Answer the following questions using only powerpoint attached.
1. Rhonda is a blood type A+, Alex is a blood type AB+, Kayla is a blood type O-.
a. Explain what each blood type means
b. Can Rhonda give Alex blood? Why or why not?
c. Can Alex give Kayla blood? Why or why not?
d. Can Kayla give Rhonda and Alex blood? why or why not?
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Blood System
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2. Divide, label and give meaning of five medical terms related to the blood system.
3. There are 6 different types of anemia. List and define each one. Describe signs and symptoms of each of these types of anemia as well as treatment options.
4. Blood laboratory tests are required to check for routine check ups as well as many pathological conditions. List and define three laboratory tests and explain the normal ranges for these tests.
Chapter 13
The Blood System
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
Identify terms relating to the composition, formation, and function of blood.
Differentiate among the different types of blood groups.
Identify terms related to blood clotting.
Build words and recognize combining forms used in blood system terminology.
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives (cont’d)
Describe various pathologic conditions affecting blood.
Describe various laboratory tests and clinical procedures used with hematologic disorders, and recognize relevant abbreviations.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 13
Lesson 13.1
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Introduction
Blood: Transports foods, gases, and wastes to and from the cells of the body.
Other transported items:
chemical messengers
blood proteins, white blood cells, and platelets
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What are chemical messengers called? (hormones)
What do white blood cells do? (Fight infection)
What do platelets do? (Help the blood clot)
What is the medical term for WBC? (leukocyte)
What is the medical term for platelet? (thrombocyte)
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Composition of Blood
cells
plasma
water
proteins
sugar
salts
hormones
vitamins
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What are cells? (Formed elements, suspended in a clear, straw-colored liquid called plasma)
What percentage of blood volume do cells constitute? (45%. The other 55% are items listed here.)
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Cell Types and Function
Erythrocytes: red blood cells transport nutrients and oxygen
Leukocytes: white blood cells
Thrombocytes: platelets; clot blood
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What is an immature red blood cell called? (erythroblast)
Where do erythrocytes originate? (In bone marrow)
What are cells in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow that destroy worn-out erythrocytes? (macrophages)
What is a phagocyte?
See next slide. Review a normal differential of these cell types in a smear of whole peripheral blood.
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Cell Types and Function
Leukocytes: or white blood cells
basophils: contain heparin (prevents clotting) and histamine (involved in allergic responses)
eosinophils: phagocytic cells involved in allergic responses and parasitic infections
neutrophils: phagocytic cells that accumulate at sites of infection
monocytes: phagocytic cells that become macrophage and digest bacteria and tissue debris
lymphocytes: control the immune response; make antibodies to antigens
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What is an immature red blood cell called? (erythroblast)
Where do erythrocytes originate? (In bone marrow)
What are cells in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow that destroy worn-out erythrocytes? (macrophages)
What is a phagocyte?
See next slide. Review a normal differential of these cell types in a smear of whole peripheral blood.
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STAGES IN BLOOD DEVELOPMENT (HEMATOPOIESIS)
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Explain phagocytosis.
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Review: Composition of Blood
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Describe each section of the chart.
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Plasma
Plasma Proteins
albumin
globulins: immunoglobulins
(IgG,IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE)
fibrinogen
prothrombin
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What are fibrinogen and prothrombin? (Clotting proteins)
What does albumin do? (Maintains the proper proportion and concentration of water in the blood)
What are globulins? (Another part of the blood containing plasma proteins: alpha, beta, and gamma globulins)
What are immunoglobulins? (Antibodies that bind to and sometimes destroy antigens or foreign substances, ie., IgG, IgA)
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Blood Types
Type A: A antigen and anti-B antibody
Type B: B antigen and anti-A antibody
Type AB: A and B antigens and no antibodies (universal recipient)
Type O: no A or B antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies (universal donor)
Rh factor (positive and negative)
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Why is blood type matching important for transfusions?
What is Rh factor? What is the difference between Rh-positive and Rh-negative?
Why is blood type matching important for identification of pregnancy? (Most people are Rh positive so problem arises with Rh negative mother with Rh positive fetus.)
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Blood Clotting
Coagulation: fibrin clot
Anti-coagulants: heparin, warfarin (Coumadin)
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What is blood clotting or coagulation?
The final result (usually taking less than 15 minutes) is the formation of a fibrin clot from the plasma protein fibrinogen.
Why are platelets important in the beginning of the process following injury to tissues or blood vessels?
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The blood contains the following to transport oxygen:
white blood cells
plasma
platelets
red blood cells
QUICK QUIZ:
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CORRECT Answer is D, red blood cells
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QUICK QUIZ:
2. Blood contains these clotting cells:
erythrocytes
plasma
thrombocytes
leukocytes
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CORRECT Answer is C, thrombocytes
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COMBINING FORMS
AND TERMINOLOGY
bas/o base
chrom/o color
coagul/o clotting
cyt/o cell
eosin/o red, dawn, rosy
erythr/o red
Combining Form Meaning
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
granul/o granules
hem/o blood
hemat/o blood
hemoglobin/o hemoglobin
is/o same, equal
kary/o nucleus
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
AND TERMINOLOGY
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
leuk/o white
mon/o one, single
morph/o shape, form
myel/o bone marrow
neutr/o neutral
nucle/o nucleus
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
AND TERMINOLOGY
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
phag/o eat, swallow
poikil/o varied, irregular
sider/o iron
spher/o globe, round
thromb/o clot
Combining Form Meaning
COMBINING FORMS
AND TERMINOLOGY
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Suffixes
-apheresis
-blast
-cyte
-cytosis
-emia
-globin
-globulin
-lytic
-oid
-osis
-penia
-phage
-philia
-phoresis
-poiesis
-stasis
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Ask meanings and examples of terms.
