Research Critiques
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and PICOT Statement Final Draft
Prepare this assignment as a 1,500-1,750 word paper using the instructor feedback from the previous course assignments and the guidelines below.
PICOT Question
Revise the PICOT question you wrote in the Topic 1 assignment using the feedback you received from your instructor.
The final PICOT question will provide a framework for your capstone project (the project students must complete during their final course in the RN-BSN program of study).
Research Critiques
In the Topic 2 and Topic 3 assignments, you completed a qualitative and quantitative research critique on two articles for each type of study (4 articles total). Use the feedback you received from your instructor on these assignments to finalize the critical analysis of each study by making appropriate revisions.
The completed analysis should connect to your identified practice problem of interest that is the basis for your PICOT question.
Refer to “Research Critiques and PICOT Guidelines – Final Draft.” Questions under each heading should be addressed as a narrative in the structure of a formal paper.
Proposed Evidence-Based Practice Change
Discuss the link between the PICOT question, the research articles, and the nursing practice problem you identified. Include relevant details and supporting explanation and use that information to propose evidence-based practice changes.
General Requirements
Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
ResearchCritiques and PICOT Question Guidelines – Final Draft
Use this document to organize the content from your four studies into your final draft.
Quantitative and Quantitative Studies
Background
1. Summary of studies. Include problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research question.
How do these two articles support the nurse practice issue you chose?
1. Discuss how these articles will be used to answer your PICOT question.
2
. Describe how the interventions and comparison groups in the articles compare to those identified in your PICOT question.
Method of Study:
1. State the methods of the articles you are comparing and describe how they are different.
2. Consider the methods you identified in your chosen articles and state one benefit and one limitation of each method.
Results of Study
1. Summarize the key findings of each of the studies into a comprehensive summary.
2. What are the implications of the four studies you chose in nursing practice?
Ethical Considerations
1. Discuss two ethical considerations in conducting research.
2. Describe how the researchers in the four articles you choose took these ethical considerations into account while performing their research.
Outcomes Comparison
1. What are the anticipated outcomes for your PICOT question?
2. How do the outcomes of the four articles you chose compare to your anticipated outcomes?
2
Literature Evaluation Table
Summary of Clinical Issue (200-250 words): Administering medication is one of the duties of nurses. Medication in the clinical setting is one of the major problems threatening the safety of patients and this can hugely affect morbidity and mortality rates. Medication errors occur most often than realized. They can occur at any phase of the process of medication. Medication errors occur most often than realized. Medication errors occur due to many reasons, some of which include; the prescribing, transcribing, dispensing, administering, monitoring and reporting processes. Many factors can affect the reason behind medication errors, some of which include burnout, fatigue, little work experience, being short -staffed, and an inconducive work environment. Nurses are at the forefront of medication errors because they administer medication. So, even if the physician prescribed the wrong medication or the wrong dose, the nurse is expected to catch that error and rectify it. The effects of medication errors are huge ranging from physical injuries to death. On top of this, they increase the financial burden on health care settings, cause emotional stress on the patient and family and that of health care professionals involved in the medication error. Nurses are always expected to mouthpiece or advocate of the patient by being very vigilant and reporting any medication error if they see one. One of the solutions to fixing the issue of medication errors is for the nurse to report a medication error as soon as committed or caught so that corrective measures can be put in place to prevent this type of error from happening again. But the question of how easy the workplace makes it for nurses to report medication errors is questionable. Many nurses are “put to shame” when they report medication errors rather than being applauded for doing the right thing. This definitely prevents some nurses from reporting medication errors on a timely manner or even reporting it at all.
PICOT Question: Does the workplace make it easy for nurses to report medication errors and in a timely manner?
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Criteria
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Article 1
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Article 2
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Article 3
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APA-Formatted Article Citation with Permalink
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Hashemi, F., Nasrabadi, A. N., & Asghari, F. (2017). Factors associated with reporting medical errors in Iran: a qualitative study. BMC nursing, 11(1), 20.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6955-11-20
Elder, N. C., Brungs, S. M., Nagy, M., Kudel, I., & Render, M. L. (2016). Nurses’ perceptions of error communication and reporting in the intensive care unit. Journal of Patient Safety, 4(3), 162-168. doi: 10.1097/PTS.0b013e3181839b48
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Alqubaisi, M., Tonna, A., Strath, A., & Stewart, D. (2016). Exploring behavioral determinants relating to health professional reporting of medication errors: a qualitative study using the Theoretical Domains Framework. European journal of clinical pharmacology, 72(7), 887-895.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-016-2054-9
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How Does the Article Relate to the PICOT Question?
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It is related to PICOT because it tries to how to explain the barriers to reporting medication error, therefore, they have a challenge of reporting medication errors to relevant authorities
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It explains how the nurses are thorn between telling each other the truth when one makes a mistake or just keep quiet and watch, or report the matter to the authorities.
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It is related to PICOT since it tries to understand the behavioral patterns of nurses of how they are going to report medication errors.
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Quantitative, Qualitative (How do you know?)
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It is qualitative research because it assesses the reaction of the nurses towards medication errors.
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It is a qualitative research because the nurses were determined to report the cases to the relevant authorities.
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It is a qualitative study because it assesses the nurse’s behavior towards reporting the medication error.
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Purpose statement
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The reason for this study is to identify the obstacles that prevent them from reportage medication errors.
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To formulate a pattern of communication in case medication errors have occurred in the intensive care unit.
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The chief indication for this paper is to comprehend the nurse’s pattern behavior in reporting the incidents.
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Research Question
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To determine the barriers that prevents them from reporting medication errors.
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To determine if reporting daily incidences in the ICU by the nurses will reduce cases of medical errors
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To determine the attitude of nurses towards reporting medication errors.
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Outcome
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The nurses encountered barriers that hindered them from reporting the incidences.
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The study shows that the nurses were able to come up with a good way of communication such that in case of challenges the nurses will know the exact thing to do in such a scenario.
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The study shows that the patient’s safety and the health facility depend of behavioral determinants on reporting.
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Setting (where did the study take place?)
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Medical-surgical ward
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Intensive Care Unit
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Medical-surgical hospital
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Sample
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34 nurses
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92 nurses of 4 different hospitals
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10 nurses participated
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Methods
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Self- questionnaires were administered.
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Administer the questionnaires.
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Face-face interview, semi-structured interview
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Key Findings of the Researcher
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Fear and administrative barriers were on the top list that prevented them from reporting.
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The nurses were reluctant to disclose their medical errors but instead, he or she had better disclosed the witnessed error to their authorities
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The nurses feared to reporting medication errors since they feel like they have to protect their career and reputation.
