1. What were the main causes of the global financial crisis? What steps could the UK government take to reduce the dangers of another crisis? Discuss using course material AND your own research.
Introduction:
Through Globalization different country get the opportunity for international trade, increase the capacity of capital flows and spread the uses of technology by enhancing the global economic condition (IMF: 1997). Over the last 30 years especially in the mid 80s and mid 90s cross border transaction increased ten times faster than before and foreign direct investment increased three times faster than before (Economist: 1997). The globalization has involved national economies which are incorporated through trade and foreign investment. It has also created the difference between manufacturing and services by using different technology and processing (Kobrin: 1999). Gereffi says, “Due to this globalization the global economy has changed during the last ten years and so. Many development countries also moved up in the international system.”

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The origination of global financial crisis
After the second quarter of 2008 the US financial market collapsed and the global financial crisis started. As US is the leader for all international financial systems the crisis has extended to the other countries rapidly. The decreasing rate of cash flows, decrease in asset prices and increasing rate of uncertainty in financial systems affected the whole global economy and starts the financial crisis globally. After the great Depression in 50s this is the largest economic breakdown as described the International Monetary Fund in 2009 (Frenkel & Rapetti: 2009).
The View of the Current Global Crisis:
This global economy is struck by the recent economic crisis and mainly worsens the financial condition since September 2008. In Latin America the economic condition condensed in the second quarter in 2008. The causes of the financial crisis were foreign remittances of Latin America have reduced in 2% and the rate of international trade also reduced to 2-3% in this economic downturn. Most of the countries which economy is driven by the foreign trade are hampered due to this economic downturn. The decreasing rate of export commodity prices including the export industry commodity prices also lead to the financial crisis in recent years and results in lower GDP rate. However the economic shock results in export revenue plunged. Also the instable exchange rate and increased yield price disintegrate the stock market (Ocampo: 2009). Morgan (2009) found out few susceptibility of the global financial crisis. Those are debt and leverage, intra-financial multiplication, inequality in global trade. This economic downturn showed up mainly after the fall down of Lehman Brothers in 2008.
New US Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner pointed out some factors in G7 conference, “in order to improve the financial condition all countries should maintain a pledge to open trade and investment policies.” He also pointed out some factors to be improved in order to get the economic growth. The factors are:

Praise for recent economic moves by China;
Help for banks; and
The need for a speedy end to the Doha talks on world trade

The Steps Could be Taken by the UK Government to Recover this Global Financial Crisis
Improving the modern time global economic crisis has become the greatest challenge for every government. To recover the global economic crisis UK government should plan the necessary steps:

must re-establish the confidence, growth, and jobs;
The finance institutions need to be renovate to provide loan
in order to restructure the faith financial regulation need to be toughen.
International financial institutions need to be altered and funded in order to recover this crisis and take precautions for future crisis.
build an complete, emerald, and sustainable recovery.

The global economy can be out of recession and can be out of future crisis with above assurance by performing globally.
Re-establish the confidence, growth, and jobs

In order to re-establish jobs UK government should take a unique and intensive financial growth by creating jobs to the hard working families by the end of this year amount to $5 trillion raise output by 4 per cent, and accelerate the transition to a green economy
UK government should use the full range of monetary policy, using exceptional instruments, consistent with price stability and central bank should maintain the development policies for longer time.
In order to reinstate the growth of the economy UK government must reinstate the national lending and international capital flows. To overcome these situations UK government need to supply liquidity to the banking system and benefits the financial institutions.
UK government needs to carry out well functioning international monitoring system in order to avoid competitive devaluation of UK currency by creating structured economic policies.

Finance institutions need to be renovate to provide loan

The global economic crises are mainly driven through the failure of financial sector and financial regulations of every country. To recover the situation UK government should take positive steps by constructing a reliable, supervisory and dogmatic framework for the future financial sector. This framework would support the global growth and fulfill the demand of the business and local citizens.
UK government must ensure that to maintain the global financial system the national regulatory systems need to strong enough to provide reliability and cooperation between countries. The regulatory systems will be stronger if regulators and supervisors protect consumers and investors and reduce the financial economic cycle rather than increase it.

UK government should implement a plan to Strengthening the Financial System. The plan includes:

new financial stability board (FSB) need to be formed.
This FSB would provide future predictions of financial risks and also necessary steps with the help of IMF.
macro-prudential risks need to be taken to organize the regulatory systems
after the recovery reliability of capital in the banking system need to be confirmed through quality, quantity.

To carry out this implementation plant the finance minister should take the necessary step.
Financial regulation need to be toughened
Due to the recession all the markets around the world are facing challenges. As the international market is depending on each other with the cross border transaction and relating to this matter the UK government should strengthen the international financial institutions to recover this situation. So this government needs to increase its resources through the global financial institutions. Resources should be used effectively to support the financial progress. The longer term consequences of the financial institutions need to be toughened to overcome this crisis.
A fair and sustainable recovery need to make sure

UK government should not focus to re-establish the growth of the global economy but they also should focus on the criterion which has hampered the economy of the underdeveloped country. The Government should also ensure that the damage to the global economy should be minimized.
UK Government should provide more resources to recover their financial condition and should create a social protection for the underdeveloped countries. As a part of the G20 UK government can do some contributions to those underdeveloped countries. They should create employment opportunities for those who are affected by this financial crisis. For both the men and women the labor market needs to be formed.

Fulfill the commitment
However this is most important for everyone to work together and set up a plan to fulfill the commitment to recover the financial crisis and make sure this crisis will not continue further after the second quarter of this year.
Conclusion;
After all the analysis it is clear that global financial crisis has created major impact on the global economy. Many developed, developing and underdeveloped countries are badly affected by this crisis. Since US market directly motivating the other countries market so it is clear that the crisis started form there and spread out to the global economy. Some countries faced reduction in remittances due to this financial crisis. Many countries stock price has decreased due to the exploitation of currency exchange rate. To overcome this situation all the government should implement dependable macroeconomic policies and impose regulation on national financial systems. In developing countries the crisis is getting deteriorated in terms of balance of payments and the economic sense of balance.
References
1. Shiller, Robert J. The subprime solution: how today’s global financial crisis happened. Princeton. NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008.
2. Summer, Lawrence H.” International Financial Crises: Causes, Prevention, and Cures”. The American Review, May, 2000, pp. 1-16.
3. Blankburg, Palma. “The Global Financial Crisis”. Cambridge Journal of Economics, July 1, 2009, pp. 531-538.
4. Crotty, James. “Structural causes of the global financial crisis: a critical assessment of the new financial architecture”. Cambridge Journal of Economics, April 23, 2009, pp. 563-580.
5. Morgan, Jamie. “The limits of central bank policy: economic crisis and the challenge of effective solutions.” Cambridge Journal of Economics, March 31, 2009, pp. 581-608.
6. Frankel, Roberto. “A developing country view of the current global crisis: what should not be forgotten and what should be done.” Cambridge Journal of Economics, March 25, 2009, pp. 685-702.
7. Ocampo, Josie. A. “Latin America and the global financial crisis.” Cambridge Journal of Economics, March 13, 2009, pp. 703-724.
8. [Global Financial Crisis], via JSTORE, accessed[February/2009].
9. “G7 pledges to avoid protectionism”, BBC News, 14 February, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7889222.stm. accessed February 2010.
10. Sing, Anup. “Global Financial Crisis”, Global Issues, 25 July, 2009. http://www.globalissues.org/article/768/global-financial-crisis. accessed in February 2010.