Individual case study. 

case studyurgentgreat work

Individual Case Study

Country: Scotland (Great Britain)

Assignment Overview

· Devolution refers to a process in which powers are granted by a central government to a lower-level region or state. More specifically, it describes the process in which centrifugal forces (those that divide a state) such as cultural diversity or difference in religion, language, etc., divides a region or peoples of a region in which they gain political strength through demands, negation, or rebellion. Devolution typically occurs in countries where nationalism grows due to centrifugal forces and their inhabitant feel the need to depart from their centers (or central government); in many instances, they consider themselves minorities within a country. There are many examples of devolution occurring today. Europe, Catalonia, Scotland, and Ukraine are some of the regions undergoing this transformation.

After providing an overview of the location of the region you are studying in relation to the country where it is situated, answer the following questions:

· In terms of its physical landscape, where is the region that is experiencing a devolutionary process located and what type of climate is prevalent?

· According to the sources you have consulted, do these physical/natural characteristics have played any role in the historical background for this devolutionary process? How?

· How do the people that inhabit the region you are studying speak about their relationship to the land and the environment? Do they express any ideas on biodiversity conservation?

· Do they say anything about their homeland? If the region you are studying has a website (official or not), what role do maps play on their web site/s?

· Is this region located close to or far from the center of power of the country (the national capital city)?

· Does this condition have any impact on the reasons why they would like to gain at-least more autonomy to make their own decisions?

· According to the source/s you have consulted, what are the main reason/s why this population would like to break-up from the country in which they live in?

· Do this/these source/s mention any explanation/s based on cultural or ethnic characteristics? For example, speaking a different language? Which one? Professing a different religion? Which one? Economic disparities?

In addition to these questions and in case some of these regions have their own websites, or you have consulted a source published by a native inhabitant of the region, or you have read excerpts from interviews, look for discussion of conflict, cooperation, or disagreement with national governments, private companies, or multinational corporations working in this region. You may also want to use the following questions to improve your study:

· Do the people living in the region you are studying have more than one self-generated website and do those sites present different ideas?

· Is there a regional or national project or policy that is disputed?

· What position is taken on the website/s? How is the position framed in relation to their rights to self-rule and culture?

· What major issues and challenges does the site highlight and how do these relate to globalization?

Sources to Compose your Work:

Students are encouraged to use any academic source, including the course textbook (required to include in this assignment) (don’t worry), as well as the news media, especially BBC News, CNN, The New York Times, and any other reputable news source.

Students are
NOT
allowed to use Wikipedia.

Technical Aspects of the Paper:

Paper must conform to the following formatting:

· 12-point font (Arial, Times New Roman, Garamond, or Book Antiqua)

· one-inch margins all around

· double-spaced

· numbered pages

Word count: 1000

Name:

Date:

Tittle: Risotto, “Claimed” country of origin: Italy

Table: Ingredients for making Risotto and their Centers of Domestication

South and Southeastern Asia

Native

Southwest Asia

Native

Native

Southwest Asia

Native

Basic Statistics

Ingredients (10) = 100%

· Native/indigenous (5) = 50%

· South and Southeastern Asian (2) = 20%

· Southwest Asia (3) = 30%

Map

Essay

There are so many theories that attempt to explain the origin and domestication of agriculture. For example the rubbish/dump heap theory, hypothesizes that dump sites might have acted as breeding sites for different plant species (Abbo et al., 2005). This may have led to the start of practicing agriculture and later on through trade the diffusion of those cultivated crops and reared animals to other regions of the earth was enhanced. The more people from different cultural divide travelled and interacted, the more the diffusion of agriculture happened. For instance, expansion diffusion happened when onions that are thought to be first domesticated in Southwest Asia found its way to regions like the Mediterranean. As much as the agricultural expansion and diffusion happened; there are some food that are still associated with a particular community and it forms part of their cultural identity. For example risotto dish, although it is popular wide, it is identified with Italian culture as a traditional Italian food. In fact it is well-known as a staple in the Italian diet.

Risotto dish is made from several ingredients including: rice, chicken stock, dry white wine, onions, garlic, unsalted butter, olive oil, celery, parmesan cheese and salt. 50% of these ingredients are native to Mediterranean region and they include; dry white wine, salt, olive oil, celery and garlic. Whereas 30% of the ingredients originated from Southwest Asia, they include: Onions, butter, and Parmesan Cheese. Chicken and rice originated from South and Southeastern they contribute to 20% of the ingredients. Most of these exotic ingredients found its way to the Mediterranean through relocation diffusion; for example when traders moved to different regions of the world, they carried with them the planting materials. Whereas, other exotic ingredients were introduced to Mediterranean regions by expansion diffusion, where it corresponded to the nearby locations for example plants and animals introduced to West Africa from East Africa.

