 18 years of age and not properly trained and certified to do so.
3. Use best practices for forklift operations, including:
a. Driving the forklift
i. Slow down and sound the horn at locations where vision is obstructed.
ii. Look toward the travel path and keep a clear view of it.
iii. Don’t drive up to anyone standing in front of a bench or other fixed object.
iv. Don’t drive with the work platform elevated.
v. Use seatbelts with ROPS.
vi. Don’t raise or lower the forks while the forklift is moving.
vii. Maintain safe distance approximately three truck lengths from the truck ahead.
b. Elevating workers
i. Don’t use a forklift to elevate workers who are standing on the forks.
ii. Only lift personnel with approved lift platform.
iii. Elevate a worker on an approved lift platform only when the vehicle is directly below the work area.

iv. Whenever a truck is used to elevate personnel, secure the elevating platform to the lifting carriage or forks of the forklift.
v. Use a restraining means, such as rails, chains, or a body belt with a lanyard for the worker(s) on the platform.
c. Driving on grades/ramps
i. Use extreme caution when driving on grades or ramps.
ii. Do not turn on grades or ramps.
iii. On grades, tilt the load back and raise it only as far as needed to clear the road surface.
iv. When ascending or descending grades are greater than 10%, drive loaded trucks with the load upgrade
d. Operating speed – operate forklift at a speed that will permit it to be stopped safely.
e. Exiting the forklift
i. When dismounting, set the parking brake, lower the forks or lifting carriage, and neutralize the controls.
ii. Exit from a stand-up type forklift with rear-entry access by stepping backward if a lateral tip-over occurs.
f. Riding on the forklift – do not allow passengers on forklift trucks unless a seat is provided.
g. Avoiding excess weight – do not handle loads that are heavier than the weight capacity of the forklift.
h. Avoiding struck-by or crushed-by hazards.
i. Don’t jump from an overturning, sit-down type forklift.
ii. Stay with the truck, hold on firmly, and lean in the opposite direction of the overturn.
i. Training – do not operate a forklift without proper training and licensing.
j. Reporting damage – any damage or problems that occur to a forklift during a shift should be reported to the supervisor.
4. When dock boards are used to bridge a loading dock and a truck so the forklift can load or unload materials, follow these requirements:
a. Use appropriate weight-rated platform to bridge space.
b. Secure portable dock boards so that they will not move.
c. Ensure that dock boards have handholds or some other effective way to lift, manage, or move them safely.
D. Earth-Moving Equipment
1. Includes heavy equipment such as cranes, scrapers, loaders, crawlers, bulldozers, off-highway trucks, graders, and tractors.
2. Must be equipped with seatbelts. Anyone sitting in the equipment must wear the seatbelts.
3. Any equipment with an obstructed view to the rear cannot be used in reverse gear unless that piece of equipment has a back-up signal alarm or an employee signals that it is safe to do so.
4. Operator must be properly trained.
IV. Employer Requirements
A. Comply with OSHA standards related to materials handling, including
1. Training requirements
2. Inspection requirements
B. Comply with manufacturers’ requirements and recommendations for materials handling equipment.

PPT slides #4 – #5

PPT slides #6 – #14

PPT slides #15 – #34

PPT slides #35 – #36

Application (How students apply what they learn) __ Estimated Time: ?? hours

Key Points

Methods

Identify hazards in worksite photos and discuss possible solutions.
Using small items (little boxes, small blocks of wood, little bags of beans, or similar items) have students practice placing materials in tiers using an acceptable method to prevent sliding, falling, or collapse
(i.e., stacked, racked, blocked, interlocked, or otherwise secured).
Using empty boxes, have student demonstrate proper lifting techniques.

PPT slides #37 – #39

Evaluation/Summary Estimated Time: ?? hours

Key Points

Methods

Knowledge Check: Materials Handling, Storage, Use and Disposal.

References

PPT slides #40 – #43

OSHA Standard:

https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owasrch.search_form?p_doc_type=STANDARDS&p_toc_level=1&p_keyvalue=Construction

1926 Subpart H – Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal

· 1926.250 – General requirements for storage

· 1926.251 – Rigging equipment for material handling

· 1926.252 – Disposal of waste materials

OSHA Publications:

· Material Hoist Collapse (2014), OSHA Fatal Facts,

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3718

· Materials Handling and Storage (2002 – revised), OSHA #2236,

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha2236

OSHA References/Resources:

· Powered Industrial Trucks (Forklift) (2008), OSHA eTool,

https://www.osha.govSLTC/etools/pit/index.html

· Wood Products: Sawmills – Lumber Storage (2002), OSHA eTool,

https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/sawmills/lumber.html

· Materials Handling and Storage (1996), Construction Safety and Health Outreach Program,

https://www.osha.gov/doc/outreachtraining/htmlfiles/mathan.html

Page 1 of 9

Lesson Plan: Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal Revised by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup v.05.18.15

10-hour Construction Outreach

Name: _____________________________ Date: _____________

Knowledge Check: Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal

Answer Key

1. How old do you have to be to operate a forklift, regardless of training?

a. 16 years old

b. 18 years old

c. 21 years old

d. 25 years old

2. One good way to prevent materials handling hazards is to _____.

a. refuse to allow personnel to ride equipment without a seat and seatbelt

b. report all damaged equipment immediately

c. operate within manufacturer’s specifications

d. All of these

3. Which of the following is a method for eliminating or reducing crane operation hazards?

a. Operators should know how much they are lifting as well as the rated capacity of the crane.

b. A competent person should visually inspect the crane once a year.

c. Never exceed the load limit by more than 10%.

d. All of these.

4. Employers must comply with OSHA standards related to materials handling, including training and _____.

a. equipment

b. operations

c. inspection

d. All of these

Page 1 of 1

Knowledge Check: Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal Created by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup 05/18/2015

10-hour Construction Outreach

Page 1 of 1
Knowledge Check: Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal Created by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup 05/18/2015

Name: _____________________________ Date: _____________

Knowledge Check: Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal

1. How old do you have to be to operate a forklift, regardless of training?

a. 16 years old

b. 18 years old

c. 21 years old

d. 25 years old

2. One good way to prevent materials handling hazards is to _____.

a. refuse to allow personnel to ride equipment without a seat and seatbelt

b. report all damaged equipment immediately

c. operate within manufacturer’s specifications

d. All of these

3. Which of the following is a method for eliminating or reducing crane operation hazards?

a. Operators should know how much they are lifting as well as the rated capacity of the

crane.

b. A competent person should visually inspect the crane once a year.

c. Never exceed the load limit by more than 10%.

d. All of these.

4. Employers must comply with OSHA standards related to materials handling, including training

and _____.

a. equipment

b. operations

c. inspection

d. All of these

Worker Safety Series
Warehousing

Think Safety

 More than 145,000 people work in over 7,000 warehouses.
 The fatal injury rate for the warehousing industry is higher than the national average for all industries.
 Potential hazards for workers in warehousing:

o Unsafe use of forklifts;
o Improper stacking of products;
o Failure to use proper personal protective equipment;
o Failure to follow proper lockout/tagout procedures;
o Inadequate fire safety provisions; or
o Repetitive motion injuries.

Think Safety Checklists

The following checklists may help you take steps to avoid hazards that cause injuries, illnesses and fatalities.
As always, be cautious and seek help if you are concerned about a potential hazard.

General Safety

 Exposed or open loading dock doors and other areas that employees could fall 4 feet or more or walk off
should be chained off, roped off or otherwise blocked.

 Floors and aisles are clear of clutter, electrical cords, hoses, spills and other hazards that could cause
employees to slip, trip or fall.

 Proper work practices are factored into determining the time requirements for an employee to perform a
task.

 Employees performing physical work have adequate periodic rest breaks to avoid fatigue levels that could
result in greater risk of accidents and reduced quality of work.

 Newly-hired employees receive general ergonomics training and task-specific training.
 The warehouse is well ventilated.
 Employees are instructed on how to avoid heat stress in hot, humid environments.
 Employees are instructed on how to work in cold environments.
 The facility has lockout/tagout procedures.

Materials Handling Safety

 There are appropriately marked and sufficiently safe clearances for aisles and at loading docks or
passageways where mechanical handling equipment is used.

 Loose/unboxed materials which might fall from a pile are properly stacked by blocking, interlocking or
limiting the height of the pile to prevent falling hazards.

 Bags, containers, bundles, etc. are stored in tiers that are stacked, blocked, interlocked and limited in
height so that they are stable and secure to prevent sliding or collapse.

 Storage areas are kept free from accumulation of materials that could lead to tripping, fire, explosion or
pest infestations.

 Excessive vegetation is removed from building entrances, work or traffic areas to prevent possible trip or
fall hazards due to visual obstructions.

 Derail and/or bumper blocks are provided on spur railroad tracks where a rolling car could contact other
cars being worked on and at entrances to buildings, work or traffic areas.

 Covers and/or guardrails are provided to protect personnel from the hazards of stair openings in floors,
meter or equipment pits and similar hazards.

 Personnel use proper lifting techniques.
 Elevators and hoists for lifting materials/ containers are properly used with adequate safe clearances, no

obstructions, appropriate signals and directional warning signs.

