Black Psychology exam very easy use PowerPoints to help answer the questions but answer with the intentions of making an A.

PSYC 3230 Take Home Exam 1 Name: _______________________________________

1. How has traditional psychology failed to capture the ethos of African Americans? Provide a real-life example.

2. Define Sankofa and describe how it is relevant to African American psychology and development?

3. Describe Scientific Colonialism and provide a real-life example as it pertains to African Americans.

4. Describe Social Pathology and provide a real-life example as it pertains to African Americans.

5. List and describe the 4 core elements of African psychology. Be sure to also provide an example of how it manifests in the African American community for each element.

6.

Define Ma’at and describe how it pertains to African psychology.

7. List and describe the 4 areas of interests as it pertains to the theoretical and conceptual approaches to African psychology. Which one do you most identify with? Why?

8. Which stage of Cross’ Nigrescence (People of Color) Model are you in currently? Describe why?

9. List the 4 major aspects of Blackness. Provide a real-life example of how each one manifests in the African American community.

10. List the 3 components of the Black/African Self Concept. Provide real-life examples of how each one manifests in the African American community.

Ch. 1: Foundations for an African American Psychology: Extending roots to an Ancient Kemetic past

Psychology of The Black Experience

Ingrid L. Cockhren, M.Ed

Traditional psychology fails to capture the ethos, or emotional tone, of people of African descent.
Emotional substance of a cultural group solidified by a set of common experiences, common heritage, and common culture.
Emotional tone creates a shared synthesis of energy or spirit, which helps to symbolize and even define our uniqueness as a people.

A Broken compass
Much of the history of person of African descent is told from the context of slavery. Thoughts?

Much of psychology is centered on a racist worldview that saw African people as genetically, intellectually, and emotionally inferior, as well as culturally inferior when compared to European and American counterparts.
Historical contributors of psychology were contaminated with the social zeitgeist (spirit of the time)of America’s obsession with race.

Ziit-guy-ttst
4

Slavery, and the African Maafa (Swahili term meaning “Great Disaster”) represents only a snapshot in time, rather than the beginning of the African presence on this planet.

As Psychology moved to a science based on observations and measurable behaviors, traditional psychology applied its theories and techniques in ways that contributed to the dehumanization of persons of African Descent.
Racist ideology contaminated the diagnostic nosologies used to classify mental health for persons of African descent
Ex. Drapetomania – flight from-home-madness

Myopic research and scholarship within traditional psychology prompted black psychologists to take reactionary posture with addressing the idea of Black people and their sense of self, the family, and the community.

Limitations:
Anchors the study of African descent people’s psychology in an inaccurate space & time
Analysis measures only & reveals how we reacted & adapted to social oppression and says little about “who” we were and “how” we were before the Maafa experience
You cannot allow your obstacles define you!
Resulting identity studies focus on racial, rather than cultural, identity

Race is not a biological construction but rather a social construction;
It is used to create a hierarchy that assigns worth, and access to opportunity and privilege on the basis of skin tone.
Culture is at the core of beingness
Culture unifies and allows us to see from a worldview which orients our interpretation of reality.
Culture provides collective group identification built on shared history, symbols, and meanings.
Culture institutionalizes and validates group beliefs, values, behaviors, and attitudes.

national Association of Black Psychologists (ABPsi)
Withdrew from APA due to frustrations
Own headquarters
Own journal (Journal of Black Psychology)
Own convention
Addressing issues such as:
Testing Black children
Educating Black students
Training counselors & psychologists
Providing care to Black clients

African psychology’s kemetic roots
Tendency to use a European American norm as a standard by which ”normal” behavior in different cultural groups is measured

African psychology’s kemetic roots
Places Black people (and other groups) at a conceptual disadvantage, resulting in a tendency to characterize our behavior as pathological

Inappropriate to use traditional psychological theories, that were developed by White psychologists to explain the behaviors of White people, on Black folks
Can lead to gross omissions of necessary information as well as distortions in the phenomenon one is attempting to study

African Psychology

African Psychology is an invention created by black intellectuals in the Americas (mainly the united States) who wanted to engage in Sankofa

Sankofa pic & meaning
14

African Psychology’s Kemetic Roots
African Psychology’s Kemetic roots are key because they help to characterized the cultural norm.
One’s consciousness and proper conduct in relationships were indigenous to African folks before contamination from the European influences.

