COM12 Business Communication

12

ASSESSMENT ITEM 2
Item 2: Short Essay

Due Date: Monday of Week 6, 5.30pm, AEST

Weighting: 30%

Length: 1500 words

Identify examples (three at most) of successful and/or unsuccessful communication
exchanges/processes you have experienced in the workplace (or other situations if you have not
worked in an organisation) and analyse these situations by applying elements of communication
modelling to demonstrate and evaluate these communication attempts.

An example of an appropriate situation might be as simple as failing to communicate a change
of procedures in a staff or team meeting. Some questions you might consider are:

• What message was sent?

• What message was received?

• What caused noise and interference?

• Were cultural issues in play?

• Was the message sent consistent with the leadership and management communication in the
organisation?

• What other communication elements could have been in play?

• Why did the communication processes break down?

• And very importantly, what application of communication modelling did – or could – have
made a difference?

An opportunity will be provided for you to brainstorm your scenario and ‘what happened’ with
your peers in the Discussion Board. This discussion will be overseen by your tutor.

• You must name the organisation you are analysing in your essay. If you cannot name the
organisation, you must contact your tutor to make alternate arrangements.

• You must use at least 8 different scholarly (peer-reviewed) sources in your short essay and
include a reference list.

• You must use the Harvard Reference Guide, which can be found on the COM12 unit site.

• A reference list is required. In text references are counted as part of the essay word limit.
The reference list is not counted as part of the word limit.

• Your essay should comply with academic essay conventions.

• We encourage you to use resources such as Smarthinking as you complete this task.

• You can use first person language to describe your experience in each situation, but use this
sparingly. You will be marked down if you use it excessively throughout the essay.

• Include a word count at the end of your essay.

COM12 ESSAY MARKING CRITERIA SHEET

STUDENT NAME: _________________________

Max. Mark Mark Given

IDENTIFICATION OF APPROPRIATE TOPIC
• Ability to identify appropriate examples of interpersonal

communication exchanges that help demonstrate understanding of
unit concepts and respond to the set essay task.

10

KNOWLEDGE, CONTENT, CRITICAL ANALYSIS/DEBATE.
• Demonstration of understanding of core unit concepts.
• Appropriate application of core concepts to chosen essay

examples, argument and discussion (demonstrating critical
analysis and evaluation).

• Demonstration of ability to link theoretical concepts to chosen
real world experiences/situations presented

• Ability to construct a sound argument to support a position.

30

RESEARCH
• The quality and effectiveness of research undertaken and

incorporated (scholarly, peer-reviewed materials).
• Application of relevant theories and research to support key

points/argument. (Was the research used relevant to topic and
concepts discussed?)

• Integration of research to support argument/discussion. (How
well did the student use/integrate that research/theory into their
essay?)

25

EXTENT, USE AND STYLE OF REFERENCING.
• Effective and accurate use of referencing style (Harvard

Referencing Guide) in both in-text referencing and final reference
list.

• Sufficient evidence of research. A minimum of 8 peer assessed
academic sources required (note: this cannot include the unit’s
Study Guide). Other web-based resources may be used IN
ADDITION to (but not in place of) these 8 academic sources.

15

STRUCTURE, SPELLING, GRAMMAR, WORD COUNT.
The overall quality of the essay (structure, adherence to word count,
spelling and grammar) including evidence of careful editing and
proofreading.

20

Sub total 100
Less any marks for late lodgement or other penalty. Standard deduction is
10% per day (or part thereof) overdue. Days late: _____ x 10% = ______

minus

Final Total

REFERENCING GUIDE

School of Humanities,

Languages and Social Science

Griffith University

School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science Referencing Guide 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1

1. INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2

RULES FOR REFERENCING …………………………………………………………………………………. 3

2. TABLES ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7

TABLE ONE: BOOKS & PRINT BASED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS ………………….. 7

TABLE TWO: JOURNALS, NEWSPAPERS & MAGAZINES ……………………………….. 15

TABLE THREE: AUDIO VISUAL …………………………………………………………………………. 19

TABLE FOUR: UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS …………………………………………………….. 22

TABLE FIVE: GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS ………………………………………………… 25

TABLE SIX: WORLD WIDE WEB AND ELECTRONIC ONLY SOURCES …………. 30

3. ABBREVIATIONS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 34

4. BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 35

Please report any errors, typographical or otherwise, to S.Lovell@griffith.edu.au

mailto:S.Lovell@griffith.edu.au

School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science Referencing Guide 2

1. INTRODUCTION

The Harvard system, also known as the author/date system, is not based on a

singular source document. This guide, like most Australian university Harvard

referencing guides, is based on Commonwealth of Australia 2002, Style Manual:

for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, rev. Snooks & Co, John Wiley & Sons,

Australia, Milton, with additional material and updates reflecting best practice in

the tertiary sector.

The Harvard system has two components:

a) In-text citations (also known as short references and in-text references)

In-text citations list the author, year of publication and page number in

brackets at the relevant place, usually the end of a sentence, phrase or clause

or immediately after a quotation. They act as a form of shorthand so that

readers can turn to the bibliography or references and check for full details if

they wish to pursue an idea

.

b) List of References: Bibliography or Works Cited
These are not the same thing although they share some common features:

 Both are placed at the end of the

paper.

 Both are organised alphabetically by author’s family name, or by authoring
body.

 Both are punctuated in the same way.
 Both, at undergraduate level, combine all sources in one list without

separating them by genre (e.g. books, journals, web sources).

A Works Cited List provides full bibliographic details for all sources referred to in

your assignment so that readers can easily locate them. Each different source

referenced with an in-text citation in your essay must have a corresponding entry in

your Reference List. A Reference List only includes those sources for which you have

provided an in-text

citation.

A Bibliography lists everything you may have consulted in your research,

including sources which you haven’t referenced in the text. A Bibliography is

not needed unless specifically requested by your lecturer.

Note:

You use a Bibliography if you wish to include other relevant works from

which you have developed your paper but which have remained uncited. Only

include items that you have consulted at some point in your research. As an

undergraduate in the School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science, if

you use a Bibliography you DO NOT need to also include a Works Cited List.

This is included in your Bibliography.

Check with your lecturer to understand what is required for each assignment.

DO NOT provide a Bibliography if an assignment asks for a Works Cited List.

School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science Referencing Guide 3

Rules for Referencing

All referencing follows very simple rules based on common sense questions. In

their simplest form, these are:

 Who wrote it?

 When was it published?

