Instructions

Assignment 2: The Outline

Objective: Organize your thoughts and the main points of your research for your final presentation

Assignment Instructions: To help you complete Assignment 3: The Presentation, you will first submit an outline to organize your thoughts and main points. Your outline should be formatted a specific way and must contain the following elements as described below.

To prepare for this assignment, I recommend that you do the following:

• Read these directions carefully.
• Review the sample outline provided to you below.

 The outline format: Your outline must be formatted as described and exemplified in the example attached. Please note that this format will be assessed in your grade:

• Use an alphanumeric sequence
• Sections should be indented and aligned
• Follow the suggested order of the required elements
• Use brief but detailed and descriptive phrases.

The required elements: Depending on the type of molecule/substance you have chosen you will address different sets of questions. Please see the category that responds to your selection. Your outline should contain the following elements in this order, and please note that some of these should be your personal observations. Also remember that your presentation (Assignment #3) should only be 10-15 slides, so you need to be concise and clear with your information.

Introduction

1. Molecule/substance Introduction

   The common and IUPAC name of your molecule/substance. Please see this link to help with scientific names if needed: IUPAC Nomenclature Of Organic Chemistry: https://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/
   Where you can observe your molecule/substance in society and/or in nature.
   A brief discussion on why you chose your molecule/substance.
   If possible, a picture and/or video of you safely observing your molecule/substance in the field. If you cannot safely observe it, please include a couple of images from the internet.

Body

1. Description

   You must include a physical description. You can use your personal observations from photographs. If you cannot safely observe your molecule/substance, you must research.

   Physical Characteristics (appearance, texture, color, odor, melting point, boiling point, density, solubility, polarity, etc.)

   Chemical description: You will need to research the chemical properties of your compound/molecule)

   Chemical Characteristics (stability in air or other environment, flammability, volatility, etc)

2. Discovery

   a. Describe the initial discovery of your molecule. Who discovered the molecule, when, how, etc? Some compounds are part of a larger substance/plant. If this is the case, describe the isolation of your specific compound. The isolation refers to the initial time your molecule/substance was discovered from its raw materials, or isolated from its natural resources.

3. Usage and Benefit or Harm to Society

   Where has your molecule/substance been used. Is it used regularly or is has it only been used on occasion? If your compound is one we ingest when eating, include information on foods it’s commonly found in.
   Write about the Benefit or Harm to Society Caused by your molecule/substance. Many compounds can be used as bioweapons or have both positive and negative impacts. Other compounds have had benefits as medicines or have caused harm as illicit narcotics. All of these are good ideas to start out thinking about, so I’d like you to discuss these impacts on society, the future, and in any way you can think they may be beneficial or harmful. Please see here for some hints on drug development.

Conclusion

1. This section should contain four to six points that sum up the main points from the body of the outline.
2. Start your conclusive section with one sentence summarizing some basic information about your chosen molecule/substance (common and IUPAC name and physical characteristics).
3. Continue with a brief summary (1-2 sentences) about the isolation and synthesis of the molecule/substance.
4. Include a brief summary (1-2 sentences) about the structure and function of your chosen molecule/substance.
5. Wrap up the conclusive section with a closing note that provides brief information about a unique fact and/or behavior of your chosen.

The Reference Section

1. This is not just the reference page; rather, referencing should occur throughout the outline as it will in your presentation. Therefore, your outline should include both a separate reference page containing a minimum of five sources listed in proper APA reference list format AND internal citations throughout the outline where appropriate. Please be sure to see the resources below for assistance regarding in-text citations and reference list formatting, and/or ask me if you have any additional questions.

Page1 of 4 031416

Assignment 2 Purpose: To help organize your thoughts for the Final
Presentation and to ensure all necessary research is completed prior to starting
the construction of the Presentation.

**Note: This is a hypothetical, general example covering material from biology to
give you an idea of how to format your outline and include the required subtopics
and subsections. Please construct your outline according to the instructions and
subject-specific requirements/topics listed in the Assignments section.