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Recommendations of the Researcher
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The relevant authorities should develop a friendship with the students, thus improving the patient’s safety.
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I would recommend that the relevant authorities should educate their nurses on the importance of reporting such incidences.
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The negative behavioral determinants can be used to bring change in a facility thus improving patient’s safety.
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Criteria
Article 4
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Article 5
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Article 6
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APA-Formatted Article Citation with Permalink
BRADY, A. M., MALONE, A. M., & Fleming, S. (2017). A literature review of the individual and systems factors that contribute to medication errors in nursing practice. Journal of nursing management, 17(6), 679-697.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2017.00995.x
Pronovost, P., Weast, B., Schwarz, M., Wyskiel, R. M., Prow, D., Milanovich, S. N., & Lipsett, P. (2016). Medication reconciliation: a practical tool to reduce the risk of medication errors. Journal of critical care, 18(4), 201-205.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.10.001
Montesi, G., & Lechi, A. (2019). Prevention of medication errors: detection and audit. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 67(6), 651.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2125.2019.03422.x
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How Does the Article Relate to the PICOT Question
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It tries to explain the nurses’ managers implement the policies that will help to reduce the causes of these errors such as reportage at international level and, thus making an audit of the nursing practice. It helps to educate the nurses on how medication errors can harm the patient and the nurse herself; therefore, one must be careful not to make such mistakes.
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It describes how the nurses can use data surveys such as carrying survey on discharges and admission in that the drugs that are wrongly prescribed by the physician will be changed as soon as possible.
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It explains how the nurses can reduce medication errors by use of self-reporting and voluntary reporting of self.
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Quantitative, Qualitative (How do you know?)
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It is quantitative research because the outcome can be measured.
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Quantitative.It evaluates using numbers and the results are measurable.
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It is a quantitative study because the results are recorded in numbers and measurable.
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Purpose Statement
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Reporting incidences of medication errors by the nurses will act as a form off training to the nurses as preventive measures of future occurrence
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The purpose of this study will help reduce the incidence of medication errors by following up on drugs orders with the first 24 hours.
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The medication errors will be corrected through warning, direct observation and help to promote the safe practice of medication admiration such as the use of five rights.
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Research Question
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To determine if nursing management nurses will be sufficient for correcting medication errors.
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To determine if data survey on admission and discharges reduce cases of these errors.
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Assess the effects of self –reporting and voluntarily reporting
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Outcome
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The nursing audit shows that most of the nurses make errors but they are afraid of perception of other nurses
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The study shows cancellation of the orders on drugs on admission and discharges within the first 24 hours reduces the cases of medication errors.
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Some of the nurses were afraid of reporting the incidences to the relevant authorizes while few of them admitted and were ready to share their experiences.
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Setting (where did the research take place?)
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The study was done to all the units in charges
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Intensive care unit
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Medical-surgical unit
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Sample
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92 unit nurses were subjected to a test.
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Home medication, medical anesthesia records and allergies were reviewed.
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All the medical unit nurses participated in the study.
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Method
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Questionnaires and interviews were used
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Data analyzing of medical anesthesia, home medication and allergies report.
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Report systems, direct observation
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The key finding of the researcher
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The nurses were overworked, fear of losing their job in case they report such incidences and lack of motivation among the staff
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The medication errors which were found in drug orders were corrected before the end of 24 hours.
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Some of the nurses were afraid of reporting the incidences to the relevant authorizes while few of them admitted and were ready to share their experiences.
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Recommendations of the Researcher
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I would recommend that each nurse who advocates of the patients by taking in the prevention of medication errors through reporting of such cases.
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I would recommend that should continue with the same spirit of championing in the eradication of such errors.
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The nurses should always practice nursing audit on medication and practice the reporting of medication errors.
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References
Elder, N. C., Brungs, S. M., Nagy, M., Kudel, I., & Render, M. L. (2016). Nurses’ perceptions of error communication and reporting in the intensive care unit. Journal of Patient Safety, 4(3), 162-168. Doi: 10.1097/PTS.0b013e3181839b48
Alqubaisi, M., Tonna, A., Strath, A., & Stewart, D. (2016). Exploring behavioral determinants relating to health professional reporting of medication errors: a qualitative study using the Theoretical Domains Framework. European journal of clinical pharmacology, 72(7), 887-895. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-016-2054-9
Hashemi, F., Nasrabadi, A. N., & Asghari, F. (2017). Factors associated with reporting medical errors in Iran: a qualitative study. BMC nursing, 11(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6955-11-20
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BRADY, A. M., MALONE, A. M., & Fleming, S. (2017). A literature review of the individual and systems factors that contribute to medication errors in nursing practice. Journal of nursing management, 17(6), 679-697. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2017.00995.x
Pronovost, P., Weast, B., Schwarz, M., Wyskiel, R. M., Prow, D., Milanovich, S. N., & Lipsett, P. (2016). Medication reconciliation: a practical tool to reduce the risk of medication errors. Journal of critical care, 18(4), 201-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.10.001
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Montesi, G., & Lechi, A. (2019). Prevention of medication errors: detection and audit. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 67(6), 651. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2125.2019.03422.x
Tang, F. I., Sheu, S. J., Yu, S., Wei, I. L., & Chen, C. H. (2017). Nurses relate the contributing factors involved in medication errors. Journal of clinical nursing, 16(3), 447-457
Rubic_Print_
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Course Code |
Class Code |
Assignment Title |
Total Points |
| NRS-433V |
NRS-433V-O506 |
| PICOT Question |
and Literature Search
120.0 |
| Criteria |
Percentage |
1: Unsatisfactory (0.00%) |
2: Less Than Satisfactory (75.00%) |
3: Satisfactory (83.00%) |
4: Good (94.00%) |
5: Excellent (100.00%) |
Comments |
Points Earned |
| Content |
80.0% |
| Summary of Clinical Issue |
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| 5.0% |
A clinical issue is omitted or is not relevant to nursing practice. |
A clinical issue is partially presented. It is unclear how the clinical issue relates to nursing practice. Significant aspects are missing, or there are inaccuracies. |
A clinical issue is summarized. The issue generally relates to nursing practice. |
A clinical issue is presented. The issue relates to nursing practice. Minor detail is needed for clarity. |
A clinical issue is thoroughly described. The issue relates to nursing practice. |
citations needed to support summary |
5.64/6.00 |
PICOT Question
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| 10.0% |
A PICOT question is not included. |
A PICOT question is provided but is incomplete. The PICOT question format is used incorrectly. |
A PICOT question is provided. The PICOT question format is generally applied. Some information or revision is needed. |
A PICOT question is provided. The PICOT question format is applied accurately. Some detail is need for support or clarity. |
A PICOT question is clearly presented. The PICOT question format is applied accurately and presents an answerable and researchable question. |
revised PICOT
| see attachment |
| 11.28/12.00 |
| APA-Formatted Article Citations With Permalinks |
5.0%
Article citations and permalinks are omitted. |