 What is it called? Or, in which journal did it appear?

 Who published it? Or, in which volume and issue number of the journal?

 Where was it published? Or on which specific pages of the journal?

Sometimes, other information is included that fits ‘around’ these items, as you’ll

see. (e.g. translators, editors, compilers). In all cases though, in order to adequately

meet your obligations in relation to referencing, you need to study and take notes in

a way that ensures that you collect these details when you access the source. Make

this a habit. Write these details in one colour and write any direct quotations from

your sources in a different colour in order to consistently distinguish your own

words from the words of others. In this way you avoid accidental plagiarism due to

poor note-taking. These details will be used for your in-text citations and reference

list. See examples on pages 4-5.

A list of items in the following sequence should be noted at the time you

access the source. This would include any (but not necessarily all) of the following:

 Author/s listed in the order they

appear on the title page.

 Year of publication, using n.d. if no date or c. for circa if date is
approximate, ‘forthcoming’ if about to be published, or ‘in press’ if in the

process of publication.

 Title of publication from title page (not spine, dustjacket or library
catalogue) italicised with minimum capitalisation (first word of title only +

proper nouns). Anything normally italicised within the title can be indicated

with inverted commas or plain text. Foreign titles should be retained but

followed by a translation in plain text in brackets.

 Title of series separated by a comma and written in plain text.

 Description if any details above are unclear e.g. a catalogue number, series
number or note such as Report to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander

Commission.

 Edition number, using abbreviation edn include any other description of
edition e.g. student edn, Australian edn, rev edn, enlarged edn.

 Additional ‘authors’ if such exist e.g. editor/s (ed. eds), compiler (comp.
comps), reviser (rev. revs), translator (tran. trans), or illustrator (ill. ills). If

these people are more important than those by whom the collected material

is created, then the work is listed under the editor or other responsible

person.

 Volume number and its title if different to others in the multi volume

work.

List only the volume used by number (vol. 2 & 3), or if the whole work then

state how many volumes (12 vols).

 Publisher or publishers if more than one.

 Place of publication – only include the first place listed with further

School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science Referencing Guide 4

identification if the same as another place (e.g. Cambridge, UK, or

Cambridge, Mass.) or if it’s an obscure place (Maleny, Queensland). If no

place of publication is obvious put n. p. (no place). This item can be omitted

if it is obvious from the publisher’s name (e.g. Melbourne University Press).

 Page numbers for your in-text references except for journals where page
numbers of the whole article are needed for bibliography.

For web pages you need to answer very similar questions:

 Who wrote it? (Person or organisation).

 When was it made public? This is the year the site was formed or revised.

 The title of the piece if it has one or the site if it does not.

 Who published it? Name and place of the sponsor/s of the site.

 URL of the document or, if it does not have one, the site

URL.

 Date you accessed it.

For audio visual (including radio) programs you need to note:

 Title

 Year of recording, production or transmission

 Format (e.g. radio program, video)

 Publisher

 Place of recording

 Description

 Date (day and month) of transmission

 Any other important information would come after the full reference e.g.
producers, directors, speakers

etc.

Examples

Books:

Bly, Robert 1990, All about men, Routledge, New York.

Last name of

author.

The book title

written in Italics.

L a s t n a m e o f a u t h o r ,

f i r s t n a m e o f a u t h o r

The date the book was

published.

The city the book was

published in .

The Publisher.

The first name

of the author.

School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science Referencing Guide 5

Journal Articles:

Franklin, Teresa 1968, ‘New ways to share an intimate evening’, Journal of Leisure

and

Sexuality, vol. 39, no.10, pp.

63-82.

Web pages:

Queensland Art Gallery/Gallery of Modern Art n.d., Homepage, Queensland Government,

Brisbane, viewed 7 August 2014,

Note:

These examples have been centred on the page to allow for explanation but in a

reference list, entries would be aligned left.

When presenting your Bibliography or Reference List remember:

Presentation matters.

Follow exactly the punctuation, use of upper and lower case, italics

or plain text, use or absence of inverted commas, indentations, use

of dashes and abbreviations that appear in the following tables. A

list of common abbreviations and their full meaning can be found

at the end of this guide.

Last name of

author.

The first name

of the author.

The date the issue was

published.

L a s t n a m e o f a u t h o r ,
f i r s t n a m e o f a u t h o r

The title of the journal

article in single quotation

marks.

The name of the

journal written in

Italics.

Volume

number.

The pages of the

journal that the

article appears on.
Issue number.

Name of author or

organisation that

produced the

webpage.

Date the webpage was

formed or updated or if

unavailable n.d. for no

date.

Title of the webpage or if

none, title

of the website.

Sponsor/publisher

of the

website.

Date you viewed

the webpage.
The full webpage/website

address.

City of the sponsor/publisher

of the website.

School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science Referencing Guide 6

Note:

In the following guide some entries are fictitious and others are real. No quotations

attributed to the sources are real.

7

2. TABLES

TABLE ONE: BOOKS & PRINT BASED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature

1. Book.

No author.

It was meaningless rubbish and

‘every politician worth his salt

knew’ (Franklin Dam issues

2000, p. 16).

OR

The most recent edition of

Franklin Dam issues (2000, p.

16) claims ‘every politician

worth his salt’ knew nothing

was being done.

This guide was prepared for

Griffith university students

using the standard text for

Harvard referencing in

Australian publishing (Style

manual for authors, editors and

printers

2002).

Franklin Dam issues 2000, Greenpeace Publications,

Hobart.

Style manual: for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn,

2002, rev. Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons,

Milton, Qld.

When there is no author, the

title of the book takes that

position.

It is optional to use a hanging

indent for entries in the

Bibliography/Reference List to

highlight alphabetical order,

however, it must be used

consistently for all entries.

As a proper noun Franklin Dam

is capitalised.

Font should be the same as the

text but 2 points smaller for the

Bibliography/

Reference List.

Italics and minimal

capitalisation in book titles.

8

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature

2. Book.

Single author.

The current issue for

masculinity ‘is its unpopular

image’ (Bly 1990, p. 72).

OR

Robert Bly (1990, p. 72) argues

that the ‘unpopular image’ of

masculinity is an ongoing issue

for young men.

Bly, Robert 1990, All about men, Routledge, New York. Italics and minimal

capitalisation in book titles.

A comma separates all

bibliographic elements after the

year.

Note: no comma between

author’s name and the year.

A full stop ends the Reference

List entry.