Hazard Communication Safety

 All hazardous materials containers are properly labeled, indicating the chemical’s identity, the
manufacturer’s name and address, and appropriate hazard warnings.

 There is an updated list of hazardous chemicals.
 The facility has a written program that covers hazard determination, including Material Safety Data Sheets

(MSDSs), labeling and training.
 There is a system to check that each incoming chemical is accompanied by a MSDS.
 All employees are trained in the requirements of the hazard communication standard, the chemical hazards

to which they are exposed, how to read and understand a MSDS and chemical labels, and on what
precautions to take to prevent exposure.

 All employee training is documented.
 All outside contractors are given a complete list of chemical products, hazards and precautions.
 Procedures have been established to maintain and evaluate the effectiveness of the current program.
 Employees use proper personal protective equipment when handling chemicals.
 All chemicals are stored according to the manufacturer’s recommendations and local or national fire codes.

Forklift Safety

 Powered industrial trucks (forklifts) meet the design and construction requirements established in
American National Standard for Powered Industrial Trucks, Part II ANSI B56.1-1969.

 Written approval from the truck manufacturer has been obtained for any modifications or additions that
affect the capacity and safe operation of the vehicle.

 Capacity, operation and maintenance instruction plates, tags or decals are changed to specify any
modifications or additions to the vehicle.

 Nameplates and markings are in place and maintained in a legible condition.
 Forklifts that are used in hazardous locations are appropriately marked/approved for such use.
 Battery charging is conducted only in designated areas.
 Appropriate facilities are provided for flushing and neutralizing spilled electrolytes, for fire extinguishing,

for protecting charging apparatus from damage by trucks and for adequate ventilation to disperse fumes
from gassing batteries.

 Conveyors, overhead hoists or equivalent materials handling equipment are provided for handling
batteries.

 Reinstalled batteries are properly positioned and secured.

 Carboy tilters or siphons are used for handling electrolytes.
 Forklifts are properly positioned and brakes applied before workers start to change or charge batteries.
 Vent caps are properly functioning.
 Precautions are taken to prevent smoking, open flames, sparks or electric arcs in battery charging areas

and during storage/changing of propane fuel tanks.
 Tools and other metallic objects are kept away from the top of uncovered batteries.
 Concentrations of noxious gases and fumes are kept below acceptable levels.
 Forklift operators are competent to operate a vehicle safely as demonstrated by successful completion of

training and evaluation conducted and certified by persons with the knowledge, training and experience to
train operators and evaluate their performance.

 The training program content includes all truck-related topics, workplace related topics and the
requirements of 29 CFR 1910.178 for safe truck operation.

 Refresher training and evaluation is conducted whenever an operator has been observed operating the
vehicle in an unsafe manner or has been involved in an accident or a near-miss incident.

 Refresher training and evaluation is conducted whenever an operator is assigned to drive a different type
of truck or whenever a condition in the workplace changes in a manner that could affect safe operation of
the truck.

 Evaluations of each operator’s performance are conducted at least once every three years.
 Load engaging means are fully lowered, with controls neutralized, power shut off and brakes set when a

forklift is left unattended.
 Operators maintain a safe distance from the edge of ramps or platforms while using forklifts on any

elevated dock, platform or freight car.
 There is sufficient headroom for the forklift and operator under overhead installations, lights, pipes,

sprinkler systems, etc.
 Overhead guards are provided in good condition to protect forklift operators from falling objects.
 Operators observe all traffic regulations, including authorized plant speed limits.
 Drivers are required to look in the direction of and keep a clear view of the path of travel.
 Operators run their trucks at a speed that will permit the vehicle to stop in a safe manner.
 Dock boards (bridge plates) are properly secured when loading or unloading from dock to truck.
 Stunt driving and horseplay are prohibited.
 All loads are stable, safely arranged and fit within the rated capacity of the truck.
 Operators fill fuel tanks only when the engine is not running.
 Replacement parts of trucks are equivalent in terms of safety with those used in the original design.
 Trucks are examined for safety before being placed into service and unsafe or defective trucks are

removed from service.

Full document available at: https://www.osha.gov/Publications/warehousing.html

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10-hour Construction Outreach

Page 1 of 9
Lesson Plan: Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal Revised by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup v.05.18.15

IDENTIFICATION

TOPIC TITLE: ___Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal________________________

MINIMUM TIME: ___30 minutes__________________________________________________

OBJECTIVES

Terminal Objective:

Given best practices and current OSHA and industry information regarding worksite illnesses,
injuries, and/or fatalities, the student will be able to recognize how to protect themselves from
hazards associated with material handling.

Enabling Objectives:

1. Identify types of material handling equipment.
2. Describe hazards associated with material handling activities (e.g., storage, use, and

disposal).
3. Identify methods to prevent hazards associated with material handling equipment.
4. Recognize employer requirements to protect workers from material handling hazards.

INSTRUCTOR MATERIALS AND RESOURCES

 PowerPoint presentation: Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal
 Knowledge Check Answer Key: Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal

STUDENT MATERIALS

 Fact Sheet

 Knowledge Check: Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal

10-hour Construction Outreach

Page 2 of 9
Lesson Plan: Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal Revised by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup v.05.18.15

TEACHING PROCEDURES —Preparation, Presentation, Application, Evaluation

Anticipatory Set (Focus Attention/Gain Interest) Estimated Time: ?? hours

Key Points Methods

Improper handling and storing of materials can cause costly injuries.

Workers frequently cite the weight and bulkiness of objects being
lifted as causes of their injuries. Bending, twisting and turning are
movements that cause back injuries. Back injuries account for over
20 percent of all occupational illnesses. The majority of over-exertion
cases with lost-workdays are due to lifting, pushing/pulling, and

carrying. Those cases represent 27 percent of all lost-workday cases.

PPT slides #1 – #3

Presentation (Instruction)______________________ Estimated Time: ?? hours
Key Points Methods

I. Types of Materials Handling

Equipment

A. Conveyors

B. Cranes

C. Slings

D. Powered Industrial Trucks

II. Hazards Associated with Materials Handling Activities

A. Factors cited by workers as contributors to injuries

1. Major contributors – weight and bulkiness of objects

2. Other common contributors – bending, twisting, and

turning movements.

PPT slides #4 – #5

PPT slides #6 – #14

10-hour Construction Outreach

Page 3 of 9
Lesson Plan: Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal Revised by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup v.05.18.15

B. Hazards

1. Improper operation of equipment, such as forklifts,

cranes, and work trucks

2. Accumulated materials or clutter that present

tripping hazards, fire/explosion hazards, or hazards

associated with the harboring of rats and other pests

3. Unsafe conditions of materials or containers, such as

protruding nails, dry rot, or deteriorated containers

4. Flammability or toxicity of some materials

5. Weight of materials in excess of capabilities of lifting

equipment, floors, or storage shelves

6. Improperly cutting of binding ties or other devices

that secure bundles or bound materials

7. Falling objects from improper handling or storage

8. Lifting, pushing, pulling, or otherwise manually

moving large, heavy items

9. Improperly stacked materials that have a potential to

slide, fall, or collapse leading to struck-by or

crushed-by incidents

10. Struck-by or caught-in/-between hazards related to

equipment, machinery, or falling loads

C. Injuries associated with materials handling

3. Commonly reported injuries

a. Sprains, strains, tears

b. Soreness and pain

c. Bruises and contusions

d. Cuts, lacerations, and punctures

4. Events or exposures leading to injuries include, but

are not limited to:

a. Contact with objects and equipment

b. Overexertion

c. Falls, slips, trips, or loss of balance

d. Transportation incidents

e. Exposure to harmful substances or

environments

f. Repetitive motion

10-hour Construction Outreach

Page 4 of 9
Lesson Plan: Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal Revised by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup v.05.18.15

III. Preventing Hazards Associated with Material Handling

Equipment

A. Cranes

1. Handling and storing materials often involves

operations such as hoisting tons of material, steel,

and concrete with cranes. Only thoroughly trained

and competent workers are permitted to operate

cranes.

2. Use the following methods to eliminate or reduce

hazards of crane operations:

a. Operators should know how much they are lifting,

how much it weighs, the rated capacity of the

crane, and when a load is safe to lift.

b. Always check for crane load chart and do not

exceed load limits for the operating conditions.

c. A qualified person must inspect equipment that

has been modified, repaired, or adjusted and must

inspect equipment post-assembly and at least

every 12 months; equipment not in regular use

must be inspected if idle for 3 months or more.

d. A competent person must begin visual inspection

of equipment prior to each shift that must be

completed before or during the shift. A monthly

inspection must also be completed before

equipment can be used.

B. Slings

1. A sling commonly connects a crane hook to a load

and is an important rigging tool.

2. To eliminate or reduce hazards, slings need to be:

a. Inspected every day before they are used and

whenever service conditions change that could

warrant another inspection;

b. Removed from service if they are found damaged

or defective in any way; and,

c. Lubricated in the field to lengthen its useful

service.

PPT slides #15 – #34

10-hour Construction Outreach

Page 5 of 9
Lesson Plan: Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal Revised by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup v.05.18.15

d. Selected for use based on the requirements of the

job. Wire rope slings are used to hoist materials.

Alloy steel chain slings are the best choice for

hoisting very hot materials.

e. Do not shorten slings with knots or bolts or other

makeshift devices and do not kink sling legs.