Article citations and permalinks are presented. There are significant errors in the APA format. One or more links do not lead to the intended article. |
Article citations and permalinks are presented. Article citations are presented in APA format, but there are errors. |
Article citations and permalinks are presented. Article citations are presented in APA format. There are minor errors. |
Article citations and permalinks are presented. Article citations are accurately presented in APA format. |
6.00/6.00 |
| Relationship of Articles to the PICOT Question |
10.0%
Three or more articles do not relate to the PICOT question. |
At least two articles do not relate to the PICOT question. The remaining articles provide a small degree of support for the PICOT question. Different articles are needed to provide better support for the PICOT question. |
At least one articles does not relate to the PICOT question. The remaining articles provide general support for the PICOT question. One or two different articles are needed to provide better support for the PICOT question. |
Each article relates to the PICOT question. The articles provide support for the PICOT question. |
Each article clearly relates to the PICOT question. The articles provide strong support for the PICOT question. |
provided a review and a scholarly paper |
| 9.96/12.00 |
| Quantitative and Qualitative Articles |
10.0%
Fewer than six research articles are presented. Four or more articles do not meet the assignment criteria for a quantitative, qualitative, |
Six research articles are presented. Three articles do not meet the assignment criteria for a quantitative, qualitative |
Six research articles are presented. Two articles do not meet the assignment criteria for a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed study. Some ability to identify the type of research design used in a study is demonstrated. |
Six research articles are presented. One article does not meet the assignment criteria for a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed study. A general ability to identify the type of research design used in a study is demonstrated. |
Six research articles are presented. Each article meets the assignment criteria for a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed study. An ability to identify the different types of research design used in a study is consistently demonstrated. |
For this assignment, you provided: 1 – quantitative articles 3- qualitative 1 – systematic review 1 – scholarly papers This did not meet the assignment requirements for the Week 3 paper you will need one more quantitative article |
9.96/12.00
| Purpose Statements |
5.0%
Purpose statements are omitted or are incomplete overall. |
Purpose statements are referenced but are incomplete in some areas. |
Purpose statements are presented. There are minor omissions in some areas, or major inaccuracies. |
Purpose statements summarized. There are some minor inaccuracies in some. |
Purpose statements are accurate and clearly summarized. |
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| only one quantitative, provided a review and a scholarly paper |
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| 4.98/6.00 |
| Research Questions |
5.0%
Research questions are omitted or are incomplete overall. |
Research question is presented for each article. The research question has been misidentified or misinterpreted for at least two of the articles. Additional information is needed to fully illustrate the research question for several of the articles. |
Research questions are presented. The research question has been misidentified or misinterpreted for one of the articles. Some detail is needed to fully illustrate the research question for one or two articles. |
Research questions are presented. Minor detail is needed for clarity in some areas. |
Research questions are accurate and capture the fundamental question posed by the researchers in each study. |
only one quantitative, provided a review and a scholarly paper 4.98/6.00
| Outcome |
5.0%
Research outcomes are omitted or are incomplete overall. |
Research outcome is presented for each article. The research outcome has been misidentified or misinterpreted for at least two of the articles. Additional information is needed to fully illustrate the research outcomes for several of the articles. |
Research outcomes are presented. The research outcome has been misidentified or misinterpreted for one of the articles. Some detail is needed to fully illustrate the research outcomes for one or two articles. |
Research outcomes are presented. Minor detail is needed for clarity in some areas. |
Research outcomes are accurate and described in detail for each article. |
only one quantitative, provided a review and a scholarly paper 4.98/6.00
| Setting |
5.0%
The setting is omitted for one or more of the articles. The setting described for three or more articles is inaccurate or incomplete. |
The setting is indicated for each article. The setting described for two of the articles is inaccurate or incomplete. |
The setting is indicated for each article. The setting described for one article is inaccurate or incomplete. |
The setting is indicated for each article. Some detail is needed to fully illustrate the physical, social, or cultural site in which the researcher conducted the study. |
The setting in which the researcher conducted the study is detailed and accurate for each article. |
only one quantitative, provided a review and a scholarly paper 4.98/6.00
| Sample |
5.0%
The sample is omitted for one or more of the articles. The sample described for three or more articles is inaccurate or incomplete. |
The sample is indicated for each article. The sample described for at least two of the articles is inaccurate or incomplete. |
The sample is indicated for each article. The sample described for one article is inaccurate or incomplete. |
The sample is indicated for each article. Minor detail is needed for accuracy. |
The sample is indicated and accurate for each article. |
only one quantitative, provided a review and a scholarly paper 4.98/6.00
| Method |
5.0%
Method of study for one or more articles is omitted. Overall, the methods of study are incomplete. |
The method of study is partially presented for each article. Key information is consistently omitted. Overall, the methods reported contain inaccuracies. |
The method of study for each article is presented. Some key aspects are missing for one or two articles, or there are some inaccuracies for the methods reported. |
A discussion on the method of study for each article is presented. |
A thorough discussion on the method of study for each article is presented. |
only one quantitative, provided a review and a scholarly paper 4.98/6.00
| Key Findings of the Study |
5.0%
Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is incomplete. |
A summary of the study results includes findings and implications for nursing practice but lacks relevant details and explanation. There are some omissions or inaccuracies. |
Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is generally presented for each article. Overall, the discussion includes some relevant details and explanation. |
Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is complete and includes relevant details and explanation. |
Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is thorough with relevant details and extensive explanation. |
only one quantitative, provided a review and a scholarly paper 4.98/6.00
| Recommendations of the Researcher |
5.0%
Researcher recommendations are omitted for one or more of the articles. The recommendations described for three or more articles are inaccurate or incomplete. |
Researcher recommendations are indicated for each article. The researcher recommendations described for two of the articles are inaccurate or incomplete. |
Researcher recommendations for each article are presented. Researcher recommendations described for one article are inaccurate or incomplete. |
Researcher recommendations for each article are accurately presented. Minor detail is needed for accuracy. |
Researcher recommendations accurate are thoroughly described for each article. |
only one quantitative, provided a review and a scholarly paper 4.98/6.00
| Organization and Effectiveness |
10.0%
| Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use) |
10.0%
Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or sentence construction is used. |
Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register), sentence structure, or word choice are present. |
Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are used. |
Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. A variety of sentence structures and effective figures of speech are used. |
Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English. |
12.00/12.00 |
Format 10.0%
| Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and style) |
10.0%
Sources are not documented. |
Documentation of sources is inconsistent or incorrect, as appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous formatting errors. |
Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, although some formatting errors may be present. |
Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is mostly correct. |
Sources are completely and correctly documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is free of error. |
see attachment 11.28/12.00
| Total Weightage |
100% |
105.96/120.0 |
Running head: FACTORS AFFECTING THE REPORTING OF MEDICATION ERRORS BY NURSES
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FACTORS RELATED TO THE REPORTING OF MEDICATION ERRORS BY NURSES
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Factors Affecting the Reporting of Medication Errors by Nurses
One fundamental aspect in the delivery of healthcare is the safety of the patients. The safety of the patients is a priority for every healthcare system and it involves providing quality and safe care. However, the quality of healthcare is greatly affected by medication errors nurses make and even worse by the poor system surrounding the reporting of those medication errors. The process of delivering safe care must be free of medication errors, and ensure an effective system of reporting medication errors which will not only prevent further harm to patients but also to help in designing measures to prevent such errors in the future. Due to the poor or lack of reporting system in healthcare facilities, the maintenance and improvement of quality healthcare and safety of the patients is affected . The poor reporting practices are associated with fear, administrative barriers, and the lack of commitments from the hospital management. Therefore, the poor reporting practices by nurses are associated with several factors which act as barriers. This paper will discuss some factors related to reporting of medication errors by nurses backed-up by the articles below.