3. Book.

Two or three

authors.

Most undergraduates know

‘much more than they imagine’

about straightforward

referencing (Beasty, Tingle &

Poppin 2007, p. 5).

According to Beasty, Tingle and

Poppin (2007, p. 5) most

undergraduates know ‘much

more than they imagine’ about

referencing.

Beasty, Frank, Tingle, Mary & Poppin, Paul 2007,

Understanding referencing at undergraduate level,

Random House,

London.

The ampersand (&) in the in-

text citation is replaced by the

word ‘and’ when it appears in

the written text, but the

ampersand is again used in the

Reference List.

Names appear in order they

appear on the title page.

9

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature

4. Book.

Four or more

authors.

Ornithologists are concerned

about ‘the increasingly severe

results of global warming on

migratory patterns in some

nomadic birds’ (Swan et al.

2006, p. 95).

OR

Swan et al. (2006, p. 95) claim

‘the increasingly severe results

of global warming’ are already

detrimental to some birds.

Swan, Ben, Franks, Jill, Marvin, Eddie, Lanks, Pat &

Somers, David 2006, Global warming and birds in the

wild, Faber & Faber, New York.

Foreign phrases that are not

common English usage, e.g. et

al. should be italicised. Select a

reputable dictionary to

determine whether common

usage applies. Italics in the

dictionary dictate the format of

your work. Use the same

dictionary throughout the paper.

All names, separated by a

comma with the exception of an

ampersand between the last two,

appear in the Reference List.

5. Book.

Very long name

of authoring

body rather than

a person.

For insulin resistant patients, a

healthy diet is high in protein

(CSIRO 2007, p.16).

Vegetarians should research the

many alternative sources of

plant-based protein available

(Vegetarians united 2007, p.6).

CSIRO See Commonwealth Science and Industry

Research Office.

Vegetarians united See European, Asian and

Australasian vegetarians united.

European, Asian and Australasian vegetarians united

2007, Going plant-based, Whole Earth Publications,

Sydney.

Use abbreviations consistently

and in the reference list to cross-

reference the same abbreviation

to the full term.

Long titles may be abbreviated

and cross-referenced using an

italicised entry in the

appropriate location in the

reference list.

10

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature

6. Book.

Multiple works

by same author

in one

assignment or

paper.

Frederick Green has been

researching this issue for a

decade (Green 1995, 2000,

2008).

Green frequently uses the same

examples (1995, p.16; 2000,

p.98; 2008, p.5).

Green, Frederick 1995, Youth and society in the eighties,

Virago

Press, London.

――2000, Youth and society in the nineties, Virago

Press, London.

――2008, Youth and society in the noughties, Virago

Press, London.

In-text citation years separated

by a comma.

If page numbers were used in

the in- text citation, a semi

colon separates the entries

because a comma separates year

and the ‘p’ of page and a full

stop is used after the ‘p’ already.

Repeated name in Reference

List replaced by a double em

dash without a space before the

date.

Presented chronologically from

oldest to most recent.

7. Book.

More than one

work in same

year by same

author.

Frederick Green is arguably the

most prolific author in this field

(Green 2000a; 2000b; 2000c).

Green, Frederick 2000a, Adolescence to adulthood,

Jacaranda,

Brisbane.

――2000b, Age and competency-based learning,

Jacaranda, Brisbane.

――2000c, Youth and society in the nineties, Virago

Press, London.

Sequence is dictated

alphabetically letter by letter:

Adolescence, Age, Youth. If

articles (a, the, an) are present,

they are disregarded.

Repeated name in Reference
List replaced by a double em
dash without a space before the
date.

Items in text separated by semi-

colon.

11

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature

8. Book.

Different authors

with the same

family

name.

The autobiography (Potter MJ

2002) was hotly disputed by

several members of the family,

including her daughter (Potter C

2005).

Potter, Claire 2005, Not while I’m alive to tell the tale,

Moody

Press, Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Potter, Marion J. 2002, One dark night in winter, Moody

Press, Halifax, Nova Scotia.

In-text citation features first

initial/s to disambiguate authors.

List references alphabetically

according to first letter of

author’s first name.

9. Book.

Pseudonym.

It is hard to believe that this was

the same person who wrote Up

the Country (Brent of Bin Bin

1928, p. 54).

Brent of Bin Bin (Stella Marie Miles Franklin) 1928, Up

the country: A tale of early Australian squattocracy,

Blackwood, Edinburgh.

Could also be written as:

Brent of Bin Bin (Pseud. of

Stella Marie Miles Franklin)

1928,

OR

Brent of Bin Bin (Pseud.) 1928,

10. Book.

Quotation from

someone cited

by author.

All they could do was ‘put a

nose, not so much to the

grindstone, as to the source of

the not so delicate aroma to

discover its origins’ (Gadling, in

Bradshaw

1965, p. 72).

OR

(Gadling, cited in Bradshaw

1965, p. 72).

Gadling (in Bradshaw 1965, p.

72) claimed that this was a

unique way to proceed.

Bradshaw, Lee 1965, Days of wine and whiners, Falstaff,

London.

BOTH names are required for

in-

text citation.

Comma after the speaker of

quotation.

Note the source in which YOU

found the quotation NOT where

your source found it.

You may choose to include the

‘cited’ for in-text citations.

However, cited means ‘said’

and should only be used for

sources referenced by another

author.

12

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature

11. Book.

Quotation from a

preface or

introduction to a

collection.

While unfinished, Jean Santeuil

is considered the precursor to

Proust’s most significant work

(Maurois, in Proust 1970, p.6).

Proust, Marcel 1970, Jean Santeuil, tran. Gerard

Hopkins, Simon & Schuster, New York. Preface by

André Maurois.

Translator name presented after

publication title. Use first name

first for translator.

Do not claim Proust ‘cited’

Maurois’ in the preface as he is

the author of that section.

12. Edited

book.

Editor or editors.

A short guide to Australian

poetry (ed. Winkler 2003) is one

of the better books of its type.

Winkler and Bradley’s new

edition of collected poetry

(2006) is significant for its

inclusion of poetry by

indigenous and migrant groups.

The most alarming poem, from

a political detainee, is by a

young Chinese man (Hua, in

Winkler & Bradley 2006, p. 34).

Winkler, Robert (ed.) 2003, A short guide to Australian

poetry, Melbourne University

Press, Melbourne.

Winkler, Robert & Bradley, Adam (eds) 2006, More

Australian poetry from the best, trans Oubije Noonunka,

Pietro Flavio & Gunter Kunte, Melbourne University

Press, Melbourne.