C. Forklifts

1. The four main causes of injuries involving forklifts

include:

a. Forklift overturns

b. Forklift striking workers on foot

c. Persons crushed by forklifts

d. Persons falling from forklifts

2. It is illegal for anyone to operate a forklift if they are

under 18 years of age or over 18 years of age and

not properly trained and certified to do so.

3. Use best practices for forklift operations, including:

a. Driving the forklift

i. Slow down and sound the horn at locations

where vision is obstructed.

ii. Look toward the travel path and keep a clear

view of it.

iii. Don’t drive up to anyone standing in front of a

bench or other fixed object.

iv. Don’t drive with the work platform elevated.

v. Use seatbelts with ROPS.

vi. Don’t raise or lower the forks while the forklift

is moving.

vii. Maintain safe distance approximately three

truck lengths from the truck ahead.

b. Elevating workers

i. Don’t use a forklift to elevate workers who are

standing on the forks.

ii. Only lift personnel with approved lift platform.

iii. Elevate a worker on an approved lift platform

only when the vehicle is directly below the

work area.

10-hour Construction Outreach

Page 6 of 9
Lesson Plan: Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal Revised by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup v.05.18.15

iv. Whenever a truck is used to elevate

personnel, secure the elevating platform to

the lifting carriage or forks of the

forklift.

v. Use a restraining means, such as rails, chains,

or a body belt with a lanyard for the worker(s)

on the platform.

c. Driving on grades/ramps

i. Use extreme caution when driving on grades

or ramps.

ii. Do not turn on grades or ramps.

iii. On grades, tilt the load back and raise it only

as far as needed to clear the road surface.

iv. When ascending or descending grades are

greater than 10%, drive loaded trucks with

the load upgrade

d. Operating speed – operate forklift at a speed that

will permit it to be stopped

safely.

e. Exiting the forklift

i. When dismounting, set the parking brake,

lower the forks or lifting carriage, and

neutralize the controls.

ii. Exit from a stand-up type forklift with rear-

entry access by stepping backward if a lateral

tip-over occurs.

f. Riding on the forklift – do not allow passengers on

forklift trucks unless a seat is provided.

g. Avoiding excess weight – do not handle loads that

are heavier than the weight capacity of the

forklift.

h. Avoiding struck-by or crushed-by hazards.

i. Don’t jump from an overturning, sit-down

type forklift.

ii. Stay with the truck, hold on firmly, and lean in

the opposite direction of the overturn.

i. Training – do not operate a forklift without proper

training and licensing.

j. Reporting damage – any damage or problems that

occur to a forklift during a shift should be reported

to the supervisor.

10-hour Construction Outreach

Page 7 of 9
Lesson Plan: Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal Revised by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup v.05.18.15

4. When dock boards are used to bridge a loading dock

and a truck so the forklift can load or unload

materials, follow these requirements:

a. Use appropriate weight-rated platform to bridge

space.

b. Secure portable dock boards so that they will not

move.

c. Ensure that dock boards have handholds or some

other effective way to lift, manage, or move them

safely.

D. Earth-Moving Equipment

1. Includes heavy equipment such as cranes, scrapers,

loaders, crawlers, bulldozers, off-highway trucks,

graders, and tractors.

2. Must be equipped with seatbelts. Anyone sitting in

the equipment must wear the seatbelts.

3. Any equipment with an obstructed view to the rear

cannot be used in reverse gear unless that piece of

equipment has a back-up signal alarm or an

employee signals that it is safe to do so.

4. Operator must be properly trained.

IV. Employer Requirements

A. Comply with OSHA standards related to materials

handling, including

1. Training requirements

2. Inspection requirements

B. Comply with manufacturers’ requirements and

recommendations for materials handling equipment.

PPT slides #35 – #36

10-hour Construction Outreach

Page 8 of 9
Lesson Plan: Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal Revised by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup v.05.18.15

Application (How students apply what they learn) __ Estimated Time: ?? hours
Key Points Methods

Identify hazards in worksite photos and discuss possible solutions.

Using small items (little boxes, small blocks of wood, little bags of

beans, or similar items) have students practice placing

materials in tiers using an acceptable method to prevent

sliding, falling, or collapse

(i.e., stacked, racked, blocked, interlocked, or otherwise

secured).

Using empty boxes, have student demonstrate proper lifting

techniques.

PPT slides #37 – #39

Evaluation/Summary Estimated Time: ?? hours
Key Points Methods

Knowledge Check: Materials Handling, Storage, Use and Disposal.

PPT slides #40 – #43

10-hour Construction Outreach

Page 9 of 9
Lesson Plan: Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal Revised by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup v.05.18.15

References

OSHA Standard:

https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owasrch.search_form?p_doc_type=STANDARDS&p_toc_level=1
&p_keyvalue=Construction

 1926 Subpart H – Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal

1926.250 – General requirements for storage

1926.251 – Rigging equipment for material handling

1926.252 – Disposal of waste materials

OSHA Publications:

 Material Hoist Collapse (2014), OSHA Fatal Facts,

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3718

 Materials Handling and Storage (2002 – revised), OSHA #2236,

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha2236

OSHA References/Resources:

 Powered Industrial Trucks (Forklift) (2008), OSHA eTool,

https://www.osha.govSLTC/etools/pit/index.html

 Wood Products: Sawmills – Lumber Storage (2002), OSHA eTool,

https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/sawmills/lumber.html

 Materials Handling and Storage (1996), Construction Safety and Health Outreach Program,

https://www.osha.gov/doc/outreachtraining/htmlfiles/mathan.html

https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owasrch.search_form?p_doc_type=STANDARDS&p_toc_level=1&p_keyvalue=Construction

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3718

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha2236

https://www.osha.govsltc/etools/pit/index.html

https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/sawmills/lumber.html

https://www.osha.gov/doc/outreachtraining/htmlfiles/mathan.html

10-hour Construction Outreach

Page 1 of 1
Knowledge Check: Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal Created by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup 05/18/2015

Name: _____________________________ Date: _____________

Knowledge Check: Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal

Answer Key

1. How old do you have to be to operate a forklift, regardless of training?

a. 16 years old

b. 18 years old

c. 21 years old

d. 25 years old

2. One good way to prevent materials handling hazards is to _____.

a. refuse to allow personnel to ride equipment without a seat and seatbelt

b. report all damaged equipment immediately

c. operate within manufacturer’s specifications

d. All of these

3. Which of the following is a method for eliminating or reducing crane operation hazards?

a. Operators should know how much they are lifting as well as the rated

capacity of the crane.

b. A competent person should visually inspect the crane once a year.

c. Never exceed the load limit by more than 10%.

d. All of these.

4. Employers must comply with OSHA standards related to materials handling, including training

and _____.

a. equipment

b. operations

c. inspection

d. All of these

Personal Protective Equipment

10-Hour Construction Outreach

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Personal Protective Equipment

Source of photos: Mount Sinai/CHEP/elcosh.org

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
OSHA requires employees to protect their employees from workplace hazards through the use of engineering or work practice controls.
When these controls are not feasible or do not provide sufficient protection, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is required.
2

Personal Protective Equipment
Lesson Overview
Hierarchy of controls
Types of PPE
PPE Training Requirements
Employer and Employee Responsibilities
Hazard Recognition Activity

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
Objectives:
Describe the hierarchy of controls as it relates to personal protective equipment.
Identify types of personal protective equipment utilized in construction.
Explain personal protective equipment training requirements.
Explain the responsibilities of employers and employees regarding personal protective equipment.
3

Protecting Employees
Employers must protect employees:
Assess workplace
Eliminate and reduce hazards using engineering and administrative controls
Then use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE)
Remember, PPE is the last level of control!

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Protecting Employees
Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
The Hierarchy of Control Methods
Graphic illustrates the effectiveness of the systems used to prevent and control hazards.
Elimination/substitution
Provides the highest level of protection against hazards.
The hazard is eliminated from the workplace or a safer item/substance is substituted for the more hazardous item/substance.
Engineering controls are the second most effective means of protecting employees from hazards, followed by administrative and work practice controls.
PPE – last resort; it is least effective
5

Engineering Controls
Physical changes to workplace
Isolation
Ventilation
Equipment modification
Others

Mount Sinai/CHEP/elcosh.org

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
Engineering controls
Requires a physical change to the workplace
Based on the following principles: (OSHA 2001)
If feasible, design the facility, equipment, or process to remove the hazard.
If removal is not feasible, enclose the hazard to prevent exposure in normal operations.
Where complete enclosure is not feasible, establish barriers or local ventilation to reduce exposure to the hazard in normal operations.
Examples
Isolation – hazard is enclosed prohibiting exposure to worker
Ventilation – air exchanges to reduce atmospheric hazards
Equipment modifications – reduce the hazard through design of the equipment or attachments (Examples: reduced vibration, dust collection system, noise reduction, etc.)
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/safetyhealth/comp3.html
6

Administrative Controls
Requires worker to do something
Proper procedures
Inspection and maintenance
Housekeeping
Supervision
Regulated areas
Limit exposure by time or distance