Article I
: Hashemi, F., Nasrabadi, A. N., & Asghari, F. (2017). Factors associated with reporting medical errors in Iran: a qualitative study. BMC Nursing, 11 (1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6955-11-20
Article II
: Alqubasi, M., Tonna, A., Strath, A., & Stewart, D. (2016). Exploring behavioural determinants relating to health professional reporting of medication errors: a qualitative study using the Theoretical Domains Framework. European journal of clinical pharmacology, 72 (7), 887-895. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27066954
Background of Study
Article I
The study was aimed at clarifying the factors linked to the reporting of the nursing errors through the experience of the clinical nurses and the nursing managers. This research work was guided by the research question aimed at determining the barriers preventing nurses from giving reports on the medication errors. The problem that the authors of this study dealt with was related to the reporting of the professionals’ errors. The safety of the patient in healthcare is affected by the increasing number of avoidable medication errors which then tends to be common in most healthcare facilities (Hashemi, Nasrabadi, & Asghari, 2017). The major area of focus of healthcare facilities and healthcare providers needs to be on the safety of the patients. The safety of the patients is achieved through a reduction of medication errors once they are identified. The successful process of dealing with medication errors need proper reporting to determine the type of errors and the best solution that can be used to deal with them. However, due to the poor process of giving reports on medication errors by healthcare professionals, it becomes hard to improve on the safety of the patients. This study is important to nursing since it informs about the importance of identifying the barriers to the process of providing reports on the medication errors to help in the improvement of patient safety. This study also informs about some of the factors that are acting as barriers towards reporting of nursing errors (Hashemi, Nasrabadi, & Asghari, 2017).
Article II
Successful medical error reporting processes are important in the promotion of the patients’ safety. According to the authors of this article, there is inadequate research that has explored the reporting of medication errors by the proffesionals in the medical field. Therefore, this study was aimed at describing as well as providing knowledge about the behavioral determinants of the healthcare providers’ reporting of medication errors. The research question in this article was aimed at determining the attitude of the nurses towards givig reports of the medication errors. This study is important in the nursing practice since the determinants in this study can be used to help in mapping the behavioral change strategies that healthcare facilities can develop as interventions, improving the organizational reporting and safety culture, and improving the effectiveness of the medication error reporting (Alqubasi, Tonna, Strath, & Stewart, 2016).
How the Study Support the Nurse Practice Issue Chosen
Article I
The article is supports the chosen issue since it attempts to explain some of the barriers to the process of giving reports on medication errors by the nurses. The chosen issue was focuses on whether the work environment encourages nurses to give reports on medication errors promptly. This article confirms that nurses are faced with several challenges that prevent the process of reporting medication errors by the nurses. This implies that within these facilities, nurses are facing challenges when it comes to reporting the medication errors thus making it hard to improve on the safety of the patients (Hashemi, Nasrabadi, & Asghari, 2017).
Article II
The article attempts to gain an understanding of the behavioral patterns of the nurses when it comes to the reporting of medical erros. This research work shows that there are behaviors among nurses which makes it hard for the facility to get medication errors reported to design the best solutions to the issue. The behaviors of the nurses might be based on the individuals’ attitudes or might be due to the underlying factors within the facilities (Alqubasi, Tonna, Strath, & Stewart, 2016).
Methods of Study
Article I
The authors of this article utilized qualitative study techniques and adopted the focus group methodology to help in investigating the nurses’ perceptions as well as their feelings concerning some of the factors linked to the process of giving reports of the nursing errors. Before meeting the participants, written informed consent were acquired from the participants. About 115 nurses employed in the healthcare facilities working in the clinics affiliated to Tehran and Shiraz were targeted. Semi-structured group discussion was used to gather data in a 17 sessions. The data wes analyzed using a content analysis approach. Even though the focused-group discussion study method employed by the researchers help in the measurement of the reaction of the participants, it however not effective in covering maximum depth on this issue. It is also possible for the members not to express their honest and personal thoughts (Hashemi, Nasrabadi, & Asghari, 2017).
Article II
When compared to the previous study which involved the focused group discussion, this study utilized qualitative face-to-face design and the semistructured interviews. The study was performed in three major medical-surgical healthcare facilities with 412, 451, and 461 beds In Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates. The method employed by the authors helped in covering the maximum depth of the issue, however, it cannot guarantee the honesty of the study subjects and sometimes hard to compare the responses (Alqubasi, Tonna, Strath, & Stewart, 2016).
Results of Study
Article I
The outcome of the study shows that nurses faced barriers that prevented them from reporting the medication error incidences. The fear and administrative barriers were the key barriers to the factors that are preventing nurses from giving reports on the medication errors. The results of this study have implications in the nursing practice since it shows that training the nurses and the nursing managers about the goals of error reporting and methods of utilizing the information is important in making improvements to the safety of the patients and the quality of the healthcare (Hashemi, Nasrabadi, & Asghari, 2017).
Article II
The safety of the patients and the organization is determined by the behavioral determinants of reporting of the medication errors. Nurses fear giving reports medication errors since they believe that their career is important and are not ready to be responsible for those errors thus prefer to ignore the reporting of the medication errors. Nurses are also discouraged from reporting since they do not receive feedback after reporting. They also fear that they might affect their professional reputation. This study implies that the determinants in the study can be used to map the behavioral changes strategies that help in the promotion of the development of the interventions, promoting the safety and a culture of reporting, and improvement of the medication error reporting (Alqubasi, Tonna, Strath, & Stewart, 2016).