The full stop after ed.

No full stop after (eds).

This rule also applies to tran.

and trans, to comp. and comps,

to ill. and ills and to rev. and

revs (See Abbreviations section

at the end of the tables).

You may include ed. or eds in

the in-text citation but in the

School of Humanities,

Languages and Social Science

the convention is to leave this

out.

13

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature

13. Chapter by an
author in an

edited book.

Without doubt, the response to

Winkler and Bradley has been

rapid. Bentley’s collection (ed.

2007) was the first and in that

collection, the most outstanding

example of a sensitive response

to diversity has come from a

young Englishwoman (Paulson,

in ed. Bentley 2006, pp. 79-98).

Paulson, Maureen 2007, ‘The need to recognise post

traumatic stress in refugees’, in David Bentley (ed.)

Finding new voices,

Allen & Unwin, Sydney.

If no editor:

Paulson, Maureen 2007, ‘The need to recognise post

traumatic stress in refugees’, in Finding new voices,

Allen & Unwin, Sydney.

Plain text and single quote

marks, minimal capitalisation

for chapter title within a larger

work.

Year still placed immediately

after the author of the chapter.

Title of collection italicised.

Editor’s name is written with

first name first and family name

last.

If no author, use title.

14. Different
editions of a

book.

Crumbwart (1946) is one such

later response.

Be aware that in the Style

manual for authors, editors

and printers, 6th edition, the

revised date is prioritized by

the in-text citation however

the original date is used in the

School of Humanities,

Languages and Social Sci

ence.

Crumbwart, Phillip 1962 (1946), Responding to a nuclear

world, 10th edn, vol. 3, rev. Maxwell Sneddon, Hogarth

Press, London.

The edition number comes

immediately after the title, the

volume number after that

because it identifies the work.

Significant input from a reviser

must be mentioned as follows:

in the full reference, place the

original date of publication in

brackets after the date of the

current work, if the latter is

significantly different.

14

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature

15. Encyclopaedia
or dictionary.

Inflation has a large entry that

covers all the basics and then

some (Encyclopedia Britannica

1982).

The term is not included in the

Oxford English dictionary

(1997).

If there is an author of a

segment mentioned, then the

principles already outlined in

chapter of an edited book apply.

If the name of source, date and

entry/term are stated in the text

of your document, they do not

require mention in the list of

references.

16. Electronic book
or book viewed

electronically.

OR

PDF files

(e.g. ABS,

database

journals).

This is evident in much research

now available in electronic form

(Armitage 2007).

A study in 2003 showed that in

Asia ‘16 million men are part of

one vast family’ all descended

from Ghengis Khan (Man 2004

Introduction).

Armitage, Mary 2007, The far from final ‘Tale of two

cities’, Miranda Publishing, Kilroy, Queensland.

Retrieved 10 August 2007, from NetLibrary database.

Man, John 2004, Ghengis Khan, Bantam Books, London.

Kindle version, retrieved 22 April 2016, from Google

Books.

Single inverted commas

highlight title within a title

already italicised.

Clarification of where Kilroy is

for those who do not know.

Full stop at end of entry prior to

retrieval details.

If there are no page numbers,

include the version of E-book

e.g. Kindle version, Adobe

digital edn. If quoting from

source with no page numbers

include the chapter title in place

of page number for your in-text

citation.

15

TABLE ONE: BOOKS & PRINT BASED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS

TABLE TWO: JOURNALS, PROCEEDINGS, NEWSPAPERS & MAGAZINES

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature

1. Article in a print
journal with a volume

number and an issue

number.

The most exciting diversions,

according to some practitioners

‘are difficult to resist through

breathing alone’ (Franklin

1968, p. 5).

Franklin, Teresa 1968, ‘New ways to

share an intimate evening’, Journal of

Leisure and Sexuality, vol. 39, no. 10, pp.

63-82.

Article title: single inverted commas.

Comma separates titles.

Journal title: italicised and MAXIMAL

(upper case) capitalisation.

Do not use capitals for vol. and/or no.

Page number range for articles is required.

Article with no author: list by title.

2. Article in a print
journal with a volume

number, issue number

and month identifier.

This is Mary Jane’s only sane

act in the whole novel (Trudell

2003, p. 92).

Trudell, Mark 2003, ‘Understanding

eugenics in “Darwinians must”’, Journal

of Mental Health and Literature, vol. 3,

December, pp. 92-101.

Could also be written – see note:

Trudell, Mark 2003, ‘Understanding

eugenics in Darwinians must’, Journal of

Mental Health and Literature, vol. 3, no.

1, pp. 92-101.

As above. Plus:

Within article title, another title (book, ship

name, etc) must be either italicised OR

placed in double inverted commas.

Whichever is chosen, consistency is then

required throughout the reference list.

If both month identifier and issue number are

present, select one or the other to place after

the vol. identifier. Again, consistency is

required once a decision is made.

16

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature

3. Electronic journal,
full text accessed

from a database or

through library

catalogue.

Education is little more than a

sausage machine unless we

think seriously about what we

are doing (Jugges 1976, p. 31).

The trend is for more and

longer periods of inactivity in

the classroom (‘Changes for

eighties teaching’ 1976, p. 79).

Use PDF versions which have

page numbers.

Jugges, Matthew 1976, ‘Making young

people creative’, Journal of Australian

Education, In-focus series, Marilyn

Snikes & Bert Fornfoot (eds), vol. 3, no.

2, pp. 35-70. Retrieved 16 November

2006, from Expanded Academic

Database.

‘Changes for eighties teaching’ 1976,

Journal of Australian Education, In-focus

series, Marilyn Snikes & Bert Fornfoot

(eds), vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 371-90. Retrieved

18 November 2014, from Expanded

Academic Database.

As above. Plus:

This issue is part of a series. Series name and

editors of the series are placed in plain text

after journal name with minimal

capitalisation.

Electronic retrieval data added. If no author,

list by title of article. For all journals, print

and electronic, no place of publication is

listed unless journals of the same name are

published in different places.

4. Newspaper or
magazine article with

author – hard copy.

The Council Mayor promised

‘something would be done

about beach erosion’ (Hill

2008, p. 10).

Hill, Jane 2008, ‘Northward moving real

estate’, Gold Coast Bulletin, 12 January,

p. 10.

Numeral in date proceeds

month.

5. Newspaper or
magazine article with

no author.