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
Administrative Controls
Includes work practices
Requires the worker or employer to do something
Examples
Proper procedures – workplace rules and other operation-specific rules
Inspection and maintenance – regularly inspect tools and equipment; keep them well maintained; remove from service any damaged or broken items
Housekeeping
Supervision
Regulated areas – designate areas for lunch and break times; no eating, drinking, smoking, chewing tobacco or gum, and applying cosmetics in workplace
Limit exposure by time and distance – shorten amount of time a worker is exposed to task involving the hazard; distance hazard from workers
7

Administrative Controls
Example: Noise Exposure
Operate noisy machines during shifts when fewer people are exposed
Limit the amount of time a person spends at a noise source
Provide quiet areas where workers can gain relief from hazardous noise sources
Control noise exposure through distance

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
Examples of administrative controls that could be used to reduce noise exposure are listed here. (Note: noise protection will be further discussed later in this presentation)
8

Types of PPE

Source of photos: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
“When exposure to hazards cannot be engineered completely out of normal operations or maintenance work, and when safe work practices and other forms of administrative controls cannot provide sufficient additional protection, a supplementary method of control is the use of protective clothing or equipment. This is collectively called personal protective equipment, or PPE. PPE may also be appropriate for controlling hazards while engineering and work practice controls are being installed” (OSHA 2001).
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/safetyhealth/comp3.html
The type of PPE needed by workers depends on the hazards to which they are exposed.
9

Head Protection
Frequent Causes of Head Injuries:
Object striking head
Head striking object
Contact with exposed, energized electrical conductors

Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
‹#›
Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html
“Protecting employees from potential head injuries is a key element of any safety program. A head injury can impair an employee for life or it can be fatal. Wearing a safety helmet or hard hat is one of the easiest ways to protect an employee’s head from injury. Hard hats can protect employees from impact and penetration hazards as well as from electrical shock and burn hazards.
Employers must ensure that their employees wear head protection if any of the following apply:
Objects might fall from above and strike them on the head;
They might bump their heads against fixed objects, such as exposed pipes or beams; or
There is a possibility of accidental head contact with electrical hazards.”
(OSHA Publication 3151-12R, 2003)
10

Classes of Hard Hats
Class G (General)
General service (e.g., building construction, shipbuilding, lumbering, and manufacturing)
Good impact protection
Limited voltage protection
(proof-tested at 2,200 volts)
Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
‹#›
Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html
“There are many types of hard hats available in the marketplace today. In addition to selecting protective headgear that meets ANSI standard requirements, employers should ensure that employees wear hard hats that provide appropriate protection against potential workplace hazards. It is important for employers to understand all potential hazards when making this selection, including electrical hazards. This can be done through a comprehensive hazard analysis and an awareness of the different types of protective headgear available.”
(OSHA Publication 3151-12R, 2003)
Class G hard hats are intended for general service use, such as building construction, shipbuilding, lumbering, and manufacturing. Class G hard hats provide good impact protection, but limited voltage protection (proof-tested at 2,200 volts).

Classes of Hard Hats
Class E (Electrical)
Electrical work
Protect against falling objects
Protect against high-voltage shock/burns (proof-tested at 20,000 volts)

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
Class E hard hats are designed for electrical/utility work. They protect against falling objects and provide protection against conductors with higher voltage levels (proof-tested at 20,000 volts).
12

Classes of Hard Hats
Class C (Conductive)
Designed for comfort, offers limited protection
Protects heads that may bump against fixed objects
Does not protect against falling objects or electrical hazards

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
Class C hard hats provide limited protection, mostly from bumps against fixed objects. Class C hard hats do not provide any protection against electrical hazards.
13

Eye and Face Protection
Common Causes of Eye Injuries
Dust
Flying particles
Harmful chemicals
Intense light
Welding
Lasers
Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
‹#›
Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html
“Employees can be exposed to a large number of hazards that pose danger to their eyes and face. OSHA requires employers to ensure that employees have appropriate eye or face protection if they are exposed to eye or face hazards from flying particles, molten metal, liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids, chemical gases or vapors, potentially infected material or potentially harmful light radiation.”
(OSHA Publication 3151-12R, 2003)
1926.102(a)(2)
Eye and face protection equipment required by this Part shall meet the requirements specified in American National Standards Institute, Z87.1-1968, Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection.
14

Safety Glasses
Selecting eye and face protection:
Meet requirements of ANSI Z87
Elements to consider
Ability to protect
Fit and comfort
Vision and movement not restricted
Durable and cleanable
Other PPE not restricted

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

1926.102(a)(2)
Eye and face protection equipment required by this Part shall meet the requirements specified in American National Standards Institute, Z87.1-1968, Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection.
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html
“Selecting the most suitable eye and face protection for employees should take into consideration the following elements:
Ability to protect against specific workplace hazards.
Should fit properly and be reasonably comfortable to wear.
Should provide unrestricted vision and movement.
Should be durable and cleanable.
Should allow unrestricted functioning of any other required PPE.”
(OSHA Publication 3151-12R, 2003)

Safety Glasses
Protect against:
Flying particles from wood, metal, cement, plastics, or other materials
Airborne particulates such as ashes, dust, embers, sand blast, grit, paint,
or other materials

Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/eyeandface/ppe/impact.html#spectacles
“Safety spectacles are intended to shield the wearer’s eyes from impact hazards such as flying fragments, objects, large chips, and particles. Workers are required to use eye safety spectacles with side shields when there is a hazard from flying objects. Non-side shield spectacles are not acceptable eye protection for impact hazards.
The frames of safety spectacles are constructed of metal and/or plastic and can be fitted with either corrective or plano impact-resistant lenses. Side shields may be incorporated into the frames of safety spectacles when needed. Consider each component of safety spectacles when selecting the appropriate device for your workplace.”
(OSHA Eye and Face Protection eTool, 2002)

Goggles
Protect eyes, eye sockets and facial area around eyes from impact, dust, & splashes
Goggles or other eye protection
may fit over corrective lenses
may not interfere with the function of the glasses

Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
‹#›
Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html
Googles “are tight-fitting eye protection that completely cover the eyes, eye sockets and the facial area immediately surrounding the eyes and provide protection from impact, dust and splashes. Some goggles will fit over corrective lenses.”
(OSHA Publication 3151-12R, 2003)
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/eyeandface/ppe/impact.html#goggles
“Safety goggles are intended to shield the wearer’s eyes from impact hazards such as flying fragments, objects, large chips, and particles. Goggles fit the face immediately surrounding the eyes and form a protective seal around the eyes. This prevents objects from entering under or around the goggles.
Safety goggles may incorporate prescription lenses mounted behind protective lenses for individuals requiring vision correction. Take time to consider specific lens, frame, and ventilation options when selecting safety goggles.”
(OSHA Eye and Face Protection eTool, 2002)

Welding Shields
Protect eyes from burns
Infrared light
intense radiant light
Protect face and eyes from
flying sparks
metal spatter slag
Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
‹#›
Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html
“Constructed of vulcanized fiber or fiberglass and fitted with a filtered lens, welding shields protect eyes from burns caused by infrared or intense radiant light; they also protect both the eyes and face from flying sparks, metal spatter and slag chips produced during welding, brazing, soldering and cutting operations. OSHA requires filter lenses to have a shade number appropriate to protect against the specific hazards of the work being performed in order to protect against harmful light radiation.”
(OSHA Publication 3151-12R, 2003)
18

Face Shields
Protect face from nuisance
dusts and potential splashes
or sprays of hazardous liquids
Shields do not protect from
impact hazards unless so rated
Shields are for face protection, not eye protection. To protect the eyes, wear safety glasses with side shields under the face shield.

Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
‹#›
Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/eyeandface/ppe/impact.html#faceshields
“Face shields are intended to protect the entire face or portions of it from impact hazards such as flying fragments, objects, large chips, and particles. When worn alone, face shields do not protect employees from impact hazards. Use face shields in combination with safety spectacles or goggles, even in the absence of dust or potential splashes, for additional protection beyond that offered by spectacles or goggles alone.”
(OSHA Eye and Face Protection eTool, 2002)
19

Warning: Employees Who Wear Corrective Lenses
Workers who wear prescription glasses must also wear required eye protection.