Rice is a good example of an exotic ingredient that was introduced to Mediterranean region through expansion diffusion. Archeological and genetic evidence indicates that rice was first domesticated in South and Southeastern Asia in 2500 BC (Muthukumaran, 2014). In Mediterranean, rice cultivation dates back to 7th Century. Studies suggest that the rice was first introduced to Egypt from South Asian, and then it gradually spread to countries along the Mediterranean basin (Ferrero, 2005). Similarly, another exotic ingredient that was introduced to Mediterranean region is onions. Studies suggest that onions are native to Asian and their cultivation can be traced to at least 5000 years. Around 3200 B.C onions spread to onions and were later introduced to Mediterranean region by Romans and it quickly became a popular vegetable (Mehta, 2017).

On the other hand, the introduction of an exotic ingredient like butter (cows) to other regions from their center of origin and domestication happened through relocation diffusion. The existing archaeological and genetic evidence suggests that India and Near East were the two main sites for domestication of cows. Through relocation diffusion, herding and farming routines were spread to other regions including the Mediterranean region (Beja-Pereira et al., 2006). Additionally, chicken stock is another important ingredient used to make the risotto dish. Studies indicates that domestication of chicken began way back to at least 2000 B.C. and their origin can be traced back to Southeast Asia; because of presence of the jungle fowl, their wild relatives (Gregladen, 2008). Just like cows, chickens too may have been introduced to Mediterranean region through relocation diffusion. For instance, if the traders moved from Southeastern Asia to Mediterranean region, they may have moved together with their chicken and introduced the practice of chicken rearing to that region.

Although, researchers like Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov did extensive work in trying to determine the center of origin and domestication for most of the plants and crops; the diversity of crops and animals we see today in different plants of the world is largely attributed to the agricultural diffusion. After the early human culture of hunting and gathering came to an end, civilization advanced rapidly and agricultural societies emerged. With barter trade people began to exchange goods within their community and the later on the practice continued as different communities and regions exchanged different commodities. This further enhanced the agricultural diffusion.

In conclusion, the diversity and distribution of various plants and animals is a result of long history of domestication and cultivation. The spread and diffusion of agriculture has been attributed to several factors including movement of people from one region to another for trading purposes and in the process planting material were exchanged. The introduction of the different plants and crops in the different regions led to long lasting transformation of environmental, socio-cultural and human dynamics. Hence, globalization we see today. As a result, of the different ingredients that was introduced to Mediterranean regions, it made it possible to develop risotto dish. And even if this dish is associated with the Italian culture, it still represents globalization that brought about by cultural and agricultural diffusion.

References

Albano Beja-Pereira, David Caramelli, Carles Lalueza-Fox et al., (2006). he origin of European cattle: Evidence from modern and ancient DNA. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0509210103

Aldo Ferrero (2005). Ecological and Economic Sustainability of Rice Cultivation in Europe and the Mediterranean region.

Gregladen, (2008). The Origin of the Chicken. https://scienceblogs.com/gregladen/2008/02/29/the-origin-of-the-chicken

Indu Mehta (2017). Origin and History of Onions. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)Volume 22, Issue 9, Ver. 13 (September. 2017) PP 07-10

Muthukumaran, S., 2014. Between Archaeology and Text: The Origins of Rice Consumption and Cultivation in the Middle East and the Mediterranean. Papers from the Institute of Archaeology, 24(1), p.Art. 14. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/pia.465

Shahal Abbo, Avi Gopher, Baruch Rubin & Simcha Lev-Yadun (2005). On the Origin of Near Eastern Founder Crops and the ‘Dump-heap Hypothesis’. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10722-004-7069-x

Name:

Date:

Tittle: Risotto, “Claimed” country of origin: Italy

Table: Ingredients for making Risotto and their Centers of Domestication

South and Southeastern Asia

Native

Southwest Asia

Native

Native

Southwest Asia

Native

Basic Statistics

Ingredients (10) = 100%

· Native/indigenous (5) = 50%

· South and Southeastern Asian (2) = 20%

· Southwest Asia (3) = 30%

Map

Essay

There are so many theories that attempt to explain the origin and domestication of agriculture. For example the rubbish/dump heap theory, hypothesizes that dump sites might have acted as breeding sites for different plant species (Abbo et al., 2005). This may have led to the start of practicing agriculture and later on through trade the diffusion of those cultivated crops and reared animals to other regions of the earth was enhanced. The more people from different cultural divide travelled and interacted, the more the diffusion of agriculture happened. For instance, expansion diffusion happened when onions that are thought to be first domesticated in Southwest Asia found its way to regions like the Mediterranean. As much as the agricultural expansion and diffusion happened; there are some food that are still associated with a particular community and it forms part of their cultural identity. For example risotto dish, although it is popular wide, it is identified with Italian culture as a traditional Italian food. In fact it is well-known as a staple in the Italian diet.