Gold Coast City resident writes:

‘The Mayor promised

“something would be done

about beach erosion” but, at this

stage, it looks as if we’ll have

to go to Noosa to retrieve what

belongs to us’ (‘No action yet’,

Gold Coast Bulletin, 23 January

2008, p. 3).

Provide all details by

in-text citation.

Abbreviate and italicise frequently used,

long names after first full use e.g. Sydney

Morning Herald (SMH), Courier Mail (CM).

No need for bibliographic entry as all

reference details provided in-text.

Double inverted commas inside single

inverted commas for a quote within a quote.

17

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature

6. Full text newspaper,
newswire from the

internet – no author.

The Barrier Reef is popular

again this year (Cairns Weekly

2007, p. 7).

‘People flock to reef’’, Cairns Weekly, 16

July 2007, p. 7. Retrieved 12 September

2007, from Factiva database.

Full stop at end of reference before retrieval

information.

7. Published
proceedings of

conferences, seminars

and meetings.

The latest figures available

suggest… (Mandlehurst 2004,

p. 12).

Mandlehurst, Mandy 2004,

‘Representations, tourism and the

ecology of the Great Barrier Reef’,

Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Save

the Reef Campaign, James Cook

University, Townsville, Queensland, pp.

5-15.

8. Reviews.

Published in a

magazine, journal or

newspaper.

In her review of Peter Carey’s

True History of the Kelly Gang,

Goodilly suggested that he was

not really an Australian (2001,

p. 2).

Goodilly, Karen 2006, ‘Expatriates and

the need to claim them’, review of True

history of the Kelly gang, Sydney

Morning Herald, 12 January, p. 4s.

Elements separated by commas.

Italics for the name of the book within the

title of the review.

Lower case ‘s’ after the page represents

pagination in a special section e.g. Literary

Pages.

18

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature

9. Interviews.

Published in a
magazine, journal or
newspaper.

However, in Goodilly’s

interview with Carey (2002)

she did not express her previous

inclination to disown Carey as

Australian. Though Carey’s

question ‘Do you consider

expatriates to be non-

Australian?’ drove home

Carey’s awareness of her

position (Carey, in Goodilly

2002).

Goodilly, Mary 2002, ‘Catching up with

Peter before he flies away’, interview

with Peter Carey, Meanjin, vol. 35, no. 1,

pp. 16-32.

Carey is not listed as the author in the

reference. His quote was found in Goodilly’s

interview so she is the author.

Inverted commas for title of review.

Italics for journal title.

19

TABLE THREE: AUDIO VISUAL

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature

1. Media release
(verbal or

written).

Fred Nirvana (2008),

spokesperson for Activists

for Making the World a

Better Place said that they

would try to sponsor a

channel which carried only

good news stories.

Chris Bowen (2016), did his

best to keep the new

government on its toes with

a media release that

addressed the Opposition’s

forthcoming shadow budget.

Nirvana, Fred 2008, Everybody wants a better life, media release,

Activists for Making the World a Better Place, Nimbin, New

South Wales, 31 January.

Bowen, Chris (Shadow Treasurer) 2016, Liberal budget lies:

Slomo busy throwing stones from his glass house, media release,

Parliament House, Canberra, 26 May.

Italics for name of address

if there is one.

Plain text for organisation.

Clarification of speaker’s

position after speaker’s

name.

Numeral in date precedes

month.

2. Television &
radio programs.

Widely considered to be the

best producers of crime

shows, the Danish have

wowed audiences with

another Nordic noir (Unit

one 2006).

Raymond Gaita claims that

‘philosophy has always had

a very strong presence in

Australia’ (Philosophy for

lunch 2008).

Unit one 2006, television program, SBS Television, Sydney.

Produced by Danmarks Radio, Denmark.

Philosophy for lunch 2008, unpaginated transcript, ABC Radio

National, Sydney, 19 January. Retrieved 23 January 2008, from

/2008/2121635.htm>

If radio program accessed

was a podcast or real time

broadcast, then note that

where transcript occurs in

this reference. This radio

program could also be

referenced as an interview.

For television programs

cite the place and network

where it was screened.

Other details

such as

producer and place of

production can be included

at the end.

20

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature

3. Online audio
visual sources –

vlogs, podcasts

etc.

Fiona Hall had much to say

about being chosen to

exhibit her artwork at the

prestigious Venice Biennale

(ABC

2016).

ABC 2016, ‘Wrong way time: Fiona Hall’s Venice Biennale

comes home’ Radio National Breakfast, podcast, 22 April.

Retrieved 22 April 2016, from

way-time:-fiona-hall’s-venice-biennale/7349616>

Maroun, Louna 2015, ‘Paper towns Australian premiere: Sydney’

Life Vlogs, vlog, 7 July. Viewed 22

April 2016,

tLKoc&ebc=ANyPxKorLRTeatm_Ns0q-

P4SxUdB9up3fIqBM09VvDdG2nQMIQDZ8HvSfzwwOHuxTgF-

dYa2lXwuXIKL2fvzUkGuQI_byH9TqQ>

This radio program could

also be referenced as an

interview or as above if a

transcript is available.

For downloadable content

use: Retrieved date, from

URL.

For non-downloaded

content use: Viewed date,

URL.

4. Sound recording. We could hear the quiver in
her voice during the whole

second act (Ionesco 1973).

Ionesco, Eugene 1973, Rhinoceros, Caedmon, New York. Sound

recording, 87 minutes, 2 cassettes.

Extra details follow

reference.

5. Video game. This history rich video game
gets most of the facts right

but not all (Assassin’s Creed

Brotherhood 2011).

Assassin’s Creed Brotherhood 2011, standard edn, Xbox, video

game, Ubisoft, Montreal.

6. Mobile
application.

Students can access course

details via an online app

(Blackboard 2013).

Blackboard Inc. 2013, Blackboard mobile learn, version 3.1.4,

mobile app, viewed 22 April 2016.

21

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of references Format Note This Feature

7. Films and videos. Was this dancing movie
(Strictly ballroom 1992)

really Australia’s equivalent

to Grease (1978)?

Strictly ballroom 1992, Feature film, Twentieth Century Fox,

Los Angeles.

Also available in book form as the screenplay:

Luhrmann, Baz & Bovell, Andrew 1992, Strictly ballroom,

Currency Press, Sydney. Screenplay.

And was produced as a video recording as well:

Strictly ballroom c. 2000, videorecording, Miramax Home

Entertainment, Burbank, CA. Producer Tristram Miall,

Director Baz Luhrmann.