Ethical Consideration
Article I
The ethical consideration of the study was achieved through giving a description of the research purpose, seeking written informed consent forms for participants participating in the group discussion, taking records of the participants’ voice, willingness to share the study results, maintenance of the anonymity, and allowing the participants the choice of withdrawing from the study at any stage (Hashemi, Nasrabadi, & Asghari, 2017).
Article II
The authors followed the ethical procedures required before the performance of this research work. This is because the authors obtained ethical approval from the ethical review panel of the university in the United Kingdom and the ethics committee of each hospital from the United Arab Emirates that participated in the study (Alqubasi, Tonna, Strath, & Stewart, 2016).
Conclusion
Patient safety is considered to be an important aspect in the quality of healthcare. The issue of healthcare quality is affected by the poor reporting practices by the nurses. The poor reporting practices are associated with the fears and the barriers from the administration. These barriers are affecting the efforts and willingness of the nurses to report on the medication errors. Nurses also fear a bad reputation and losing their jobs when they give reports on the medication errors especially if those errors are caused by the nurses themselves. The poor reporting approaches is also increased by the lack of commitment from the hospital management to provide the feedback on some of the strategies that are being planned to help in dealing with those issues. So, there needs to be a better system in place that encourages nurses in the work environment to report medication errors to ensure the safety of patients which is the number one priority in health care.
References
Alqubasi, M., Tonna, A., Strath, A., & Stewart, D. (2016). Exploring behavioral determinants relating to health professional reporting of medication errors: a qualitative study using the Theoretical Domains Framework. European journal of clinical pharmacology, 72 (7), 887-895. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27066954
Bahadori, M., Ravangard, R., Aghili, A., Sdeghifar, J., Manshadi, M. G., & Smaeilnejad, J. (2013). The Factors Affecting the Refusal of Reporting on Medication Errors from the Nurses’ Viewpoints: A Case Study in a Hospital in Iran. ISRN Nursing.
Hashemi, F., Nasrabadi, A. N., & Asghari, F. (2017). Factors associated with reporting medical errors in Iran: a qualitative study. BMC Nursing, 11 (1), 20.
Rubic_Print_
| Format |
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Course Code |
Class Code |
Assignment Title |
Total Points |
| NRS-433V |
NRS-433V-O506 |
Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and
| Ethical Considerations |
200.0 |
| Criteria |
Percentage |
1: Unsatisfactory (0.00%) |
2: Less Than Satisfactory (75.00%) |
3: Satisfactory (83.00%) |
4: Good (94.00%) |
5: Excellent (100.00%) |
Comments |
Points Earned |
| Content |
7
|
|
|
|
|
| 5.0% |
| Qualitative Studies |
5.0%
Only one article is presented. Neither of the articles presented use qualitative research. |
Two articles are presented. Of the articles presented, only one article is based on qualitative research. |
| N/A |
N/A
Two articles are presented. Both articles are based on qualitative research. |
|
|
| 10.00/10.00 |
| Background of Study |
| 10.0% |
Background of study, including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions, is incomplete. |
Background of study, including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions, is included but lacks relevant details and explanation. |
Background of study, including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions, is partially complete and includes some relevant details and explanation. |
Background of study, including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions, is complete and includes relevant details and explanation. |
Background of study, including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions, is thorough with substantial relevant details and extensive explanation. |
20.00/20.00 |
| Article Support of Nursing Practice Issue |
|
|
|
| 15.0% |
Discussion on how articles support the PICOT question is incomplete. |
A summary of how articles support the PICOT question is presented. It is unclear how the articles can be used to answer the proposed PICOT question. Significant information and detail are required. |
A general discussion on how articles support the PICOT question is presented. The articles demonstrate general support in answering the proposed PICOT question. It is unclear how the interventions and comparison groups in the articles compare to those identified in the PICOT question. Some rational or information is needed. |
A discussion on how articles support the PICOT question is presented. The articles demonstrate support in answering the proposed PICOT question. The interventions and comparison groups in the articles compare to those identified in the PICOT question. Minor detail or rational is needed for clarity or support. |
A clear discussion on how articles support the PICOT question is presented. The articles demonstrate strong support in answering the proposed PICOT question. The interventions and comparison groups in the articles strongly compare to those identified in the PICOT question. |
|
|
| 28.20/30.00 |
| Method of Study |
15.0%
Discussion on the method of study for each article is omitted. The comparison of study methods is omitted or incomplete. |
A partial summary of the method of study for each article is presented. The comparison of study methods is incomplete. A benefit and a limitation of each method are omitted or incomplete. There are significant inaccuracies. |
A general discussion on the method of study for each article is presented. The comparison of study methods is summarized. A benefit and a limitation of each method are summarized. There some inaccuracies or partial omissions. More information is needed. |
A discussion on the method of study for each article is presented. The comparison of study methods is generally described. A benefit and a limitation of each method are presented. There minor are inaccuracies. Some detail is required for accuracy or clarity. |
A thorough discussion on the method of study for each article is presented. The comparison of study methods is described in detail. A benefit and a limitation of each method are presented. The discussion demonstrates a solid understanding of research methods. |
identify the specific qualitative design of each study |
28.20/30.00
| Results of Study |
15.0%
Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is incomplete. |
A summary of the study results includes findings and implications for nursing practice but lacks relevant details and explanation. There are some omissions or inaccuracies. |
Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is generally presented. Overall, the discussion includes some relevant details and explanation. |
Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is complete and includes relevant details and explanation. |
Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is thorough with substantial relevant details and extensive explanation. |
missing common themes |
28.20/30.00
Ethical Considerations 15.0%
| Discussion of ethical considerations when conducting nursing research is incomplete. A discussion on ethical considerations of the two articles presented in the essay is incomplete. |
Discussion of ethical considerations when conducting nursing research is included but lacks relevant details and explanation. A discussion on ethical considerations of the two articles used in the essay is summarized but there are significant inaccuracies or omissions. |
Discussion of ethical considerations when conducting nursing research is partially complete and includes some relevant details and explanation. A discussion on ethical considerations of the two articles used in the essay is discussed but there are some inaccuracies, or some information is needed. |
Discussion of ethical considerations when conducting nursing research is complete and includes relevant details and explanation. A discussion on ethical considerations of the two articles used in the essay is presented; some detail in needed for accuracy or clarity. |
Discussion of ethical considerations associated with the conduct of nursing research is thorough with substantial relevant details and extensive explanation. A detailed discussion on ethical considerations of the two articles used in the essay is presented. |
missing correct terminology and lack of your original content to discuss |
28.20/30.00
| Organization and Effectiveness |