Kemet pic
15

African Psychology’s Kemetic Roots
African Psychology extends across space and time.
When we look across the Diaspora and we see that African scholars and thinkers reflect a historical continuity, cultural continuity, historical consciousness with what it means to be African; we can see that there was a universal understanding of ordered behavior.

African Psychology’s Kemetic Roots
Ma’at is define as a code of conduct and a standard of aspiration for the ancient Africans, and is characterized by seven principals
Truth
Justice
Righteousness
Harmony
Order
Balance
Propriety (politeness or modesty)

African Psychology’s Kemetic Roots
Ancient African Psychology was based on “being” and “becoming”
One has to understand where he/she is at any given moment and time in one’s life.
Humans have an innate desire to continue to self-actualize and grow with new possibilities.

African Psychology’s Kemetic Roots
African-centered psychology includes the following:
Spiritness
Interconnected
Collective
Self-knowledge

Fundamental Principles and Questions
Frantz Omar Fanon introduced three questions to examine and explore the relationship between conscious recognition of an idea and how that principal was operationalized into the life space of each individual.
“Who am I?”
“Am I who I say I am?”
“Am I all I ought to be?”

Perspectives That Helped African Psychology Lose its Way
Scientific Colonialism – the challenge of maintaining ones sanity or mental health rest with the preserving of ones sense of agency or power over a particular situation or circumstance.
i.e. learned helplessness
The Power of “Yet”

Hurrican Katrina, MLK quote, TEB Talk- the Power of Yet
21

Hurrican Katrina, MLK quote, TEB Talk- the Power of Yet
22

Social Pathology of American Life

Dr. Cornell West writes in his essay “chamber of horrors” he describes the vicious attacks on Black people’s beauty, intelligence, moral character, behavior, capability, and life itself.

Social Pathology of American Life
Psychological adaptation- Black Strivings
Black Strivings are:
singing the blues when times were hardest
Singing gospel as a way of keeping the faith and keeping hope alive
Using gallows of humor in comedy as a way to laugh to keep from crying
The essence of “Keep, keeping on” is at the root of African Psychology

Potential negative consequences?

25

Balancing Two Competing Worldviews

Within the course of normal or ordered development, each individual should engage with an environmental space that allows for a nurturing and supportive experience.

Oppressive forces are not conducive to a productive environment; as a result, individuals react in ways that are ultimately functional, but sometimes maladaptive
i.e. foster care adjustment issues

Little man pic
27

Balancing Two Competing Worldviews

W.E.B. Du Bois text The Souls of Black Folk ably depicts the struggle of being Black in America.

Pic; read
28

Du Bois illustrates the struggle of achieving social progress while not being “too Black” while also staying true to one’s heritage
Some love their Blackness, but learn to “tone it down” to reduce the discomfort level of White peers
Others wear it as a badge of cultural pride, but realize it may restrict access to opportunities

Kapernick pic; WCMS pic
29

How would you rate your ability to “code switch”?

30

Ellison’s “Invisible Man” describes the chronic assaults, or microaggressions, experienced by persons of color.
What would you do?

31

Leary’s (2005) Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome
Explanation of how oppression continues to impact culture today
Examples?

Colorism pic; link?
32

Applications
NTU Psychotherapy Model
African centered approach to therapy & treatment
Utilizes the principals of the Nguzo Saba as guidelines for harmonious living
Basic principles: harmony, balance, interconnectedness, cultural awareness, & authencity
Phases: harmony, awareness, alignment, actualize, synthesis

“Role of Men” program
designed to teach responsible fathering ;
dedicated to building stronger Black families through outreach, therapy, and training
Bakari Project
Designed to instruct youth in the development of responsible adulthood attitudes & behaviors
Utilizes six areas of mastery taught across four years of programmatic intervention

MEN ON THE MOVE

Men on the Move pics
35

considerations
Much of the problematic behaviors displayed by AA clients is less about mental health instability and more about reactions to social cultural and environmental issues
African psychology must design structured interventions that reorient the consciousness of clients
Davidson County example
We cannot just treat those who have made mistakes as disposable capital

Link to Sherriff Daron Hall
36

Chapter 2

Sankofa: History of and Aspirations for Black Psychology

As Sankofa means ”looking back in order to go forward”, the purpose of this chapter is to reflect on the experiences of prominent trailblazers of Black Psychology.