Risotto dish is made from several ingredients including: rice, chicken stock, dry white wine, onions, garlic, unsalted butter, olive oil, celery, parmesan cheese and salt. 50% of these ingredients are native to Mediterranean region and they include; dry white wine, salt, olive oil, celery and garlic. Whereas 30% of the ingredients originated from Southwest Asia, they include: Onions, butter, and Parmesan Cheese. Chicken and rice originated from South and Southeastern they contribute to 20% of the ingredients. Most of these exotic ingredients found its way to the Mediterranean through relocation diffusion; for example when traders moved to different regions of the world, they carried with them the planting materials. Whereas, other exotic ingredients were introduced to Mediterranean regions by expansion diffusion, where it corresponded to the nearby locations for example plants and animals introduced to West Africa from East Africa.

Rice is a good example of an exotic ingredient that was introduced to Mediterranean region through expansion diffusion. Archeological and genetic evidence indicates that rice was first domesticated in South and Southeastern Asia in 2500 BC (Muthukumaran, 2014). In Mediterranean, rice cultivation dates back to 7th Century. Studies suggest that the rice was first introduced to Egypt from South Asian, and then it gradually spread to countries along the Mediterranean basin (Ferrero, 2005). Similarly, another exotic ingredient that was introduced to Mediterranean region is onions. Studies suggest that onions are native to Asian and their cultivation can be traced to at least 5000 years. Around 3200 B.C onions spread to onions and were later introduced to Mediterranean region by Romans and it quickly became a popular vegetable (Mehta, 2017).

On the other hand, the introduction of an exotic ingredient like butter (cows) to other regions from their center of origin and domestication happened through relocation diffusion. The existing archaeological and genetic evidence suggests that India and Near East were the two main sites for domestication of cows. Through relocation diffusion, herding and farming routines were spread to other regions including the Mediterranean region (Beja-Pereira et al., 2006). Additionally, chicken stock is another important ingredient used to make the risotto dish. Studies indicates that domestication of chicken began way back to at least 2000 B.C. and their origin can be traced back to Southeast Asia; because of presence of the jungle fowl, their wild relatives (Gregladen, 2008). Just like cows, chickens too may have been introduced to Mediterranean region through relocation diffusion. For instance, if the traders moved from Southeastern Asia to Mediterranean region, they may have moved together with their chicken and introduced the practice of chicken rearing to that region.

Although, researchers like Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov did extensive work in trying to determine the center of origin and domestication for most of the plants and crops; the diversity of crops and animals we see today in different plants of the world is largely attributed to the agricultural diffusion. After the early human culture of hunting and gathering came to an end, civilization advanced rapidly and agricultural societies emerged. With barter trade people began to exchange goods within their community and the later on the practice continued as different communities and regions exchanged different commodities. This further enhanced the agricultural diffusion.

In conclusion, the diversity and distribution of various plants and animals is a result of long history of domestication and cultivation. The spread and diffusion of agriculture has been attributed to several factors including movement of people from one region to another for trading purposes and in the process planting material were exchanged. The introduction of the different plants and crops in the different regions led to long lasting transformation of environmental, socio-cultural and human dynamics. Hence, globalization we see today. As a result, of the different ingredients that was introduced to Mediterranean regions, it made it possible to develop risotto dish. And even if this dish is associated with the Italian culture, it still represents globalization that brought about by cultural and agricultural diffusion.

References

Albano Beja-Pereira, David Caramelli, Carles Lalueza-Fox et al., (2006). he origin of European cattle: Evidence from modern and ancient DNA. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0509210103

Aldo Ferrero (2005). Ecological and Economic Sustainability of Rice Cultivation in Europe and the Mediterranean region.

Gregladen, (2008). The Origin of the Chicken. https://scienceblogs.com/gregladen/2008/02/29/the-origin-of-the-chicken

Indu Mehta (2017). Origin and History of Onions. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)Volume 22, Issue 9, Ver. 13 (September. 2017) PP 07-10

Muthukumaran, S., 2014. Between Archaeology and Text: The Origins of Rice Consumption and Cultivation in the Middle East and the Mediterranean. Papers from the Institute of Archaeology, 24(1), p.Art. 14. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/pia.465

Shahal Abbo, Avi Gopher, Baruch Rubin & Simcha Lev-Yadun (2005). On the Origin of Near Eastern Founder Crops and the ‘Dump-heap Hypothesis’. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10722-004-7069-x