15.0%
| Thesis Development and Purpose |
5.0%
Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim. |
Thesis is insufficiently developed or vague. Purpose is not clear. |
Thesis is apparent and appropriate to purpose. |
Thesis is clear and forecasts the development of the paper. Thesis is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and appropriate to the purpose. |
Thesis is comprehensive and contains the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear. |
10.00/10.00
| Argument Logic and Construction |
5.0%
Statement of purpose is not justified by the conclusion. The conclusion does not support the claim made. Argument is incoherent and uses noncredible sources. |
Sufficient justification of claims is lacking. Argument lacks consistent unity. There are obvious flaws in the logic. Some sources have questionable credibility. |
Argument is orderly, but may have a few inconsistencies. The argument presents minimal justification of claims. Argument logically, but not thoroughly, supports the purpose. Sources used are credible. Introduction and conclusion bracket the thesis. |
Argument shows logical progressions. Techniques of argumentation are evident. There is a smooth progression of claims from introduction to conclusion. Most sources are authoritative. |
Argument is clear and convincing and presents a persuasive claim in a distinctive and compelling manner. All sources are authoritative. |
add more of your original content as lead-in paragraph and transition paragraph; ee attachment |
| 9.40/10.00 |
| Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use) |
5.0%
Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or sentence construction is used. |
Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register), sentence structure, or word choice are present. |
Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are used. |
Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. A variety of sentence structures and effective figures of speech are used. |
Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English. |
10.00/10.00
Format 10.0%
| Paper Format (use of appropriate style for the major and assignment) |
5.0%
Template is not used appropriately or documentation format is rarely followed correctly. |
Template is used, but some elements are missing or mistaken; lack of control with formatting is apparent. |
Template is used, and formatting is correct, although some minor errors may be present. |
Template is fully used; There are virtually no errors in formatting style. |
All format elements are correct. |
see attachment; the paper should be aligned to left margin NOT justify alignment this is not consistent wth APA |
9.40/10.00
| Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and style) |
5.0%
Sources are not documented. |
Documentation of sources is inconsistent or incorrect, as appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous formatting errors. |
Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, although some formatting errors may be present. |
Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is mostly correct. |
Sources are completely and correctly documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is free of error. |
10.00/10.00
| Total Weightage |
100% |
191.60/200.0 |
Running head: FACTORS AFFECTING THE REPORTING OF MEDICATION ERRORS BY NURSES
1
Running head: FACTORS AFFECTING THE REPORTING OF MEDICATION ERRORS BY NURSES 2
Factors Affecting the Reporting of Medication Errors by Nurses
Nurses are responsible for the provision of healthcare services and it is a requirement that the services provided to be of highest of quality. Nevertheless, the quality of patient care and safety is affected by preventable medication errors which can occur during any phase of the medication administration process. Though the root cause of the medication error may not be the fault of the nurse, the nurse could still be held accountable because they are supposed to do the final check and they are the last line of defense to advocate for the patient when it comes to administering medication. The cause of the medication errors by nurses or other healthcare providers could be associated with burnout, fatigue, inexperienced professionals, low nurse-patient ratio, and poor working environments, for example, too many distractions. Most nurses fail to report medications errors, some of the reasons being punitive measures and the general response from the organizational level. Though these medication errors are common, they can still be prevented with proper reporting systems in place. Due to the poor practices by nurses in reporting medication errors, the number of incidents concerning this problem continues to increase thus affecting the quality of healthcare being received by patients (Bifftu, Dachew, Tiruneh, & Beshah, 2016). This paper will discuss some factors affecting the reporting of medication errors by nurses as cited by the articles below.
Article I: Lee, E. (2017). Reporting of medication administration errors by nurses in South Korean hospitals. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 29 (5), 728-734.
Article II: Bifftu, B. B., Dachew, B. A., Tiruneh, B., & Beshah, T. (2016). Medication administration error reporting and associated factors among nurses working at the University of Gondar referral hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, 2015. BMC nursing, 15 (1), 43.
Background
Article I
The authors of this article aimed at identifying the differences in the perception of nurses concerning medication errors, to find out the preparedness of nurses to report medication errors, and find out some of the barriers to the proper reporting of medication errors by nurses by hospital type in South Korea. The problem being addressed by the article is related to the poor system of reporting medication errors by the nurses. This problem appears to be affecting the quality and the safety of healthcare received by the patients in South Korean healthcare facilities. Therefore, to deal with this problem, their research question is based on: “what are the nurses’ considerations concerning medication errors? Also, what are the barriers to reporting, and what is the readiness of the nurses to report medication errors? The outcome of this article is important in the nursing practice since it reveals the role of reporting medication errors which aids towards the improvement of the medication and patient safety in healthcare facilities as well as the need for the healthcare system to make efforts towards increasing the incidences of reporting by the nurses (Lee, 2017).
Article II
The article was aimed at assessing the incidence of the medication administration error reporting and the related aspects amongst nurses who are employed at the University of Gondar Referral healthcare Facility in Northwest Ethiopia. The problem of focus by the authors of this article is on the poor reporting system and the factors that lead to an increase in poor reporting system of medication errors by nurses. Therefore, the research question of this paper is: what are the incidents of the medication administration error reporting and the factors associated with the poor reporting incidence among the nurses employed at the University of Gondar Referral Healthcare facility? The study is important to the nursing practice since it helps healthcare facilities to look at issues like the role played by the educational level of nurses, the various definitions used for the medication error to nurses as individuals, fear of punishment and a negative image, and the role of the administrative system. This enables nurses to design the methods of overcoming these factors which act as barriers to the proper reporting process of medication errors (Bifftu, Dachew, Tiruneh, & Beshah, 2016).
How the Article Support the Nurse Practice Issue Chosen
The PICOT question was aimed at looking at factors affecting the reporting of medication errors in the clinical setting.
Article I
In this article, the aim was to look at the definition used by the nurses in reference to what can be considered as a medication error and their preparedness to report and some of the obstacles preventing the effective reporting process. This article supports the chosen practice issue since it shows that the increase in the poor reporting practice of the nurses on medication errors is associated with the lack of a unified meaning of the medication errors, and some of the barriers that affect nurses’ willingness to report. Therefore this shows that nurses have a poor practices due to the fear of punishment and the repercussion associated with such a move thus discouraging them from engaging in effective reporting practices (Lee, 2017).