Elder Biographies: Dr. Janet Helms
Specializes in the areas of racial identity, psychological testing & assessment, & racial/cultural counseling
Well-known for her racial identity development theories

3

Elder Biographies: Dr. Linda Myers
Focuses on traditional healing practices in psychotherapeutic processes
Studies moral & spiritual development
Best known for theory of Optimal Psychology

Elder Biographies: Dr. Joseph White
“Father of Black Psychology”
Clinical supervisor, practicing psychologist, consultant, writer

Elder Biographies: Dr. Daniel Williams
Only AA PHD level licensed psychologist in California during the 1965 race riot
Was often sought after to share his views
A cross was burned on his front lawn
These experiences led him to believe that “There was nowhere for me to go but to be Black”

Developed Montclair State University’s 1st Affirmative Act Plan
Invited to the White House by President Jimmy Carter as the President signed the Mental Health Systems Act of 1980 into law

Elder Biographies: Dr. Robert Williams
Focuses on cultural bias in testing, Black language, & program evaluation
“10 point program”: outlined the need for & strategies to increase enrollment of Black student in graduate psychology programs

Contextual factors
During the 1960s, the primary models used for Black people were deficit or deficiency models
These models proposed deficiencies in intelligence, achievement, & social structure
The Association of Black Psychologists (ABPsi) was founded as a student-led rebellion
Optimal example of the influence of young people
Goals:
Racially integrate its own workforce
Facilitate the entry of more Blacks into graduate programs in psychology
Eliminate racist theory & research from journals
Establish a program w/in which concerns of psychologists of color could be expressed
1st task- bring attention to the use of biased tests

Dealing with adversity
Being the only one/lack of role models

Dealing with racism/oppression
Low scores on intelligence tests (biased data)
Double strikes
Lack of support
“It is one experience to be challenged, but it is even more daunting to be challenged w/out having support in the institutions & systems one is navigating in.”
Degrees of indifference or apathy
Lack of working relationships
As a consequence, most of support came from family, friends, networks outside of university

Dealing with adversity, cont.

Dealing with adversity, cont.
Lack of validation/acknowledgement of contributions
Helms’s Racial Identity Attitude Scale
Intended to measure identity for Black Americans
Response:
“We don’t understand why you study Black identity, you need to prove that there’s a difference between Black people & White people. Why don’t you study White people’s identity?”
Williams’ Ebonics
Coined the term in 1973
Not until White linguists repacked Ebonics as African American Vernacular English that the construct was accepted at large by the academy (1990s)

What is black psychology?
Toward a Black Psychology
Beginnings categorized as Traditional School of Black Psychology
Reactive, defensive, critical
Shift to propose culturally relevant & appropriate theories and modalities of treatment
Incorporation of historical, philosophical, & religious foundations of Africa

Defining black psychology
Theory development, research, & practice that recognize the importance of the Black cultural experience & seeks to enhance the mental state of Black people
Includes the axiology (values), concepts of self, time orientation, human goals, & epistemology (knowledge) grounded in the sociohistorical context of people of African descent
Emphasis on training
Creates “pipeline to bring younger people into the field”

How definitions have evolved
Historically we have been trying to prove to people that we exist, now we need to move forward to use what we know to make positive changes.
This begins NOW. What are you sharing on social media?

Black psychology is built on the principle the Black people have significant strengths.
What does this mean?
Example
We should not be appropriating anyone else’s culture, rather finding out what defines us.
How does one “appropriate” another culture?

Significant milestones in black psychology
Black Psychology has impacted ethnic studies and the movement of multiculturalism
Dr. White noted that:
“We had to fight the profession to establish a legitimacy of [Black Psychology] and then what happened was while they were arguing with us, the Asian dude turned around and said that they didn’t like how they were being defined in psychology and they didn’t like the invisibility and they were going to write their own psychology and then the Chicano dude and the Chicano sister wanted to set up and do the same thing.”

Professionals within the field should strive to have an impact on others
Dr. Williams urges professionals to “roll up your sleeves and be a part of social change”.
This is a challenge for all to move beyond talk (or complaints) into action.
Dr. Williams reports that Black Psychology should “belong to the people”.