Only give the full reference of

the version you are using.

If publication date is

approximate – note c. before

year provided.

Extra details follow reference.

Extra names in details are not

appearing alphabetically so do

not need to be family name

first.

8. Online videos –
YouTube, Vine

etc.

Hank Green (2016) argues

that Leonardo DiCaprio can

help students think about the

nature of reality in

philosophy classrooms.

Green, Hank 2016, Leonardo DiCaprio & the nature of

reality: Crash Course philosophy #4, videorecording.

Viewed 20 April 2016,

˂https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IV-

8YsyghbU&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtNgK6MZucdYldNkMybYI

HKR&index=4˃

If information about the person

who produced the video is

unavailable include the

name/username of the person

who uploaded the video

instead. For the in-text citation

use the title of the film instead.

9. Stand-alone

maps.

Those not found

in books, journals

or websites.

In 2000, only the tip of North

Queensland was in the

equatorial climate zone

(Environmental map of

Australia 2000).

Australian Surveying and Land Information Group 2001,

Tallangatta, Victoria and New South Wales topographic map,

1:250 000. 55-3, 2
nd

edn., Australian Surveying and Land

Information Group,

Canberra.

Environmental map of Australia 2000, map, 1: 5,000,000,

Earth Systems, Melbourne.

(Information drawn from: DLS, Charles Sturt University – see

bibliography).

Publisher may be same as

author.

Sheet title, if there is one, in

italics.

Scale must be included.

Edition is very important in

maps.

22

TABLE FOUR: UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature

1. Unpublished thesis.

The ideological implications of

the current multinational and

globalised post-capitalist

investments in fully stocked

underground bunkers are

driven by neo-conservative

recognitions that nuclear

energy is on its way

(Frankfurter 2001, p. 45).

Frankfurter, Michelle 2001 ‘Fear and its ideological

underpinnings’, PhD thesis, Griffith University,

Brisbane.

Type of thesis must be mentioned.

University at which it was

undertaken replaces publisher.

Place is still required unless

inferred.

No italics anywhere.

2. Unpublished report
presented at a

conference or

meeting.

The Treasurer reported that the

annual income for that year

grew significantly compared to

the previous two years

(‘Treasurer’s annual report’

1982, p. 2).

‘Treasurer’s annual report’ 1982, presented to the

fifteenth annual meeting of the Nerang Youth &

Citizens Police Club, Nerang, 19 July.

If held privately or by author:

‘Treasurer’s annual report’ 1982, presented to the
fifteenth annual meeting of the Nerang Youth &

Citizens Police Club, Nerang, 19 July. In possession

of Mr Frank Newfingle, Nerang (Gold Coast).

No italics anywhere.

Entry ends with a full stop before

place of lodgement is noted.

3. Archival material. The Treasurer reported that the
annual income for that year

grew significantly compared to
the previous two years
(‘Treasurer’s annual report’
1982, p. 2).
‘Treasurer’s annual report’ 1982, presented to the
fifteenth annual meeting of the Nerang Youth &

Citizens Police Club, Nerang, 19 July. File CM 458.

In possession of Gold Coast City Library, Local

History Division, Gold Coast.

If there is a file number available,

position it after the details of the

reference but before the details of

the place location.

23

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature

4. GU study guide. The incidence of young people who
binge drink is of great concern to

sociologists (1105LHS 2007, p.

24).

1105LHS Youth & Society Study Guide 2007,

Griffith University, Brisbane.

The course code in plain text is

required

in the in-text citation.

The full name and code is

required in the bibliography.

Check front pages of the Guide

for year it was revised as the year

of publication. If unavailable, use

the year in which you are doing

the course.

5. GU dossier of
readings.

When full details of

a reading are

available from the

dossier contents.

The Russians very quickly decided

‘the Americans could not be

permitted to control outer space’

and initiated their own space

program (Minsky 2001, p. 6).

Australian literature was at its peak

in the seventies (Rathdown 1999, p.

65).

Minsky, Godfrey 2001, Initiating a Russian space

program, Routledge, New York.

Rathdown, Susie 1999, ‘Understanding new

radicalism in Australian literature’, Journal of

Australian Books and History, vol. 45, no. 3, pp.

65-90.

Treat the article in the same way

as you would if you found it in

its original format in a book or a

journal or any other source

according to the direction in this

Guide.

24

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature

6. GU dossier of
readings.

When full details of

a reading are NOT

available from the
dossier contents.

The trouble was that the depression

dramatically slowed ‘home grown

manufacturing and export’

(Delaney, R2 in 1109LHS Dossier

2008, p. 16).

Delaney, Matthew 1941, ‘Finding a way forward’,

Reading Two, 1109LHS Depression Studies,

Dossier of Readings, Griffith University,

Brisbane, semester 1, 2008.

As far as possible put all the

details of the reading that would

locate it in its original source.

Where they are not available,

write ‘not available’ in place they

would normally appear.

In addition, add dossier details.

7. Interviews.

Where the author has

undertaken

interviews as part of

the research.

Barry Tipsy, 39, told me

alcoholism was part of the

Australian culture (2015, pers.

comm., 24 April).

When interviewed on the 24 April

2015, Barry Tipsy said

‘Alcoholism? It’s just part of being

an Aussie’ (See Appendix A).

Treat interviews as

personal

communications. No reference

required in the reference list.

You may wish to provide a

transcript for interviews

performed as part of the research.

This should be included in an

appendix after the reference list.

25

TABLE FIVE: GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS

(Examples drawn directly from: Commonwealth of Australia 2002, pp.220-222; Division of Library Services, 2003, pp. 19 & 54)

Problems often occur in the citing of government publications. Common challenges to which to be alert include:

 No apparent author

 Often a specific consultant is employed, or a particular committee formed to work temporarily with a sponsoring agency

 It may be sponsored and written by the same agency (so they are effectively both author and publisher)

 May be the work of a committee set up for that single task.

 May be a parliamentary publication (e.g. Hansard, Parliamentary Papers, Journals of the Senate, House of Representatives Votes and
Proceedings)

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature

1. Title page without an
author.

The government has had a clear

policy of mainstreaming that has

effectively established half way

houses (Disability Services

Queensland 2000).

Disability Services Queensland 2000, Securing a

forward looking dimension in mainstreaming

disability, Disability Services Queensland,

Brisbane.

Sponsoring agency listed as

author. Maximal capitalisation.