Article II
This article supports the practice issue since it shows that the issue of poor reporting practices among nurses in reporting medication errors is a common. The study also reveals that there are workplace issues or factors that affect effective reporting practices. Some of the organizational related factors include the role of the education status of the nurses, the administrative factors, fear of punitive action, and different definition of the term “medication error” (Bifftu, Dachew, Tiruneh, & Beshah, 2016).
Methods of Study
Article I
The authors of this article used a cross-sectional and descriptive design through the use of the questionnaire. This method is having the advantage of being not costly and does not require a lot of time. It helps in capturing the specific points which are specifically stated within questionnaires. It gives room for designing different variables which makes it possible to exhaust more information about the topic of study. Nevertheless, this study had several limitations, one of them being the use of convenience sampling which limits the generalizability of the results (Lee, 2017).
Article II
The authors employed an institution-based quantitative cross-sectional study method. The benefit of this method is that the data collected can be used for various types of studies. However, this type of method leads to a conflict of interest and not effective when it comes to the determination of the cause and the effect (Bifftu, Dachew, Tiruneh, & Beshah, 2016).
Results of the Study
Article I
The study reveals no significant variations concerning the perception of the nurses on what entails a medication administration error. The outcome of the study reported low incident of the reporting and that nurses were at higher chances of reporting an error to the physician as compared to the filing of the incident report. The cause of poor reporting of medication errors was associated with fear and the adverse impacts of reporting. The implication of this study is that it helps the nurses to make an improvement for the medication safety in healthcare facilities and putting of more effort to improve the reporting practices by the nurses and encourage non-punitive measures to encourage reporting medication errors. (Lee, 2017).
Article II
The poor practice of reporting medication errors was associated with the educational status of nurses, different definitions of the medication error, the administrative issues, and the fear related to the repercussion of reporting. This study is important in the nursing practices since it gives the true picture about approaches that can be adopted to ensure that there is improvement in the culture of error reporting for example through provision of the precise meaning of reporting errors and improving the educational level of nurses through training program (Bifftu, Dachew, Tiruneh, & Beshah, 2016).
Outcomes Comparison
The PICOT question was focuses on factors affecting the reporting of medication errors in the clinical setting. Therefore the successful implementation of these interventions will result in the removal of the barriers associated with poor reporting practices of the medication errors. There will be an improvement in the quality and safety of healthcare received by the patients due to absence of medication errors resulting from the reduction of fear, and improvement in the skills and knowledge associated with reporting among the nurses. The outcome of the articles is similar to the anticipated outcome since they indicate that the removal of fear from the adverse consequences of reporting the errors, training of the nurses, having clear definition of medication errors, leads to the increase in the reporting of the incidence of the medication errors thus helping in the improvement of quality and safety of the patient care.
References
Bifftu, B. B., Dachew, B. A., Tiruneh, B., & Beshah, T. (2016). Medication administration error reporting and associated factors among nurses working at the University of Gondar referral hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, 2015. BMC nursing, 15 (1), 43. https://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12912-016-0165-3?utm_campaign=BMC_TrendMD&utm_medium=cpc&utm_source=TrendMD
Lee, E. (2017). Reporting of medication administration errors by nurses in South Korean hospitals. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 29 (5), 728-734. https://academic.oup.com/intqhc/article/29/5/728/4054193
Rubic_Print_
| Format |
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
| |
Course Code |
Class Code |
Assignment Title |
Total Points |
| NRS-433V |
NRS-433V-O506 |
Rough Draft Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations |
200.0 |
| Criteria |
Percentage |
1: Unsatisfactory (0.00%) |
2: Less Than Satisfactory (75.00%) |
3: Satisfactory (83.00%) |
4: Good (94.00%) |
: Excellent (100.00%) |
Comments |
Points Earned |
| Content |
7
|
|
|
|
|
| 5.0% |
| Quantitative Studies |
5.0%
Only one article is presented. Neither of the articles presented use quantitative research. |
Two articles are presented. Of the articles presented, only one article is based on quantitative research. |
| N/A |
N/A
Two articles are presented. Both articles are based on quantitative research. |
|
|
| 10.00/10.00 |
| Background of Study |
| 10.0% |
Background of study, including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions, is incomplete. |
Background of study, including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions, is included but lacks relevant details and explanation. |
Background of study, including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions, is partially complete and includes some relevant details and explanation. |
Background of study, including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions, is complete and includes relevant details and explanation. |
Background of study, including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions, is thorough with substantial relevant details and extensive explanation. |
20.00/20.00 |
| Article Support of Nursing Practice |
|
|
|
| 15.0% |
Discussion on how articles support the PICOT question is incomplete. |
A summary of how articles support the PICOT question is presented. It is unclear how the articles can be used to answer the proposed PICOT question. Significant information and detail is required. |
A general discussion on how articles support the PICOT question is presented. The articles demonstrate general support in answering the proposed PICOT question. It is unclear how the interventions and comparison groups in the articles compare to those identified in the PICOT question. Some rational or information is needed. |
A discussion on how articles support the PICOT question is presented. The articles demonstrate support in answering the proposed PICOT question. The interventions and comparison groups in the articles compare to those identified in the PICOT question. Minor detail or rational is needed for clarity or support. |
A clear discussion on how articles support the PICOT question is presented. The articles demonstrate strong support in answering the proposed PICOT question. The interventions and comparison groups in the articles strongly compare to those identified in the PICOT question. |
|
|
| 30.00/30.00 |
| Method of Study |
15.0%
Discussion on the method of study for each article is omitted. The comparison of study methods is omitted or incomplete. |
A partial summary of the method of study for each article is presented. The comparison of study methods is incomplete. A benefit and a limitation of each method are omitted or incomplete. There are significant inaccuracies. |
A general discussion on the method of study for each article is presented. The comparison of study methods is summarized. A benefit and a limitation of each method are summarized. There some inaccuracies or partial omissions. More information is needed. |
A discussion on the method of study for each article is presented. The comparison of study methods is generally described. A benefit and a limitation of each method are presented. There minor are inaccuracies. Some detail is required for accuracy or clarity. |
A thorough discussion on the method of study for each article is presented. The comparison of study methods is described in detail. A benefit and a limitation of each method are presented. The discussion demonstrates a solid understanding of research methods. |
30.00/30.00
| Results of Study |
15.0%
Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is incomplete. |
A summary of the study results includes findings and implications for nursing practice but lacks relevant details and explanation. There are some omissions or inaccuracies. |
Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is generally presented. Overall, the discussion includes some relevant details and explanation. |
Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is complete and includes relevant details and explanation. |
Discussion of study results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is thorough with substantial relevant details and extensive explanation. |
30.00/30.00
| Anticipated Outcomes and Outcomes Comparison |
15.0%
Anticipated outcomes for the PICOT are omitted or are unrealistic. Comparison of research article outcomes to anticipated outcomes is incomplete. |
Anticipated outcomes for the PICOT are partially summarized. Comparison of research article outcomes to anticipated outcomes contains omissions of key information. It is unclear how the anticipated outcomes of the PICOT and those of the current research mentioned compare. |
Anticipated outcomes for the PICOT are summarized. Comparison of research article outcomes to anticipated outcomes is generally presented. More information is needed to fully establish how the anticipated outcomes of the PICOT and those of the current research mentioned compare. |
Anticipated outcomes for the PICOT are discussed. A comparison of research article outcomes to anticipated outcomes of the PICOT is presented. An explanation of how the anticipated outcomes of the PICOT and those of the current research mentioned compare is presented. Some detail is needed for clarity. |
Anticipated outcomes for the PICOT are thoroughly discussed. A detailed comparison of research article outcomes to the anticipated outcomes of the PICOT is presented. An explanation of how the anticipated outcomes of the PICOT and those of the current research mentioned compare is presented in detail. |
30.00/30.00
| Organization and Effectiveness |
15.0%
| Thesis Development and Purpose |
5.0%
Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim. |
Thesis is insufficiently developed or vague. Purpose is not clear. |
Thesis is apparent and appropriate to purpose. |
Thesis is clear and forecasts the development of the paper. Thesis is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and appropriate to the purpose. |
Thesis is comprehensive and contains the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear. |
10.00/10.00
| Argument Logic and Construction |
5.0%
Statement of purpose is not justified by the conclusion. The conclusion does not support the claim made. Argument is incoherent and uses noncredible sources. |
Sufficient justification of claims is lacking. Argument lacks consistent unity. There are obvious flaws in the logic. Some sources have questionable credibility. |
Argument is orderly, but may have a few inconsistencies. The argument presents minimal justification of claims. Argument logically, but not thoroughly, supports the purpose. Sources used are credible. Introduction and conclusion bracket the thesis. |
Argument shows logical progressions. Techniques of argumentation are evident. There is a smooth progression of claims from introduction to conclusion. Most sources are authoritative. |
Argument is clear and convincing and presents a persuasive claim in a distinctive and compelling manner. All sources are authoritative. |
no conclusion |
9.40/10.00 |
| Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use) |
5.0%
Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or sentence construction is used. |
Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register), sentence structure, or word choice are present. |
Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are used. |
Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. A variety of sentence structures and effective figures of speech are used. |
Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English. |
10.00/10.00
Format 10.0%
| Paper Format (use of appropriate style for the major and assignment) |
5.0%
Template is not used appropriately or documentation format is rarely followed correctly. |
Template is used, but some elements are missing or mistaken; lack of control with formatting is apparent. |
Template is used, and formatting is correct, although some minor errors may be present. |
Template is fully used; There are virtually no errors in formatting style. |
All format elements are correct. |
see attachment |
8.30/10.00 |
| Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and style) |
5.0%
Sources are not documented. |
Documentation of sources is inconsistent or incorrect, as appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous formatting errors. |
Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, although some formatting errors may be present. |
Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is mostly correct. |
Sources are completely and correctly documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is free of error. |
10.00/10.00
| Total Weightage |
100% |
197.70/200.0 |
ResearchCritiques and PICOT Question Guidelines – Final Draft
Use this document to organize the content from your four studies into your final draft.
Quantitative and Quantitative Studies
Background
1. Summary of studies. Include problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research question.
How do these two articles support the nurse practice issue you chose?
1. Discuss how these articles will be used to answer your PICOT question.
2
. Describe how the interventions and comparison groups in the articles compare to those identified in your PICOT question.
Method of Study:
1. State the methods of the articles you are comparing and describe how they are different.
2. Consider the methods you identified in your chosen articles and state one benefit and one limitation of each method.
Results of Study
1. Summarize the key findings of each of the studies into a comprehensive summary.
2. What are the implications of the four studies you chose in nursing practice?
Ethical Considerations
1. Discuss two ethical considerations in conducting research.
2. Describe how the researchers in the four articles you choose took these ethical considerations into account while performing their research.
Outcomes Comparison
1. What are the anticipated outcomes for your PICOT question?
2. How do the outcomes of the four articles you chose compare to your anticipated outcomes?
2
ResearchCritiques and PICOT Question Guidelines – Final Draft
Use this document to organize the content from your four studies into your final draft.
Quantitative and Quantitative Studies
Background
1. Summary of studies. Include problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research question.
How do these two articles support the nurse practice issue you chose?
1. Discuss how these articles will be used to answer your PICOT question.
2
. Describe how the interventions and comparison groups in the articles compare to those identified in your PICOT question.
*IN THE CLINICAL AREA, CAN SOME FACTORS LIKE NON-PUNITIVE MEASURES, FOR EXAMPLE ENCOURAGE NURSES TO REPORT MEDICATION ERRORS TO THE APPROPRIATE PERSONNEL IN A TIMELY MANNER AS COMPARED TO OTHER FACTORS LIKE PUNITIVE MEASURES AND SHAMING?
AS I TOLD YOU EARLIER, THE INSTRUCTOR’S COMMENT WAS TO REVISE MY PICOT QUESTION. SO PLEASE MAKE NECESSARY CHNAGES BASED ON THIS PICOT QUESTION ABOVE. IT’S VERY IMPORTANT.
*ALSO WHEN YOU MAKE STATEMENTS LIKE THIS “This article confirms that nurses are faced with several challenges that prevent the process of reporting medication errors by the nurses. This implies that within these facilities, nurses are facing challenges when it comes to reporting the medication errors thus making it hard to improve on the safety of the patients”, ACTUALLY STATE THE CHALLEGES SO THEY BACK UP THE PICOT QUESTION IN ALL THE ARTICLES.
Method of Study:
1. State the methods of the articles you are comparing and describe how they are different.
2. Consider the methods you identified in your chosen articles and state one benefit and one limitation of each method.
Results of Study
1. Summarize the key findings of each of the studies into a comprehensive summary.
2. What are the implications of the four studies you chose in nursing practice?
Ethical Considerations
1. Discuss two ethical considerations in conducting research.
2. Describe how the researchers in the four articles you choose took these ethical considerations into account while performing their research
*YOU MISSED THIS PART ON BOTH QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE STUDIES: Discuss two ethical considerations in conducting research.
*ON THE ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS, PLESAE SAY MORE THAN HIS STATEMENT “Both studies were ethically approved. There were no ethical considerations on the part of the treatment.”
Outcomes Comparison
1. What are the anticipated outcomes for your PICOT question?
2. How do the outcomes of the four articles you chose compare to your anticipated outcomes?
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