NIOSH/John Rekus/elcosh.org

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
‹#›
Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/eyeandface/employer/requirements.html
“Employers must ensure that employees who wear prescription (Rx) lenses or contacts use personal protective equipment (PPE) that incorporates the prescription or use eye protection that can be worn over prescription lenses.
Workers who wear prescription glasses must also wear required eye protection.
Eye and face protection that fits comfortably over glasses is available.
Safety goggles and spectacles may incorporate prescription lenses.
Dust and chemicals present additional hazards to contacts wearers. OSHA recommends that workers have an extra pair of contacts or eyeglasses in case of contact failure or loss.”
(OSHA Eye and Face Protection eTool, 2002)

Respiratory Protection
21
Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/respiratory/respirator_selection.html
“In order to select an appropriate respirator you must:
Conduct an exposure assessment to determine the type and amount of hazardous exposure
Take into account the factors that can influence respirator selection such as job-site and worker characteristics
Understand the assigned protection factors
Know the various kinds of respira
tors and their relevant characteristics.”
(OSHA Respiratory Protection eTool 1998)

Hearing Protection
Exposure to over 85 dB can cause hearing loss
Hearing protection required at 90 dB
Effective Hearing Conservation Program

Source: Construction Safety Association of Ontario

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/noise/index.html
“Noise, or unwanted sound, is one of the most common health problems in American workplaces. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) estimates that 30 million workers in the U.S. are exposed to hazardous noise. Exposure to high levels of noise may cause hearing loss, create physical and psychological stress, reduce productivity, interfere with communication, and contribute to accidents and injuries by making it difficult to hear warning signals.
OSHA requires employers to determine if workers are exposed to excessive noise in the workplace. If so, the employers must implement feasible engineering or administrative controls to eliminate or reduce hazardous levels of noise. Where controls are not sufficient, employers must implement an effective hearing conservation program.”
(OSHA Noise and Hearing Conservation eTool, 2005)

Hearing Protection
Examples
Disposable foam plugs
Molded ear plugs
Noise cancelling ear plugs
Ear muffs
Consider Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) of devices

NIOSH/John Rekus/elcosh.org
NIOSH/John Rekus/elcosh.org

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
‹#›
Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/noise/index.html
“Hearing protection devices (HPDs) are considered the last option to control exposures to noise. HPDs are generally used during the necessary time it takes to implement engineering or administrative controls, or when such controls are not feasible.”
(OSHA Noise and Hearing Conservation eTool, 2005)
This slide shows some examples of hearing protection devices.
https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/new_noise/appendixe
The Noise Reduction Rating of hearing protectors is required labeling on the hearing protector package; manufacturers must identify the noise reduction capability of the product through “laboratory-derived numerical estimate of the attenuation achieved by the protector” (OSHA n.d.).

Hand and Arm Protection
Employers must provide hand protection when employees are exposed to hazards
Skin absorption of harmful substances
Severe cuts or lacerations
Severe abrasions
Punctures
Chemical and thermal burns
Harmful temperature extremes

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
‹#›
Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html
“If a workplace hazard assessment reveals that employees face potential injury to hands and arms that cannot be eliminated through engineering and work practice controls, employers must ensure that employees wear appropriate protection. Potential hazards include skin absorption of harmful substances, chemical or thermal burns, electrical dangers, bruises, abrasions, cuts, punctures, fractures and amputations. Protective equipment includes gloves, finger guards and arm coverings or elbow-length gloves.”
(OSHA Publication 3151-12R, 2003)

Types of Gloves
Anti-vibration
Heat Resistant
Leather Palm
Cut Resistant

Permeation Resistant
Source of photos: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
‹#›
Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html
“There are many types of gloves available today to protect against a wide variety of hazards. The nature of the hazard and the operation involved will affect the selection of gloves. The variety of potential occupational hand injuries makes selecting the right pair of gloves challenging. It is essential that employees use gloves specifically designed for the hazards and tasks found in their workplace because gloves designed for one function may not protect against a different function even though they may appear to be an appropriate protective device.
The following are examples of some factors that may influence the selection of protective gloves for a workplace. Type of chemicals handled.
Nature of contact (total immersion, splash, etc.).
Duration of contact.
Area requiring protection (hand only, forearm, arm).
Grip requirements (dry, wet, oily).
Thermal protection.
Size and comfort.
Abrasion/resistance requirements.
Gloves made from a wide variety of materials are designed for many types of workplace hazards. In general, gloves fall into four groups:
Gloves made of leather, canvas or metal mesh;
Fabric and coated fabric gloves;
Chemical- and liquid-resistant gloves;
Insulating rubber gloves (See 29 CFR 1910.137 and the following section on electrical protective equipment for detailed requirements on the selection, use and care of insulating rubber gloves).”
(OSHA Publication 3151-12R, 2003)
25

Foot and Leg Protection
Causes of Foot Injuries
Heavy objects
Sharp objects
Molten metal
Hot surfaces
Slippery or wet surfaces
Electrical hazards

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
‹#›
Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html
“Employees who face possible foot or leg injuries from falling or rolling objects or from crushing or penetrating materials should wear protective footwear. Also, employees whose work involves exposure to hot substances or corrosive or poisonous materials must have protective gear to cover exposed body parts, including legs and feet….
Examples of situations in which an employee should wear foot and/or leg protection include:
When heavy objects such as barrels or tools might roll onto or fall on the employee’s feet;
Working with sharp objects such as nails or spikes that could pierce the soles or uppers of ordinary shoes;
Exposure to molten metal that might splash on feet or legs;
Working on or around hot, wet, or slippery surfaces; and
Working when electrical hazards are present.”
(OSHA Publication 3151-12R, 2003)
26

Foot and Leg Protection
Examples
Impact-resistant toe and/or
instep
Steel
Composite
Heat-resistant soles
Metal shanks
Specialty footwear may be needed
Metatarsal guards
Liquid or chemical resistant
Conductive or nonconductive

Steve Clark/Laborers/elcosh.org
Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
‹#›
Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html
“Safety shoes have impact-resistant toes and heat-resistant soles that protect the feet against hot work surfaces common in roofing, paving and hot metal industries. The metal insoles of some safety shoes protect against puncture wounds. Safety shoes may also be designed to be electrically conductive to prevent the buildup of static electricity in areas with the potential for explosive atmospheres or nonconductive to protect workers from workplace electrical hazards.”
“Metatarsal guards protect the instep area from impact and compression. Made of aluminum, steel, fiber or plastic, these guards may be strapped to the outside of shoes.”
“Electrically conductive shoes provide protection against the buildup of static electricity…. Employees exposed to electrical hazards must never wear conductive shoes.”
“Electrical hazard, safety-toe shoes are nonconductive and will prevent the wearers’ feet from completing an electrical circuit to the ground. These shoes can protect against open circuits of up to 600 volts in dry conditions and should be used in conjunction with other insulating equipment and additional precautions to reduce the risk of a worker becoming a path for hazardous electrical energy. The insulating protection of electrical hazard, safety-toe shoes may be compromised if the shoes become wet, the soles are worn through, metal particles become embedded in the sole or heel, or workers touch conductive, grounded items. Note: Nonconductive footwear must not be used in explosive or hazardous locations.”
(OSHA Publication 3151-12R, 2003)
27

Body Protection
Causes of bodily injuries
Intense heat
Splashes of hot metals or hot liquids
Impacts from tools, machinery, or materials
Sharp objects
Hazardous chemicals
Contact with potentially infectious materials
Radiation

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
‹#›
Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html
“Employees who face possible bodily injury of any kind that cannot be eliminated through engineering, work practice or administrative controls, must wear appropriate body protection while performing their jobs. In addition to cuts and radiation, the following are examples of workplace hazards that could cause bodily injury:
Temperature extremes;
Hot splashes from molten metals and other hot liquids;
Potential impacts from tools, machinery and materials;
Hazardous chemicals. “
(OSHA Publication 3151-12R, 2003)
28

Body Protection
Mount Sinai/CHEP/elcosh.org
Mount Sinai/CHEP/elcosh.org
NIOSH/John Rekus/elcosh.org

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
‹#›
Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html
“There are many varieties of protective clothing available for specific hazards. Employers are required to ensure that their employees wear personal protective equipment only for the parts of the body exposed to possible injury. Examples of body protection include laboratory coats, coveralls, vests, jackets, aprons, surgical gowns and full body suits.
If a hazard assessment indicates a need for full body protection against toxic substances or harmful physical agents, the clothing should be carefully inspected before each use, it must fit each worker properly and it must function properly and for the purpose for which it is intended.
Protective clothing comes in a variety of materials, each effective against particular hazards, such as:
Paper-like fiber used for disposable suits provide protection against dust and splashes.
Treated wool and cotton adapts well to changing temperatures, is comfortable, and fire-resistant and protects against dust, abrasions and rough and irritating surfaces.
Duck is a closely woven cotton fabric that protects against cuts and bruises when handling heavy, sharp or rough materials.
Leather is often used to protect against dry heat and flames.
Rubber, rubberized fabrics, neoprene and plastics protect against certain chemicals and physical hazards. When chemical or physical hazards are present, check with the clothing manufacturer to ensure that the material selected will provide protection against the specific hazard.”
(OSHA Publication 3151-12R, 2003)

Training
Why PPE is necessary
How PPE will protect the employee
What PPE can and cannot do
When and how to wear PPE
How to identify signs of wear and tear
How to clean and disinfect PPE
When PPE is worn out and how to properly dispose of PPE

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
‹#›
Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html
“Employers are required to train each employee who must use PPE. Employees must be trained to know at least the following: When PPE is necessary.
What PPE is necessary.
How to properly put on, take off, adjust and wear the PPE.
The limitations of the PPE.
Proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal of PPE.
Employers should make sure that each employee demonstrates an understanding of the PPE training as well as the ability to properly wear and use PPE before they are allowed to perform work requiring the use of the PPE. If an employer believes that a previously trained employee is not demonstrating the proper understanding and skill level in the use of PPE, that employee should receive retraining. Other situations that require additional or retraining of employees include the following circumstances: changes in the workplace or in the type of required PPE that make prior training obsolete.
The employer must document the training of each employee required to wear or use PPE by preparing a certification containing the name of each employee trained, the date of training and a clear identification of the subject of the certification.”
(OSHA Publication 3151-12R, 2003)
30

Responsibilities
Employers must:
Assess hazards
Select appropriate PPE and determine when to use
Provide some PPE at no cost to employee
Make sure that employee-owned PPE is adequate, properly maintained and sanitary
Train employees and enforce use of PPE

