Lab14 The Urinary System
B
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IO202L
Student Name:
C
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A
ccess Code (located on the lid of your lab kit):
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Pre-Lab Questions
What is the function of the ureter?
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Compare and contrast the male and female urethra.
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D
escribe the two layers of the kidneys.
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Experiment 1: Kidney Filtration
Table 1:
Solution
s Present in Each Container Before 60 Minutes Submersion
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Solution
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Dialysis Tubing
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Beaker
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Congo Red
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Yellow Food Coloring
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Table 2: Solutions Present in Each Container After 60 Minutes Submersion
Solution
Dialysis Tubing
Beaker
Congo Red
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Yellow Food Coloring
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Post-Lab Questions
”1. What specific part of the kidney does the dialysis tubing represent? What is this part’s function?”
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”2. What does the yellow food coloring represent at the end of the experiment? What does the Congo Red represent? ”
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”3. Why is it important that the kidney filters the blood? ”
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Experiment 2: Urinalysis
Table 3: Urine
Test
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Test
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Normal
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Abnormal
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pH
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4.5 – 7.5
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Acidic Urine (below 4.5) – Diabetes, starvation, dehydration, respiratory acidosis.
Alkaline Urine (above 7.5) – Kidney disease, kidney failure, urinary tract infection, respiratory alkalosis.
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Glucose
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None
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Glucose present (red or green color after test); diabetes mellitus.
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Protein
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None
Protein present (violet color after test); kidney disease.
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Yeast
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None
Yeast present (bubbles form after test); yeast infection in urinary tract.
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Ketones
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Little or None
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Large amount of ketones present (sweet smell of urine); starvation, prolonged vomiting, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, and other metabolic disorders.
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Table 4: Simulated Urine pH Test
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Simulated Urine Sample
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pH
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A
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B
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C
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D
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Table 5: Simulated Urine Glucose Test
Simulated Urine Sample
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Color Before Hot Water Bath
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Color After Hot Water Bath
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A
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B
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C
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D
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Table 6: Simulated Urine Protein Test
Simulated Urine Sample
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Color Before Biuret Solution
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Color After Biuret Solution
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A
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B
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C
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D
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Table 7: Simulated Urine Yeast Test
Simulated Urine Sample
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Bubbles Before Hydrogen Peroxide?
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Bubbles After Hydrogen Peroxide?
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A
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B
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C
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D
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Table 8: Simulated Urine Ketone Test
Simulated Urine Sample
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Odor Observation
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B
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C
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D
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Fill in Tables 9 through 12. Refer to Table 3 to determine if each result was normal or abnormal. If abnormal, include the data which indicates this (e.g., a pH of 3.2 means that glucose is present). Using the test results from each of the urine samples, diagnose the condition(s), if any, that each of the sample patients is experiencing. ”
Table 9: Sample A
Test
Test Results
pH
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Glucose
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Protein
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Yeast
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Ketones
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Table 10: Sample B
Test
Test Results
pH
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Glucose
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Protein
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Yeast
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Ketones
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Table 11: Sample C
Test
Test Results
pH
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Glucose
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Protein
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Yeast
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Ketones
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Table 12: Sample D
Test
Test Results
pH
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Glucose
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Protein
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Yeast
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Ketones
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Post-Lab Questions
”1. Using the results from each urine sample, along with Table 3, diagnose the condition(s), if any, that each sample patient is experiencing.
Table 9 Diagnosis: Click here to enter text.
Table 10 Diagnosis: Click here to enter text.
Table 11 Diagnosis: Click here to enter text.
Table 12 Diagnosis: Click here to enter text.
2. If you were a doctor and a patient’s urinalysis came back with high level of glucose, ketones and an acidic pH, what diagnosis would you immediately look into? ”
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”3. If you were a doctor and a patient’s urinalysis came back with an alkaline pH and high levels of protein, what diagnosis would you immediately look into? ”
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”4. What other conditions can urine be used to test for? ”
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Experiment 3: Virtual Model – The Urinary System
Insert screenshot of the prostate:
Insert screenshot of the renal medulla:
Insert screenshot of the renal pelvis:
Post-Lab Questions
1. Which component of the urinary system is more lateral: the left kidney or the urinary bladder?
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Which component of the urinary system is a funnel shaped cavity formed by the union of calices, ending in the ureter.
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What is the most superior component of the urinary system?
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Where is the prostatic sinus in relation to the prostate?