Sponsoring agency is usually also

the ‘publisher’.

Title italicised, minimal

capitalisation.

2. Title page with author
and sponsoring body.

New anti-terrorism measures are

in place to protect Australian

citizens (Australian Federal

Police 2007).

The Australian Federal Police

(2007) defend their claim…

Australian Federal Police 2007, Analysis of

effectiveness of anti-terrorist measures

introduced and deployed in 2006, report prepared

by John Smith, Australian Federal Police,

Canberra.

STILL place the sponsoring

agency in the

author position.

Acknowledge individual writer after

the title.

In-text citation has sponsoring body.

26

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature

3. Title page names
temporary consultant.

Dabrowski’s latest report (1999)

made is obvious that…

Dabrowski, William 1999, Caring for country,

report to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander

Commission, Canberra.

Temporary consultant appears in

author position.

4. Title page names
temporary committee.

‘Care for country should be

encouraged alongside modern

methods’ (Traditional Methods

Committee 1999, p.3).

Traditional Methods Committee 1999, ‘Burning

for regeneration’, report to the Aboriginal and

Torres Strait Islander Commission, Canberra.

Committee appears in author

position.

A temporary committee is convened

with a specific task and dismantled

once it is complete.

5. Written by a Branch or
Division permanently

within an agency which

is the publishing body.

Producing an alternative and

sustainable form of fuel is a

challenge currently being taken

up by government bodies

(Department of Conservation

2004).

Department of Conservation 2004, Hydrogen

powered cars: Progress to date, Sustainable

Energy Branch, Department of Conservation,

Darwin.

STILL place the sponsoring

agency in the author position.

Acknowledge the Branch or

Division after the title.

In-text citation has sponsoring body.

27

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature

6. Publishing body and
sponsoring agency are

different.

The current Australian flag

should never be considered the

only way of presenting the

national flag, nor should the

State flags be minimised in

importance (DAS 1995).

The Department of

Administrative Services (1995)

had…

Department of Administrative Services (Awards

and National Symbols Branch) 1995, Australian

flags, Australian Government Publishing Service,

Canberra.

Acknowledge position of Branch or

Division. Details CHANGE when

the publishing agent is not the same

as the sponsoring body in position

of author.

Abbreviate long title in author

position for the in-text citation;

insert abbreviation in the

bibliography with a cross reference

to full name in its alphabetical

position.

No need to mention the Branch or

Division in the in-text citation.

7. Parliamentary Papers. The 1999-2000 annual report of
the Department of Finance and

Administration (Australia,

Parliament 2000a)

demonstrates…

The report has become

something of a hot potato for

use of the phrase ‘Collateral

spending’ (The Bent Report

2000b, p. 6).

Australia, Parliament 2000a, Department of

Finance and Administration annual report 1999-

2000, Parl. Paper 32, Canberra.

Australia, Parliament 2000b, Parliamentary

spending: Report of the Public Accounts

Committee, (L Bent, chairperson), Parl. Paper

142, Canberra.

The Bent Report See Australia, Parliament

2000b.

Title in italics and minimal

capitalisation (proper nouns

maximal, however).

Use of 2000a, 2000b format to

distinguish items published in the

same year.

Even where a report is well known

by the name of the person

presenting it, and can therefore be

cited by that name in-text, the report

must be placed in the bibliography

with the sponsoring agency as the

author.

28

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature

8. Hansard. Commonwealth of Australia
(2014, p. 13755) records the first

and second readings of the

Corporations Amendment

(Further Future of Financial

Advice Measures) Bill 2014.

Commonwealth of Australia,

House of

Representatives 2014, Parliamentary debates, vol.

24, pp. 13742-13891.

Australia, Senate 2000, Debates, vol. S25, p. 65.

Hansard is the name given to

Australian parliamentary

proceedings.

Page numbers accessed appear in the

Referencing List.

Volume numbers replace use of

2000a and 2000b.

9. Journals of the Senate
and, Votes and

Proceedings of the

House of

Representatives.

Australia, Senate 2000-2001, Journals, no. 123, p.

178.

Australia, House of Representatives 2000-2001,

Votes and Proceedings, vol. 1, p. 631.

Volume and issue numbers replace

use of 2000a and 2000b.

29

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature

10. Australian
Bureau of

Statistics.

Unemployment is at its lowest for

five years (ABS 2000) but the

Youth Allowance lowers that

figure.

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001, Australia’s

population 1890-1910, Catalogue no.

3467.2, ABS, Canberra.

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2.005, Queensland

yearbook, Catalogue no. 1301.5, ABS,

Brisbane.

Be sure to insert title, catalogue

number and page if paginated.

Title in italics and minimal
capitalisation.

11. Graphs, images,
figures and tables

reproduced in

full.

Image and/or table is presented in

text as it appears in the original

with the following phrase directly

beneath it as an in-text

citation:

Source: ABS 2001, Australia’s

environment: issues and trends,

4613.0.

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001, Australia’s

environment: Issues and trends, Catalogue

no. 4613.0, ABS, Canberra.

Cross reference abbreviations from

in-text citation.

Australian Bureau of Statistics is

permitted as an abbreviation within

the full reference on its second

appearance only.

No brackets around substitute for in-

text citation.

12. Compilation of
figures or

percentages

which are the

author’s

interpretation.

Your own tabulated interpretation

of raw statistics is presented in

the text with the following phrase

directly beneath it as an in-text

citation:

Figures compiled using statistics

from: ABS 2005, 1301.5.

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2005, Queensland

yearbook, catalogue no. 1301.5, ABS,

Brisbane.

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2016, Population

statistics by age and sex, Queensland,

catalogue no. 2604.1.55. Retrieved 26

January 2016, from

As above.

If using sources called ABS or

AusStats, only available

electronically, include URL and

date retrieved/viewed following

reference.

30

TABLE SIX: WORLD WIDE WEB AND ELECTRONIC ONLY SOURCES

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature

1. Website.

Homepage of

organisation

or person.

If you need to know details of

the QAG program, begin at

their homepage

(http://www.qag.qld.gov.au/).

OR

If you need to know details of
the QAG program, begin at

their homepage (QAG/GoMA

Homepage).

QAG/GoMA See Queensland Art Gallery/Gallery of Modern Art.

Queensland Art Gallery/Gallery of Modern Art n.d., Homepage,

Queensland Government, Brisbane, viewed 7 August 2014,

Author (person responsible

for the site) may be a person

OR organisation.