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
‹#›
Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html
“To ensure the greatest possible protection for employees in the workplace, the cooperative efforts of both employers and employees will help in establishing and maintaining a safe and healthful work environment.
In general, employers are responsible for:
Performing a “hazard assessment” of the workplace to identify and control physical and health hazards.
Identifying and providing appropriate PPE for employees.
Training employees in the use and care of the PPE.
Maintaining PPE, including replacing worn or damaged PPE.
Periodically reviewing, updating and evaluating the effectiveness of the PPE program.”
(OSHA Publication 3151-12R, 2003)

https://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/intro_osha/7_employee_ppe
“On May 15, 2008, a new OSHA rule about employer payment for PPE went into effect. With few exceptions, OSHA now requires employers to pay for personal protective equipment used to comply with OSHA standards. The final rule does not create new requirements regarding what PPE employers must provide.
The standard makes clear that employers cannot require workers to provide their own PPE and the worker’s use of PPE they already own must be completely voluntary. Even when a worker provides his or her own PPE, the employer must ensure that the equipment is adequate to protect the worker from hazards at the workplace.
Examples of PPE that Employers Must Pay for Include:
Metatarsal foot protection
Rubber boots with steel toes
Non-prescription eye protection
Prescription eyewear inserts/lenses for full face respirators
Goggles and face shields
Fire fighting PPE (helmet, gloves, boots, proximity suits, full gear)
Hard hats
Hearing protection
Welding PPE
Payment Exceptions under the OSHA Rule
Employers are not required to pay for some PPE in certain circumstances:
Non-specialty safety-toe protective footwear (including steel-toe shoes or boots) and nonspecialty prescription safety eyewear provided that the employer permits such items to be worn off the job site. (OSHA based this decision on the fact that this type of equipment is very personal, is often used outside the workplace, and that it is taken by workers from jobsite to jobsite and employer to employer.)
Everyday clothing, such as long-sleeve shirts, long pants, street shoes, and normal work boots.
Ordinary clothing, skin creams, or other items, used solely for protection from weather, such as winter coats, jackets, gloves, parkas, rubber boots, hats, raincoats, ordinary sunglasses, and sunscreen
Items such as hair nets and gloves worn by food workers for consumer safety.
Lifting belts because their value in protecting the back is questionable.
When the employee has lost or intentionally damaged the PPE and it must be replaced.”
(OSHA Handout #7 from Introduction to OSHA materials, Employers Must Provide and Pay for PPE)
31

Responsibilities
Employees must:
Actively participate in training
Consistently use PPE as prescribed
Properly maintain, inspect, clean, and store PPE
Immediately replace damaged PPE

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.html
“In general, employees should:
Properly wear PPE,
Attend training sessions on PPE,
Care for, clean and maintain PPE, and
Inform a supervisor of the need to repair or replace PPE.”
(OSHA Publication 3151-12R, 2003)

Hazard Recognition
Identify hazards and PPE needed
Southwest OSHA Training Institute Education Center/elcosh.org

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Hazard identification and PPE needed:
Floor opening with fall hazard; sharp edges on sheet metal; bump hazard overhead; potential confined space hazard
PPE needed: fall protection; gloves, goggles, hard hat,

Hazard Recognition
Identify hazards and PPE needed
Mount Sinai/CHEP/elcosh.org

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Hazard identification and PPE needed:
Workers may be exposed traffic hazards, noise, weather conditions (heat);
Highly visible/reflective vests, hearing protection, heat-resistant soles on shoes, eye protection, gloves
34

Hazard Recognition
Identify hazards and PPE needed
Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Hazard identification and PPE needed:
Worker may be exposed to respirable crystalline silica, flying particles, and noise hazards;
Respiratory protection, eye protection, and hearing protection needed.
(Note: worker may also be exposed to ergonomic hazards)
35

Hazard Recognition
Identify hazards and PPE needed
Source : OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Hazard identification and PPE needed:
Workers may be exposed to hazardous materials (including lead, asbestos, silica, and other chemicals or heavy metals), noise, struck-by hazards;
PPE needed may include eye, face, head, hand, and foot protection, respiratory protection, hearing protection, and other protective clothing (such as for cutting and welding operations).
36

Always Remember
Employers must:
Assess the workplace for hazards
Use engineering and work practice controls to eliminate or reduce hazards
Select and provide appropriate PPE at no cost to employees to protect them

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Knowledge Check
Who is responsible for providing PPE?
The employer
The employee
OSHA
Workers’ Compensation
a. The employer

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Knowledge Check
Common causes of foot injuries include: crushing, penetration, molten metal, chemicals, slippery surfaces, and sharp objects.
True
False
a. True

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Knowledge Check
Safety controls must meet the following order of priority:
Substitution, PPE, workaround, and administrative
Workaround, stop work, PPE, and engineering
Stop work, PPE, engineering, and substitution
Substitution, engineering, administrative, and PPE
d. Substitution, engineering, administrative, and PPE

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Knowledge Check
Which type of hard hat would provide the most protection from electrical hazards?
Class A
Class C
Class E
Class G
c. Class E

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Knowledge Check
The need for hearing protection is triggered at which decibel level?
When it exceeds 80 decibels
When it exceeds 90 decibels
When it exceeds 100 decibels
When it exceeds 110 decibels
b. When it exceeds 90 decibels

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Knowledge Check
Who is responsible for providing specialized work footwear?
The employer
The employee
OSHA
Insurance companies
a. The employer

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Knowledge Check
Which of the following is considered approved eye protection?
Sun glasses
Prescription glasses
Reading glasses
Glasses meeting ANSI standard Z87
d. Glasses meeting ANSI standard Z87

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Knowledge Check
Which of the following is not considered PPE?
Rubber gloves
Glasses meeting ANSI Z87
Sports shoes
Hearing muffs
c. Sports shoes

PPT 10-hr. Construction – PPE v.05.18.15
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Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal

10-Hour Construction Outreach

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
Source of graphics: OSHA
1

Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal
Lesson Overview
Types of material handling equipment.
Hazards associated with material handling activities
Prevention of hazards associated with material handling equipment
Employer requirements to protect workers from material handling hazards

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Enabling Objectives:
Identify types of material handling equipment.
Describe hazards associated with material handling activities (e.g., storage, use, and disposal).
Identify methods to prevent hazards associated with material handling equipment.
Recognize employer requirements to protect workers from material handling hazards.
2

Types of Equipment
Conveyors
Source: TEEX-Harwood
Source: OSHA
Powered
Industrial Trucks

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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OSHA 1996, https://www.osha.gov/doc/outreachtraininghtmlfiles/mathan.html

Many industries rely on efficient handling and storage of materials through diverse operations to function properly. A variety of tools/equipment is used to move, store, use, and dispose of materials. For example, in construction, the following operations may exist: “hoisting tons of steel with a crane, driving a truck loaded with concrete blocks, manually carrying bags and material, and stacking drums, barrels, kegs, lumber, or loose bricks.”
3

Types of Equipment
Slings
Source: OSHA
Cranes
Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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OSHA 1996, https://www.osha.gov/doc/outreachtraininghtmlfiles/mathan.html

“To help reduce potential accidents associated with workplace equipment, employees need to be trained in the proper use and limitations of the equipment they operate. This includes knowing how to effectively use equipment such as conveyors, [powered industrial trucks or forklifts], cranes, and slings.”
4

Factors Contributing to Injuries
Weight and bulkiness of objects
Bending, twisting, turning movements

Source: OSHA
Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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OSHA 2002, https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha2236/pdf
“Workers frequently cite the weight and bulkiness of objects that they lift as major contributing factors to their injuries.” A study from 1999 found that 420,000 back injuries occurred from workplace accidents. Causes of the injuries included lifting heavy or bulky items and bending, twisting, or turning movements.
5

Hazards
Improper operation of equipment
Accumulated materials or clutter

Source of photos: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Examples of improper operation of equipment – overloads, unsafe speeds,
Poor housekeeping presents tripping hazards, fire/explosion hazards, or hazards associated with harboring pests (rats, mice, etc.)
6

Hazards
Unsafe conditions of materials or containers
Flammability or toxicity of some materials

Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Examples of unsafe conditions – protruding nails, dry rot, deteriorated containers
Primary hazards associated with flammable materials are explosion and fire.
7

Hazards
Weight of materials
Binding ties or other devices that secure bundles or
bound materials
Source: OSHA
Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Exceeding load capabilities of equipment, floors, or storage shelves can cause:
Equipment to fail or turn-over/tip-over
Falling/dropped loads
Floors to collapse
Storage shelves to collapse or fall over
Binding ties or other securing devices are likely under tension, which can cause them to snap or “fly-off” when cut improperly.
8

Hazards
Falling objects
Lifting, pushing, pulling, or otherwise manually moving large, heavy items

Source: OSHA
Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Falling objects – due to improper handling or storage, overloading capacity, etc.
Manually moving large, heavy, and/or irregularly-shaped objects can cause injuries; back injuries are a common injury associated with manual moving of heavy, bulky items
9

Hazards
Improperly stacked materials
Struck-by or caught-in/-between hazards

Source of photos: TEEX – Harwood

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Improperly stacked materials have potential for sliding, falling, or collapsing, which can lead to struck-by or crushed-by incidents.
Equipment, machinery or falling loads lead to struck-by or caught-in/-between incidents
10