Where does black psychology go from here?
Shared focus on training future Black professionals to play pivotal roles in:
the academy,
Black communities,
a variety of mental health settings, and
other decision-making institutional positions
Integral belief that the creation & institutionalization of “think tanks” in Black psychology are imperative to the continuation of the field
Need for more coalition & integration

Suggestions for Training Suggestions for Practice Suggestions for Research

Think tanks (opportunities for professionals to think & create)
Mentorship: formal & informal
Recruitment & retention
Specific training programs
Grant funding
Social activism
Develop, implement, & evaluation community interventions through collaborative efforts
Get & stay involved in local/national/international social & political movements
Secure positions of power
Empirically validated treatments
Intervention research
Antecedent research

Theoretical and Conceptual Approaches to African and African American Psychology

Ingrid L. Cockhren, M.Ed

The challenges to deepening our understanding of humanity & human potential are greatest when we fail to appreciate the contributions of all cultural groups to the greater good of the world.

Culture and Psychology
Culture is the social force that informs our designs for living and patterns of interpreting reality.
Appropriate regard should be given to to cultural underpinnings informing our perceptions & shaping our interpretations.

Culture and Psychology
Theorists & researchers whose subject matter & interests, perspectives, & cultural frames of reference differ distinguishably from the dominate Western view are marginalized, limiting the scope & depth of inquiry available to the the field of study.
As expected, each cultural group embraces its own perspectives & understanding of the world.

Culture and Psychology
When a cultural worldview supports the construction of a social reality w/out critical self-awareness & consciousness of its own character & biases, access to more complete knowledge of humankind is limited.
Results in gaps in scientific knowledge which fosters a distorted view.
Monocultural perspective

Culture and Psychology
When exploring theoretical and conceptual approaches there are four areas of interest.
Pre-assimilation: rejecting Western orientation
Assimilation: adopting Western orientation
Bicultural reform: adopts some Western assumptions while moving toward a system of self-definition
Cultural congruence: grounded in African centered frame of reference
These are not meant to drive judgment but to be a fair descriptor of the impact the theoretical and conceptual approaches have had in all of their complexity.

Psychological Science
&
the American Social Context
In this society in particular, it matters whether you came to the United States as a voluntary or involuntary immigrant and the extent to which you have assimilated or internalized the dominant cultural worldview.

When trained in the United States, although the field of study identified as psychology is more accurately European American, White, European Psychology, it is seldom, if ever, acknowledged as such.
Have you ever heard of “White-on-White crime”?

European psychologists have defined the discipline to reflect the belief that Western thinking is universally applicable to, relevant to, and representative of all humanity.
Your reality is not my reality

The field of psychology is surrounded by a myth of objectivity.

European, White, European American Psychology: The Modern Historical Context
Mainstream American psychology cannot be separated from the social context within which it emerges; it has historically been Eurocentric and plagued by blatant racism characteristics of the times.

European, White, European American Psychology: The Modern Historical Context
Dr. Benjamin Rush, the reputed “father of American Psychiatry,” declared that the color of Black people was caused by a congenital disease akin to leprosy. The only evidence of a cure was when the skin turned white.
Dr. Edward Jarvis, a specialist in mental disorders, used a 1840 census to purportedly prove that the condition of freedom in the North was so unnatural to Blacks it made them more prone to mental illness, thus justifying the enslavement of African people by the flawed premise that it provided a shield for Black people from what he consider the liabilities and dangers of active self-determination.

European, White, European American Psychology: The Modern Historical Context
In 1851, Dr. Samuel Cartwright published an article in a professional journal of his time claiming that he had discovered two new mental diseases peculiar to Black people
Drapetomania – which caused Black people to have the uncontrollable urge to run away from their slave captors
Dysaesthesia aethiops – evidenced by disobedience, answering disrespectfully, and refusing to work.
Cure:
beating; more work

European, White, European American Psychology: The Modern Historical Context
The First President of the American Psychological Association (G. Stanley Hall), theorized that Africans, Indians, and Chinese were members of “adolescent races” and in the stage of “incomplete growth” and that therefore it was Western psychology’s role and responsibility to save these adolescent races from the liabilities of freedom.
This concept has evolved over time…how so?

European, White, European American Psychology: The Modern Historical Context
Popenoe (1929) asserted that intelligence is determined by the amount of white blood
Herrnstein & Murray (1999) asserted that Blacks have lower IQs than Whites

Evolving African(a), African American, Black Psychology
Ancient Kmt (known in the West as Egypt),
period in human history in which Africans first produced an “organized system of knowledge (philosophy, definitions, concepts, models, procedures, and practices) concerning the nature of the social universe.