What is thrombolytic therapy? (Used to dissolve clots)
What is plasmapheresis? (A centrifuge spins blood to remove plasma from the other parts of the blood.)
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Chapter 13
Lesson 13.2
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Diseases of Red Blood Cells
Anemia: deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin
Iron Deficiency Anemia or Sideropenia
Other types of anemia:
aplastic anemia
hemolytic anemia.
pernicious anemia
Sickle cell anemia
thalassemia
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What is the most common type of anemia? (Iron-deficiency anemia)
What is an example of hemolytic anemia? (Congenital spherocytic anemia)
B12 cannot be absorbed into the bloodstream with the aid of which substance? (Intrinsic factor, which is normally found in gastric juice.)
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TYPES OF ANEMIA
aplastic anemia: failure of blood cell production due to aplasia or absence of cell formation of bone marrow cells.
hemolytic anemia: reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction.
pernicious anemia: lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the body.
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What is the most common type of anemia? (Iron-deficiency anemia)
What is an example of hemolytic anemia? (Congenital spherocytic anemia)
B12 cannot be absorbed into the bloodstream with the aid of which substance? (Intrinsic factor, which is normally found in gastric juice.)
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TYPES OF ANEMIA (cont’d.)
sickle cell: A hereditary disease characterized by abnormal shape of erythrocytes and by hemolysis.
thalassemia: An inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin.
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Persons of what background are prone to thalassemia? (Mediterranean)
Sickle cell is prevalent among which group? (Black people of African or African-American ancestry) Why? (Sickling is a genetic response to malaria.)
What treatment is used for polycythemia vera? How is this similar to doping?
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Types of Anemia
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QUICK QUIZ:
3. What is the most common type of anemia?
hemolytic anemia
sickle cell anemia
iron deficiency anemia
aplastic anemia
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CORRECT Answer is C, iron deficiency anemia (see page 498 of text)
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Disorders of Blood Clotting
hemophilia: Excessive bleeding caused by one of the protein substances necessary for blood clotting.
Purpura (thrombocytopenia): Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin.
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What is a treatment for hemophilia? (Administration of the deficient factor)
What is autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura? (A condition in which a patient’s body makes an antibody that destroys platelets)
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Diseases of White Blood Cells (cont)
leukemia: An increase in cancerous white blood cells.
acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
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What are characteristics of acute leukemia?
What form of leukemia is most often in children and adolescents? (ALL)
What form of leukemia usually occurs in the elderly and follows a slowly progressive course? (CLL)
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Acute Leukemia
Acute
Myeloblastic Leukemia
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
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The terms acute and chronic discriminate between leukemias of primarily immature and mature leukocytes.
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Diseases of White Blood Cells (cont’d.)
granulocytosis: Abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood.
mononucleosis: An infectious disease marked by increased numbers of leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes.
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How is mononucleosis usually transmitted? (By oral contact)
Is treatment necessary for EBV infections? (No)
What is eosinophilia? (An increase in eosinophilic granulocytes, seen in certain allergic conditions)
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Disease of Bone Marrow Cells
multiple myeloma: Malignant neoplasm of bone marrow. Malignant cells destroy bone tissue and cause overproduction of immunoglobulins.
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The malignant cells destroy bone tissue and cause the overproduction of immunoglobulins, including Bence Jones protein. What is Bence Jones protein? (An immunoglobulin fragment found in urine)
How is this treated?
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Chapter 13
Lesson 13.3
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Laboratory Blood Tests
antiglobulin test
bleeding time
coagulation time
complete blood count (CBC)
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
hematocrit (Hct)
hemoglobin test (H, Hg, HGB)
partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
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What is a normal coagulation time? (Less than 15 minutes)
What is the speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma? (ESR or sed rate)
What test finds the total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood? (hemoglobin test)
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Laboratory Blood Tests (cont’d.)
platelet count
prothrombin time (PT)
red blood cell count (RBC)
red blood cell morphology
white blood cell count (WBC)
white blood cell differential
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What is the number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter? (WBC)
What determines the percentage of the total WBC made up by different types of leukocytes? (White blood cell differential)
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Clinical Procedures
apheresis: Separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select part from the blood.
blood transfusion: Whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient.
bone marrow biopsy: Microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle.
hematopoietic stem cell transplant: Peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered into a recipient’s vein.
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What is plasma exchange? (A procedure in which plasma is removed from the patient and fresh plasma is given)
What is autologous transfusion? (The collection and later reinfusion of a patient’s own blood or blood components)
What is a bone marrow aspirate? (When bone marrow is removed by brief suction produced by a syringe)
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REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
bas/o _________
chrom/o _________
coagul/o _________
cyt/o _________
eosin/o _________
erythr/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
bas/o base
chrom/o color
coagul/o clotting
cyt/o cell
eosin/o red, dawn, rosy
erythr/o red
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
granul/o _________
hem/o _________
hemat/o _________
hemoglobin/o _________
is/o _________
kary/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
granul/o granules
hem/o blood
hemat/o blood
hemoglobin/o hemoglobin
is/o same, equal
kary/o nucleus
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
leuk/o _________
mon/o _________
morph/o _________
myel/o _________
neutr/o _________
nucle/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
leuk/o white
mon/o one, single
morph/o shape, form
myel/o bone marrow
neutr/o neutral
nucle/o nucleus
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
phag/o _______________
poikil/o _______________
sider/o _______________
spher/o _______________
thromb/o _______________
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
phag/o eat, swallow
poikil/o varied, irregular
sider/o iron
spher/o globe, round
thromb/o clot
Combining Form Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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