Injuries
Types of injuries commonly reported
Sprains, strains, tears
Soreness and pain
Bruises and contusions
Cuts, lacerations, and
punctures

Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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OSHA 2002, https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA2236/osha2236.html:
Back injuries  lifting or bending and then twisting and turning
Strains and sprains  improper lifting or carrying loads too large or heavy
Fractures and bruises from  struck by materials or caught in pinch points
Cuts and bruises – falling materials that have been improperly stacked or had ties/securing devices incorrectly cut/removed
11

Injuries
Examples of events or exposures leading to
injuries
Contact with objects
and equipment
Transportation incidents
Exposure to harmful substances or environments
Source: OSHA

Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Injuries
Falls, slips, trips, or loss of balance
Repetitive motion
Overexertion

Source: OSHA
Source: OSHA

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Analyze job tasks and identify potential hazards associated with a task; determine/use ways to control conditions/actions of the workplace to minimize dangers.
13

Preventing Hazards
Moving materials manually
Use devices to assist with holding loads
Wear PPE
Use proper lifting technique
Seek help for oversized loads
Use blocking materials

Source of photos: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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OSHA 2002, https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA2236/osha2236.html:
Attach handles or holders to loads.
Always wear appropriate personal protective equipment. “Using the following personal protective equipment prevents needless injuries when manually moving materials:
Hand and forearm protection, such as gloves, for loads with sharp or rough edges.
Eye protection.
Steel-toed safety shoes or boots.
Metal, fiber, or plastic metatarsal guards to protect the instep area from impact or compression.
See OSHA’s booklet, Personal Protective Equipment (OSHA 3077), for additional information.”
Use proper lifting techniques.
Break load into parts; get help with heavy or bulky items.
Lift with legs, keep back straight, do not twist.
Use handling aids – such as steps, trestles, shoulder pads, handles, and wheels.
Avoid lifting above shoulder level.
“To prevent injury from oversize loads, workers should seek help in the following:
When a load is so bulky that employees cannot properly grasp or lift it,
When employees cannot see around or over a load, or
When employees cannot safely handle a load. “
“Employees should use blocking materials to manage loads safely. Workers should also be cautious when placing blocks under a raised load to ensure that the load is not released before removing their hands from under the load. Blocking materials and timbers should be large and strong enough to support the load safely. In addition to materials with cracks, workers should not use materials with rounded corners, splintered pieces, or dry rot for blocking.”

Preventing Hazards
Cranes
Major types of crane accidents
Contact with power lines
Overturns
Falls
Mechanical failure

Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
OSHA 2002, https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA2236/osha2236.html:
15

Preventing Hazards
Hoisting tons of material, steel, and concrete with cranes
Operated only by
thoroughly trained
and competent workers

Source: OSHA

Source: TEEX – Harwood

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
OSHA 2002, https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA2236/osha2236.html:
Crane operators:
Must be qualified
Should know what they are lifting and what it weighs
“For example, the rated capacity of mobile cranes varies with the length of the boom and the boom radius. When a crane has a telescoping boom, a load may be safe to lift at a short boom length or a short boom radius, but may overload the crane when the boom is extended and the radius increases.”
16

Preventing Hazards
Eliminate/reduce crane
hazards by:
Knowing
Load
Capacity of the crane
When the load is safe to lift
Always checking crane
load chart and never exceed load limits

Source: TEEX – Harwood

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
OSHA 2002, https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA2236/osha2236.html
“To reduce the severity of an injury, employers must take the following precautions:
Equip all cranes that have adjustable booms with boom angle indicators.
Provide cranes with telescoping booms with some means to determine boom lengths unless the load rating is independent of the boom length.
Post load rating charts in the cab of cab-operated cranes. (All cranes do not have uniform capacities for the same boom length and radius in all directions around the chassis of the vehicle.)
Require workers to always check the crane’s load chart to ensure that the crane will not be overloaded by operating conditions.
Instruct workers to plan lifts before starting them to ensure that they are safe.
Tell workers to take additional precautions and exercise extra care when operating around power lines.
Teach workers that outriggers on mobile cranes must rest on firm ground, on timbers, or be sufficiently cribbed to spread the weight of the crane and the load over a large enough area. (Some mobile cranes cannot operate with outriggers in the traveling position.)
Direct workers to always keep hoisting chains and ropes free of kinks or twists and never wrapped around a load.
Train workers to attach loads to the load hook by slings, fixtures, and other devices that have the capacity to support the load on the hook.
Instruct workers to pad sharp edges of loads to prevent cutting slings.
Teach workers to maintain proper sling angles so that slings are not loaded in excess of their capacity.“

Preventing Hazards
Inspection of crane by a qualified person
Modified, repaired, or adjusted
Post-assembly
At least every 12 months
Equipment not in regular use
Visual inspection by a
competent person
Prior to each shift
Monthly

Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
OSHA 2002, https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA2236/osha2236.html
“Ensure that all cranes are inspected frequently by persons thoroughly familiar with the crane, the methods of inspecting the crane, and what can make the crane unserviceable. Crane activity, the severity of use, and environmental conditions should determine inspection schedules.
Ensure that the critical parts of a crane—such as crane operating mechanisms, hooks, air, or hydraulic system components and other load-carrying components—are inspected daily for any maladjustment, deterioration, leakage, deformation, or other damage.“
18

Preventing Hazards
Slings
Connect a crane hook to a load
Proper selection
Inspection

Source of photos: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
https://www.osha.gov/doc/outreachtraining/htmlfiles/slings.html
Selection of slings
“Slings are generally one of six types: chain, wire rope, metal mesh, natural fiber rope, synthetic fiber rope, or synthetic web. In general, use and inspection procedures tend to place these slings into three groups: chain, wire rope and mesh, and fiber rope web. Each type has its own particular advantages and disadvantages. Factors that should be taken into consideration when choosing the best sling for the job include the size, weight, shape, temperature, and sensitivity of the material to be moved, as well as the environmental conditions under which the sling will be used.”
Inspection
“Designate a competent person to conduct inspections of slings before and during use, especially when service conditions warrant.”
Damaged or defective slings must be removed from service.

Preventing Hazards
Reduce sling hazards by:
Lubricated
Do not shorten with knots,
bolts, or other devices,
or kink legs
Keep clear of loads
Avoid sudden movement
Source: OSHA

Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
OSHA 2002, https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA2236/osha2236.html
“Ensure that workers observe the following precautions when working with slings:
Remove immediately damaged or defective slings from service.
Do not shorten slings with knots or bolts or other makeshift devices.
Do not kink sling legs.
Do not load slings beyond their rated capacity.
Keep suspended loads clear of all obstructions.
Remain clear of loads about to be lifted and suspended.
Do not engage in shock loading.
Avoid sudden crane acceleration and deceleration when moving suspended loads.”

Preventing Hazards
Forklifts
Main causes of injuries
Forklift overturns
Forklift striking workers on foot
Persons crushed by forklifts
Persons falling from forklifts

Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Preventing Hazards
Illegal forklift operators
Anyone under 18
Anyone not properly trained and certified

Source of photos: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/pit/assistance/index.html
The training provided must be applicable to the work site and working conditions. Trainees must be supervised by a competent persons and may not operate trucks where they would endanger anyone.
The requirements of the standards must be taught, as well as truck-related and workplace-related topics.
Three separate aspects of powered industrial truck training must be completed:
1. Formal training – lecture, discussion, interactive computer learning, written materials
2. Practical training – demonstrations and exercises performed by the trainee
3. Evaluation – practical observance and determination of the trainees’ competence and capability
22

Preventing Hazards
Driving the forklift
Obstructed vision
Travel path
Approaching people
Elevated platform
Seat belts and ROPS
Raising/lowering forks
Safe distance

Source of photos: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
OSHA n.d., https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/pit/operations/index.html
Slow down and sound the horn at locations where vision is obstructed.
Look toward the travel path and keep a clear view of it.
Don’t drive up to anyone standing in front of a bench or other fixed object.
Don’t drive with the work platform elevated.
Use seatbelts with ROPS.
Don’t raise or lower the forks while the forklift is moving.
Maintain safe distance approximately three truck lengths from the truck ahead.

Preventing Hazards
Elevating workers with forklift
Standing on forks
Lifting personnel
Approved lift platform
Restraining means
Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
OSHA n.d., https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/pit/operations/index.html
Don’t use a forklift to elevate workers who are standing on the forks.
Only lift personnel with approved lift platform; elevate a worker on an approved lift platform only when the vehicle is directly below the work area.
Whenever a truck is used to elevate personnel, secure the elevating platform to the lifting carriage or forks of the forklift.
Use a restraining means, such as rails, chains, or a body belt with a lanyard for the worker(s) on the platform.
24

Preventing Hazards
Driving forklift on Grades/Ramps
Use extreme caution
No turns
Tilting and raising load
Point load up the incline

Source of photos: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
Use extreme caution when driving on grades or ramps.
Do not turn on grades or ramps.
On grades, tilt the load back and raise it only as far as needed to clear the road surface.
When ascending or descending grades are greater than 10%, drive loaded trucks with the load upgrade
OSHA n.d., https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/pit/workplacehazards/ramps.html
“When traveling with a load, the load should point up the incline, regardless of direction of travel.
Going up the incline:
Drive forward.
Forks pointed upgrade.
Use a spotter if load blocks the driver’s view.
Going down the incline:
Drive in reverse.
Turn head and face downgrade.
Forks pointed up the grade.
NOTE: When walking with a pallet truck with or without a load, the forks should be pointed downgrade, regardless of direction of travel.”
25

Preventing Hazards
Forklift operating speed
Tip-overs
Turning
Avoiding collisions
Wet and slippery floors
Ascending/descending
Obstructed vision

Source of photos: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
OSHA n.d., https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/operations/manueuvering.html#operating
Driving too fast can cause tip-overs. Slow down when turning.
Forklifts cannot stop quickly; avoid collisions with pedestrians and obstacles by controlling speed so that forklift can be stopped in time.
Slow down on wet and slippery floors, and when ascending or descending grades.
Where vision is obstructed, such as cross aisles or around corners, slow down and sound horn.