Date established OR last

revised. If no date, use n.d.

No italics. URL is between

<…>.

Web address may be given

in the in-text citation.

OR
School usage, which

remains acceptable, has

been to use an abbreviated

term cross-referenced in the

bibliography if needed.

2. A document
within a

website.

McQueen is a central figure

in early twentieth century

Queensland art (Making it

modern 2007).

Making it modern: The watercolours of Kenneth Macqueen 2007,

description of exhibition sponsored by Leighton Contractors.

Viewed 26 January 2008,

queen>

Can usually be treated in the

same way as a print copy of

document or book citing

author, editor, compiler,

date revised.

http://www.qag.qld.gov.au/

http://www.qag.qld.gov.au/

http://www.qag.qld.gov.au/

http://www.qag.qld.gov.au/exhibitions/coming_soon/kenneth_macqueen%3e

http://www.qag.qld.gov.au/exhibitions/coming_soon/kenneth_macqueen%3e

31

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature

3. GU
discussion

forums,

mail lists,

Blackboard

groups, and

bulletin

boards.

‘Television encourages family

values as often as it opposes

them’ (Jones, 2 June 2006).

Journalism used to be a

profession that had no code of

ethics – this is no longer the

case, according to at least one

member of the association

(Frankling, 2 January 2005).

Jones, Bill 2006, ‘Not as simple as that’, 1907ART Gender, history and

Culture, discussion forum reading four, viewed 19 August 2006,

s&url=/bin/common/course.pl?course_id=_56491_1&frame=t op?>

Frankling, Lynn 2005, ‘News for old hacks’, list server, 2 January,

National Journalists Association, viewed 4 April 2006,

Components in order should be: author’s name, any other

identifying details, year of posting, title of posting, description of

posting, day and month if given, name of list owner, date of viewing,

URL.

Title of posting in

inverted commas like the

title of an article in

journal or chapter in a

book.

Comma after name for

in-text citation.

URL is between <…>.

4. Email OR
other

personal

correspond

ence.

An eyewitness reports that the

defendant screamed during the

trial (Inole 2002, pers. comm.

25 May).

Mr Inole confirmed by fax on

25 May, 2002, that…

Personal correspondence

includes: face to face

conversation, telephone

call, fax, letter or email.

No details required in

Bibliography but may be

provided.

http://www.nja.net.au/listserv/

32

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature

5. Private
online posts

such as

those made

on private

Facebook

pages and

in private

online

messages.

Joe Blogs told me he was

there when the Titanic went

down (Blogs 2000, pers.

comm. 14 June).

Permission of the person

who wrote the

post/message should be

sought where possible.

Private messages/posts

should be treated as

personal communications

and do not need to be

included in the Reference

List but may be

provided.

6. Public
online posts

– Facebook

and

Twitter.

‘In big publishing news, it was

announced today that James

Patterson and I will be

teaming up to dominate the

novella world’ (Earls 23

March 2016).

Nick Earls announced on his

Facebook page on 23 March,

2016 that he…

Earls, Nick 2016, Nick Earls: Writer, Facebook, 23 March, viewed 20

April 2016,

˂https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=1015387996832

6131&id=116130636130&fref=nf ˃

Ireland, Judith 2016, “He did it ’cause he likes you.” The domestic

violence ad campaign that will confront Australia, Twitter, 19 April,

viewed 22 April 2016,

For Twitter posts,

include the whole post as

the title.

7. CD-ROMS. Children really benefit from
electronic skills in accessing

material (Onscreen learning

today 2005).

Onscreen learning today 2005, CD-CDROM, Knowledge Adventure

Inc., Torrance, California.

Italics for title of CD-

ROM.

Same details as for film,

TV, video and radio.

33

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature

8. Blogs. Gaiman has become a
celebrity writer but still gets

nervous when he performs in

public (Gaiman 2014).

Gaiman, Neil 2014, ‘Radio shows are like busses…’, Journal, 15

November, viewed 20 April 2016,

˂http://journal.neilgaiman.com/2014_11_01_archive.html˃

9. Online
comment.

The meticulous planning of

Singapore doesn’t necessarily

make it an exciting city to live

in according to some residents

(MongChongee 22 April

2016).

MongChongee 2016, comment on Colin Marshall, ‘Story of cities #27:

Singapore – the most meticulously planned city in the world’, The

Guardian, comment posted 22 April. Viewed 22 April 2016,

carefully-planned-lee-kuan-yew>

34

3. ABBREVIATIONS

app. Appendix.

c. Circa – meaning ‘around’ indicates that a specific date is uncertain.

comp. and

comps

Compiler/s – a person who has put together into a single document

multiple documents written for other purposes.

ed. and eds

Editor/s – the person responsible for organizing articles written by

multiple authors for a specific book.

edn Edition.

et al. Et alia – meaning ‘and others’.

ill. and ills Illustrator/s.

no. Issue number.

n.d. No date – used when a source lacks a date of publication.

n.p. No place – used when a source lacks a place of publication.

parl. paper Parliamentary Paper.

pers. comm. Personal communication.

p. and pp. Page number/s – the use of a double ‘p’ indicates a range of pages.

rev. Revised.

tran. and trans Translator/s.

vol. and vols Volume number/s.

.

35

4. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Commonwealth of Australia 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6
th

edn, rev. Snooks & Co, John Wiley & Sons, Canberra.

Division of Library Services 2003, Referencing guide, 7

th
edn, Charles Sturt University,

Bathurst, NSW.

Hagger, Jennifer 1979, Australian colonial medicine, Rigby Ltd, Adelaide.

Harris, Robert A 2001, The plagiarism handbook: Strategies for preventing,

detecting and dealing with plagiarism, Pyrczak Publishing, Los Angeles.

Lawson, Ronald 1973, Brisbane in the 1890s: a study of an Australian urban

society, University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, Brisbane.

Library and Information Service 2007, Harvard referencing, Curtin University of

Technology, Perth.

Janna, L, Kim, C, Sorsoli, Lynn, Collins, Katherine, Zylbergold, Bonnie A

Schooler, Deborah & Tolman, Deborah L 2007, From sex to sexuality: Exposing

the heterosexual script on primetime network television, The Journal of Sex

Research, vol. 44, no. 2 pp. 145-158.

Sabia Joseph J 2007, Reading, writing, and sex: The effect of losing virginity on

academic achievement, Economic Inquiry, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 99-101.

Entries are in alphabetical

order by author surname.

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