Assignment 2 Outline: Giant Monkey Tree Frog

I. Introduction
A. Common and Scientific Names

1. Common names: giant monkey tree frog. Also known as: blue and
yellow frog, bicolored tree frog, giant monkey frog, giant leaf frog or
waxy-monkey tree frog.

2. Scientific name: Phyllomedusa bicolor
B. Geographic Range

1. Amazon Basin (Frost, 2009)
a. Brazil
b. Colombia
c. Bolivia
d. Peru

C. Specific Location (Country, State, City)
1. Brazil (Frost, 2009)
2. Columbia

D. Specific Location Biome
1. Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest (de Paula Lima et al, 2010)

E. Background and Description
1. Not at risk of extinction. (Frost, 2009)
2. Morphology

a. Unique from similar frogs by a pupil that is vertically elliptical
(Gagliardo, 2009)

b. Nocturnal (Gagliardo, 2009)
c. Males 91-103 mm, females 111-119 mm (Encyclopedia of Life)
d. Dark green back with a white or cream belly (Encyclopedia of Life)
e. Spots can be found all over the organism, especially on the flank

and back legs (Encyclopedia of Life)
f. Fingers are clear brown and have green adhesive discs

(Encyclopedia of Life)
g. Dark colored iris (Encyclopedia of Life)

3. Physiology (Folger, 1995)
a. Skin Pigments

i. Protect against sun damage
ii. Help in camouflage to blend into trees
iii. Regulate temperatures

b. Various secretions help
i. Retain water
ii. Prevent infection

II. Life Cycle of the Organism

A. Egg Mass
1. Consist from anywhere of 10 – hundreds of eggs

Formatting: Note
the format with the
Roman numerals.
Each subheading
under the Roman
Numeral (e.g. the
capital letter) is

required.

Required Introduction
Sections: (Common and

scientific names,
Geographic range, Specific

location (country, state,
city), Specific location

biome.

Tip for Assignment 4: The
introduction information

plus background and
description can be written

in several introductory
paragraphs. The first

introduction paragraph
should introduce the

species and the rest of the
paper as a standard

writing practice.

The required subtopics
(minimum) of the Outline and
Presentation are: Introduction/
Background, life cycle,
structure & function, etc.), and
evolution and additional
interests.

Each subtopic should have a
minimum of two subsections.

Don’t forget to cite
internally to your outline
where appropriate, and be

sure that all references
listed in your reference list

below are included
internal to your outline

and vice versa.

Page 2 of 4

(Gagliardo, 2009)
2. Released on leaves near waterways(Gagliardo, 2009)
3. Eggs are rolled or folded into leaves with the aid of the male

(Encyclopedia of Life)
B. Tadpoles

1. Mating and conception (Jeffries, 2003)
a. Queen female enters breeding reception once a year during

summer month
b. Fall into water when they hatch after 8 – 10 days (Encyclopedia of

Life)
c. Larvae are free swimmers (Gagliardo, 2009)
d. Length of time as a tadpole depends on the temperature, in

general it is 6 – 10 weeks. (Venancio & Melo-Sampio, 2010).
C. Life Expectancy ten years (Encyclopedia of Life)

III. Structure and Function
A. Pupil that is vertically elliptical (Gagliardo, 2009)

1. Adaptation found in species that are predators and are nocturnal or
active at dawn and dusk. (Koryos, 2014)

2. Adaptation evolved separately (Koryos, 2014)
B. Skin adapted for survival in the Rainforest

1. Unique skim pigments that protect against dehydration, infection and
sun damage. (Gagliardo, 2009)

2. Unique secretions that are used by indigenous people in rituals. (den
Brave et al, 2014).

IV. Evolution
A. Classification

1. Some debate – can be classified differently depending on the source
2. Lineage

a. Animalia
b. Chordata
c. Amphibia
d. Anura
e. Hylidae
f. Phyllomedusa
g. Phyllomedusa bicolor

B. DNA analysis indicates a close relationship between Pelodryadinae and
Phyllomedusinae (Wiens, 2010).

C. Fossil Information
a. The earliest well-documented amphibian is Ichthyostega, which

dates back 363 mya. (Carroll, 1988).
b. Frogs evolved about 200 mya. (Wells, 2010).