Preventing Hazards
Avoiding Excess Weight
Do not exceed weight capacity of forklift.
Center loads and secure to keep from shifting to maintain balance of weight
Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Do not exceed weight capacity of forklift.
Center loads and secure to keep from shifting to maintain balance of weight
OSHA n.d., https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/pit/operations/loadhandling.html
Center load and secure.
Heaviest part of load should be placed nearest the front wheels.
“Do not overload. Know the stated capacity of your forklift and do not exceed it. Only by keeping within the weight limit can you operate the forklift safely.”
“A forklift’s capacity is rated for a specified load center. If the load is off-center, improperly distributed, or oversized, it may exceed capacity and unbalance the forklift.”
27

Preventing Hazards
Use of Dock Boards for Loading/Uploading
Bridging space
Securing portable dock boards
Handholds for dock boards
Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Use appropriate weight-rated platform to bridge space.
Secure portable dock boards so that they will not move.
Ensure that dock boards have handholds or some other effective way to lift, manage, or move them safely.
28

Preventing Hazards
Exiting the Forklift
Set brake, lower forks/lifting carriage, neutralize controls
Stand-up type forklift
Riding the forklift
No passengers allowed
Exception – seat is provided

Source of photos: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
OSHA n.d., https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/pit/operations/maneuvering.html#mounting
Exiting the forklift:
Hands need to be clean and dry to prevent slipping when grabbing handhold.
Get a good grip on handhold; do not grab steering wheel.
Be careful with footing when mounting or dismounting forklift to avoid slipping; wear appropriate footwear and keep shoes clean and free from grease.
When getting into or out of cab, pull/lower your body; do not jump out of forklift.
OSHA n.d., https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/pit/workplacehazards/pedestriantraffic.html
Riding the forklift:
“The OSHA standard [29 CFR 1910.178(m)(3)] states that unauthorized personnel are prohibited from riding on a forklift. If riders are authorized, a safe place must be provided.
Unless authorized, never carry passengers — NO RIDERS.
Use only specialized equipment designed to raise personnel.
Never transport employees on a platform. Employees can only be hoisted up and down.
Never transport employees on the forks.”

Preventing Hazards
Avoiding Struck-by/Crushed-by
Don’t jump from an overturning, sit-down type forklift.
Stay with the truck, hold on firmly, and
lean in the opposite direction of the overturn.
Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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OSHA n.d., https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/pit/operations/maneuvering.html.
“For tip-overs on sit-down counterbalanced trucks:
Don’t jump. Stay in the forklift.
Hold tight to the steering wheel.
Brace feet.
Lean AWAY from the impact.
Lean forward.
Note: Tip-over procedures for other types of forklifts may vary. For example operators of stand-up forklifts with rear-entry access should step backwards off the forklift if a tip-over occurs.”

Preventing Hazards
Forklift Training – do not operate a forklift without proper training and licensing.
Reporting Damage – any damage or problems that occur to a forklift during a shift should be reported to the supervisor.
Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Preventing Hazards
Earth-Moving Equipment
Scrapers
Loaders
Crawlers
Bulldozers
Off-highway trucks
Graders
Tractors

Source of photos: TEEX – Harwood

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Preventing Hazards
Earth-Moving Equipment
Seatbelts
Reverse gear not used unless that piece of equipment has:
Back-up signal alarm or
Signaler
Operator properly trained
Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Provide seatbelts; exceptions: equipment is designed for standup operation or equipment does not have ROPS or adequate canopy protection
If equipment has an obstructed rear view, it cannot be used in reverse unless it has a signal alarm.
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Employer Requirements
Comply with OSHA standards related to materials handling, including:
Training requirements, including requirements for forklift training.
Inspection requirements
Source of photos: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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29 CFR 1926.602
Training requirements for operators of powered industrial trucks are located in 1910.178(l).
Per 1910.178(l)(2)(ii), “training shall consist of a combination of formal instruction…, practical training…, and evaluation of the operator’s performance in the workplace.”
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Employer Requirements
Comply with manufacturers’ requirements and recommendations for materials handling equipment.
Source : OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Recognizing Hazards
Identify potential hazards and possible solutions:
Source of photos : OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Left photo: Hazard – protruding wood screws; Solution – remove any protruding objects from wood
Right photo: Hazard – height of lumber pile; Solution – if being manually handled, should not exceed 16 feet high, and lumber piles shall not exceed 20 feet in height.
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Recognizing Hazards
Identify potential hazards and possible solutions:
Source: OSHA

Source: TEEX – Harwood

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Left photo: Hazard – Unstable stacked materials; Solution – stack bricks in a manner that will keep them from falling, do not stack them more than 7 feet high, and taper back a loose brick stack after it is 4 feet high.
Right photo: Hazard – poor housekeeping, using work area for storage of materials; Solution – keep work areas free from accumulated materials that cause tripping, fires, or explosion hazards, or may contribute to harboring of pests.
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Recognizing Hazards
Identify potential hazards and possible solutions:
Source of photos : TEEX Harwood

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Left photo: Hazard – lifting strap is damaged; Solution – replace lifting strap
Right photo: Hazard – concrete blocks placed vertically on scaffolds can fall and strike someone below; Solution – stack blocks horizontally; prevent materials from falling.
1926.451(h)(1) In addition to wearing hardhats each employee on a scaffold shall be provided with additional protection from falling hand tools, debris, and other small objects through the installation of toeboards, screens, or guardrail systems, or through the erection of debris nets, catch platforms, or canopy structures that contain or deflect the falling objects. When the falling objects are too large, heavy or massive to be contained or deflected by any of the above-listed measures, the employer shall place such potential falling objects away from the edge of the surface from which they could fall and shall secure those materials as necessary to prevent their falling.
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Knowledge Check
How old do you have to be to operate a forklift, regardless of training?
16
18
21
25
b. You must be at least 18 years
old to operate a forklift.

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Knowledge Check
One good way to prevent materials handling hazards is to ___.
refuse to allow personnel to ride equipment without a seat and seatbelt
report all damaged equipment immediately
operate within manufacturer’s specifications
All of these.
d. All of these are good ways to
prevent materials handling hazards.

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Knowledge Check
Which of the following is a method for eliminating or reducing crane operation hazards?
Operators should know how much they are lifting as well as the rated capacity of the crane.
A competent person should visually inspect the crane once a year.
Never exceed the load limit by more than 10%.
All of these.
a. Crane operators should know how
much they are lifting and the rated
capacity of the crane.

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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Knowledge Check
Employers must comply with OSHA standards related to materials handling, including training and _____.
equipment
operations
inspection
All of these.
c. Employers must comply with OSHA
standards for training and inspection.

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Materials Handling v.05.18.15
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10-hour Construction Outreach

Name: _____________________________ Date: _____________

Knowledge Check: Tools – Hand and Power

1. Which of the following is an example of an unsafe practice regarding the use of tools?

a. Keeping cutting tools sharp

b. Wearing eye and face protection while operating a grinder

c. Using a screwdriver to carve or cut wood

d. Following manufacturer’s instructions when using a tool

2. Which term describes a tool that is powered by compressed air?

a. Hydraulic

b. Powder-actuated

c. Electrical

d. Pneumatic

3. Which of the following actions may expose workers to electrical shock hazards and should be avoided?

a. Removing the grounding pin on a three-prong plug

b. Using double-insulated tools

c. Using a grounded adaptor to accommodate a two-prong receptacle

d. Removing damaged tools from service and tagging them “Do Not Use”

4. Which of the following statements about guarding techniques is true?

a. Guard the point of operation, in-running nip points, and rotating parts of tools.

b. Remove guard from tool while it is in use, then replace when the job is completed.

c. Adjust guard on abrasive wheel to allow maximum exposure of the wheel surface.

d. Wear PPE because guards will not protect operator from flying chips and sparks or moving parts of tools.

5. Employers must satisfy all of the following requirements, except:

a. Provide PPE necessary to protect employees who are operating hand and power tools and are exposed to hazards.

b. Comply with OSHA training and inspection standards related to hand and power tools.

c. Determine which manufacturer’s requirements and recommendations for a tool shall be followed or ignored.

d. Do not issue or permit the use of unsafe hand tools.

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Knowledge Check: Health Hazards in Construction Created by OTIEC Outreach Workgroup 05.18.15