Evolving African(a), African American, Black Psychology
Literature from this period addresses the nature of the human consciousness, heart, mind, soul, & beyond.

Evolving African(a), African American, Black Psychology
Because of the differences in the deep structure of cultural worldview, the scope of African(a) Psychology is potentially much larger than that of Western psychology.
When the concerns of the person & community in everyday life are grounded in spirit/mind/soul & multi-dimensional, all cycles of life are of interest.

Schools of Thought in African(a) African American, Black Psychology
One system of categorization used by Daudi Azibo has been to divide the perspectives between:
Pro-Black perspectives: focus on response to American experience
Pro-Afrocentric perspectives: focus on African philosophy

Schools of Thought in African(a) African American, Black Psychology
Pre-Assimilation
One of the earliest examination on psychological processes can be found in the Book of Knowing: The Creation of Ra as Ptah, translated from hieroglyphics by Karenga.
Estimated to be written in 2500 BC, this text presets foundation interpretation of an African-centered understanding of the roles of cognition, affect, and language in human functioning
Suggests that reality is created by what we think, feel, & say

Schools of Thought in African(a) African American, Black Psychology
One of the earliest examinations written by an African (Olaudah Equiano)on enslavement dates back to 1797; gives voice to the social realities created by the dominant cultural group
Carter G. Woodson analyzed the negative impact of the formal education system on Black people leading to the miseducation & continued subjugation

Schools of Thought in African(a) African American, Black Psychology
Assimilation
The research by Kenneth Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark concluded that Black children had negative self-concepts, due largely to the impact of segregated formal educational systems on them
The Clark team challenged the notion of differences in abilities of Black & White children
(this helped to shape the 1954 landmark Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas)

Schools of Thought in African(a) African American, Black Psychology
Long-term consequences of the research have not proven to yield the outcomes in education achievement as desired
Self-concepts of Black children have not been shown to improve with school desegregation
Why?

Elijah Whitten
Grew up picking cotton
Attended an all Black highschool until integration
Sat in front of each class- had spit balls thrown at the back of his head
Experienced discrimination as Mr. Orr, the history teacher, belittled and degraded him constantly in front of class
Attended the county fair with his brother until an officer told them to leave and pulled his gun

Schools of Thought in African(a) African American, Black Psychology
The “mis-education” of the Negro remains a pervasive problem. Questions ever Looming that Black Psychology must address:
What are the costs, as well as benefits, of assimilation into a formal educational system that has as its primary goal the indoctrination of the students into a dominant cultural worldview that has historically denigrated them to perpetuation of a status quo that has historically disenfranchised them?

Schools of Thought in African(a) African American, Black Psychology
Culturally congruent research has demonstrated that the educational success of all children, and Black children in particular, are best met in warm, nurturing environments where the expectation for success is high and is matched with instruction in accordance with the learning styles appropriate for the children being taught.

Schools of Thought in African(a) African American, Black Psychology
Jones & Shorter (2003)- conclude that “shifting” diminishes the joys of living an authentic life; they encourage women to share their stories and give voice to their pain

Schools of Thought in African(a) African American, Black Psychology
Bicultural Reform
Psychological Nigrescence Model (Cross, 1971, 1995)
This model starts with a stance conforming to the dominant culture’s norms with the intention of predicting movement toward a positive racial identity, which would be a position counter to that perpetuated by the dominant culture.
Little evidence for the progressive sequencing

Schools of Thought in African(a) African American, Black Psychology
Cultural Congruence
Kobi Kambon (Joseph Baldwin) was one of the first African American psychologists to develop an African self-consciousness scale to explore the many facets of African American identity.

Schools of Thought in African(a) African American, Black Psychology
Black Psychology at its roots is a holistic perspective that encourages the examination of the hard questions with concern for the future and evolution of all of humanity that is comprehensive, cohesive, and coherent.

Religion and Spirituality

Ingrid Cockhren, M.Ed

Religion and Spirituality
Scholars have begun to map the role of religion and spirituality in the prosocial and positive psychological development of African Americans.

Defining Religiosity, Spirituality, and Psychological Health
Religion/religiosity refers to one’s adherence to the prescribed beliefs and ritual practices associated with the worship of God or a system of gods.