D. Adaptation Pedal luring (Bertoluci, 2002)
V. Additional Interest

A. Ritual of Sapo (Kambo)
1. “Kambo” is the common name for the Giant Tree Frog in Peru (den

Brave et al., 2014)
2. Skin secretion used by indigenous people of Peru as a lucky charm to

improve hunting (Erspmaer et al., 1993) or to purify the body (den
Brave et al., 2014).

3. A healer will induce a burn on the right shoulder (in men) or the leg (in
women) and skin secretions of the Giant tree frog are added to the
burn. (den Brave et al., 2014).

Page 3 of 4

4. The active ingredient is several different peptides that act to excite
nervous system in the flight or fight response (smooth muscle
contraction, vasodilation, relaxation of arterial muscles as well as an
inducement of an opiate- like response. (den Brave et al., 2014).

VI. Conclusion
A. Phyllomedusa bicolor, also known as the giant tree frog, is a common frog

found throughout the Amazon Rainforest.
B. The giant tree frog has unique adaptations that allow protection against

sun damage, prevent dehydration and combat infection.
C. The giant tree frog has a life cycle common to many other frogs: egg,

tadpole, mature frog.
D. The giant tree frog has eyes with a vertical pupil.
E. Frogs evolved over 200 million years ago.
F. Indigenous people in Peru use skin secretions in rituals.

References

Bertoluci, J. (2002). Pedal luring in the leaf frog Phyllomedusa burmeisteri

(Anura, Hylidae, Phyllomedusinae). Phylomedusa 1(2), 93 – 95.
Carroll, R. (1988). Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. New York, NY: W.H.

Freeman and Company.
den Brave, P., Bruins, E. & Bronkhorst, M. (2014). Phyllomedusa bicolor skin

secretion and the Kambo ritual. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis. 20, 40
doi: 10.1186/1678-9199-20-40

Edson de Paula Lima, J., Rodder D. & Sole, M. (2010) Diet of two sympatric
Phyllomedusa (Anura: Hylidae) species from a cacao plantation in southern
Bahia, Brazil. North-Western Journal of Zoology. 6(1): 13 – 24.

Phyllomedusa bicolor Giant Leaf frog. (n.d.). In Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved
from http://eol.org/pages/1048381/

Erspmaer, V., Erspamer, G., Severini, C., Potenza, R., Barra, D., Mignogna, G., &
Bianchi, A. (1993). Pharmacological studies of “sapo’ from the frog
Phyllomedusa bicolor skin: A drug used by the Peruvian Matses Indians in
shamanic hunting practices. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8266343

Frost, D.R. (2009). Amphibian Species of the Word: An Outline Reference.
Version 5.3 (12 February 2009). Retrieved from
http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/

Gagliardo, R. (2009). ABCM Specialty Taxa Husbandry Phyllomedusines (Leaf
Frogs). Retrieved from
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:BW4p1DueFzwJ:w
ww.amphibianark.org/pdf/Husbandry/Husbandry%2520of%2520Phyllomedu
sines +&cd=8&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us

Koryos (2014). The functions of different pupil shapes. Retrieved from
http://www.koryoswrites.com/nonfiction/the-functions-of-different-pupil-
shapes/

Mendes Venancio, N. & Melo-Sampio P. (2010). Reproductive behavior of the
Giant Leaf Frog Phyllomedusa bicolor (Anura: Hylidae) in the Western
Amazon. Phyllomedusa 9(1): 63 – 67.

Wells, K. (2010). The Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians. Chicago, IL:
University of Chicago Press.

Tip for Assignment 3:
The conclusion should

summarize the presentation
highlighting main points
without introducing new

information.

Tip for
Assignment

3:
Use APA

citation and
formatting

and a
minimum of 5

credible
reference
sources.

Page 4 of 4

Wiens, J., Kuczynski, C., Hua, X., & Moen, D. (2010). An expanded phylogeny of
treefrogs (Hylidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data.
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55, 871–882.