Click here to complete Question 1

Defining Religiosity, Spirituality, and Psychological Health
Spirituality refers to a relationship between transcendent forces (i.e., God, spirits, ancestors) and human’s that results both in the individual’s recognition of the sacredness of all things and in a conscious commitment to a life of virtue.

Defining Religiosity, Spirituality, and Psychological Health
For African American adherents of theistic religions, God/Allah, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit are among the ultimate manifestations of the omnipresent and omniscient force that we refer to as “The Sacred” or “The Divine.”

Defining Religiosity, Spirituality, and Psychological Health
Individuals may express their commitment to the divine by:
Organizational religious involvement
Non-organizational involvement
Subjective religiosity or subjective spirituality

Defining Religiosity, Spirituality, and Psychological Health
Psychological health refers to the experience of having a psyche (mind) that is whole, sound, and well.

Click here to complete Question 2

Religion and Psychological Health: An Overview of Findings from Correlational Studies
Research has established that religion and spirituality do influence the psychological health of African Americans.
African American adults who regularly attend religious services report fewer family, work, and financial stresses than do their less involved counterparts.

Religion and Psychological Health: An Overview of Findings from Correlational Studies
Research has established that religion and spirituality do influence the psychological health of African Americans.
African American seek religious support for a plethora of issues.

Religion and Psychological Health: An Overview of Findings from Correlational Studies
Research has established that religion and spirituality do influence the psychological health of African Americans.
Religiosity and spirituality buffer the effects of discrimination on mental health among African Americans and are associated with efforts to negotiate extraordinary forms of violation

Click here to complete Question 3

Religiosity, Spirituality, and Pathways to Health and Wellness
Religious institutions:
Provide an array of supports to members of African American communities
Facilitate the mental health of children, adolescents, and adults, by providing concrete opportunities for involvement in constructive activities.

Religiosity, Spirituality, and Pathways to Health and Wellness
Religious institutions:
Have historically promoted the psychological well-being of youth and adults by routinely, publicly celebrating the personal achievements of youth (honor roll, scholarships, internships, and college and graduate school acceptances).
Promote psychological health and well-being by situating African American youth and adults in an enduring and supportive multigenerational, familistic web of relationships that include minister, and an array of other religious leaders, authority figures, and coreligionists.

Click here to complete Question 4

Religiosity, Spirituality, and Pathways to Health and Wellness
Non-organizational religious involvement: Focus on prayer
A national survey of African Americans revealed that prayer is the coping resource of choice for most of them particularly for African American women.
Through prayer, people experience emotional and moral support and receive guidance and answers to prayers.

Religiosity, Spirituality, and Pathways to Health and Wellness
Non-organizational religious involvement: focus on prayer
Prayer is also a vehicle by which people extend and demonstrate their concern and support for others who are in need.
Neuroscientists and neurotheologists speculate that prayer and meditation may influence health by altering brain chemistry and improving immune functioning.
Prayer also may serve as a vehicle for emotional catharsis.

Religiosity, Spirituality, and Pathways to Health and Wellness
Meaning making
The link between faith and mental health/wellness is influenced powerfully by our conceptualization of the nature of the divine and by our understanding of how this force operates in our lives.
In research viewing God as loving, forgiving, and supportive figure reported a greater level of optimism.
African Americans who make meaning-centered attributions to God (i.e., Those who believe that there is a divine purpose for the negative events that occur in their lives) reported greater wellbeing (i.e., Greater self-esteem and satisfaction).

Religiosity, Spirituality, and Pathways to Health and Wellness
Religious involvement and emotional and behavioral control
Religious and spiritual youth were more likely than their counterparts to regulate their own emotions and behaviors; that is they were less likely to externalize their anger and more likely to exercise control over their behavior.
Religiosity and spirituality may provide individuals with a moral grounding that guides choices and behaviors.

Religiosity, Spirituality, and Pathways to Health and Wellness
Religiosity and identity coherence
There is compelling emerging evidence that religion and religious institutions may influence mental health by influencing the way that religious adherents construct, understand, and experience their social identities particularly their racial identity.

Religiosity, Spirituality, and Pathways to Health and Wellness
Religiosity and identity coherence
Historically churches have taken a hostile stance on the LGBT populations.

Limits of Extant Research and Future Directions for Empirical Research
Research of psychological health has proceeded under the assumption that the meaning of health is universal.

Click here to complete Question 5