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Experiment 4: Fetal Pig Dissection of the Urinary System
1. Identify the labeled components of the kidney in the image below.
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B – Click here to enter text.
C – Click here to enter text.
D – Click here to enter text.
E – Click here to enter text.
F – Click here to enter text.
What is the function of the urinary bladder?
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What is the function of the adrenal glands?
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Would you think the kidneys are highly vascularized? Why or why not?
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Explain in detail the process by which urine is made.
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Insert photo of your pig’s dissected kidney with your name clearly visible in the background: ”
Lab13 The Respiratory System BIO202L
Student Name:
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Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): Click here to enter text.
Pre-Lab Questions
”1. Name two functions of the nasal cavity mucosa.”
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”2. Why is the trachea reinforced with cartilaginous rings? ”
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”3. Describe the path a molecule of oxygen takes to get to body tissue, starting with the nares. ”
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”4. What is asthma? ”
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Experiment 1: Microscopic Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Table 1: Experimental Observations
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Respiratory Image
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Description of Visible Structure(s)
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Trachea
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Lung
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Post-Lab Questions
”1. Label the arrows in the slide images below. ”
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B- Click here to enter text.
C- Click here to enter text.
D- Click here to enter text.
E- Click here to enter text.
F- Click here to enter text.
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H- Click here to enter text.
”2. What structural features of alveoli make them an ideal place for gas exchange? ”
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”3. Why is mucus present in the trachea? ”
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”4. What is the specific function of the cilia on the walls of the trachea? ”
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Experiment 2: Virtual Model – The Respiratory System
Insert screenshot of the epiglottis:
Insert screenshot of the middle lobe of the lung:
Insert screenshot of the nasal caviy:
Post-Lab Questions
”1. What happens to the pressure inside the thoracic cavity when the diaphragm contracts? What effect does this have on the lungs?
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”2. Does deoxygenated blood become oxygenated in the upper respiratory tract, the lungs, or the diaphragm? ”
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”3. Is the trachea superior or inferior to the diaphragm? ”
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4. Which component is more medial: the right lung or the tracheal bifurcation?
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”5. What is the most inferiorly located organ of the respiratory system? ”
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Experiment 3: Understanding Lung Mechanics
Table 2: Understanding Lung Mechanics Observations
Squeezed Bottle Observations (Step 3)
Released Bottle Observations (Step 4)
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Post-Lab Questions
”1. What happens to the balloon? Why? ”
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”2. What would happen if the seal at the base of the bottle leaked? ”
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”3. What causes a collapsed lung? ”
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”4. Is a collapsed lung functional? Why or why not? ”
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Experiment 4: Spirometry
Patient A
Table 1: Patient A Spirometry Data
Predicted Values
Resting Value
Exercise Value
FVC
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FEV1
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FEV1/FVC
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Observations of spirometry graph shapes: Click here to enter text.
Patient B
Table 2: Patient B Spirometry Data
Predicted Values
Resting Value
Exercise Value
FVC
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FEV1
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FEV1/FVC
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Observations of spirometry graph shapes: Click here to enter text.
Patient C
Table 3: Patient C Spirometry Data
Predicted Values
Resting Value
Exercise Value
FVC
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FEV1
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FEV1/FVC
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Observations of spirometry graph shapes: Click here to enter text.
Patient D
Table 4: Patient D Spirometry Data
Predicted Values
Resting Value
Exercise Value
FVC
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FEV1
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FEV1/FVC
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Observations of spirometry graph shapes: Click here to enter text.
Patient E
Table 5: Patient E Spirometry Data
Predicted Values
Resting Value
Exercise Value
FVC
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FEV1
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FEV1/FVC
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Observations of spirometry graph shapes: Click here to enter text.
Post-Lab Questions
1. Based on the results of the spirometry test, is Patient A effectively managing his asthma symptoms with his inhaler medication? Explain your answer using the data collected during the test.
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1. Based on the results of the spirometry test, is Patient B suffering from asthma? Explain your answer using the data collected during the test.
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1. Based on the results of the spirometry test, does Patient C qualify for lung surgery? Explain your answer using the data collected during the test. Answer should be in terms of physiology and not simply a list of types of injuries.
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1. Based on the results of the spirometry test, what do you think is the cause of Patient D’s respiratory symptoms? Explain your answer using the data collected during the test. Conduct your own external research if necessary.
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1. Based on the results of the spirometry test, is Patient E suffering from asthma? Explain your answer using the data collected during the test.
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1. What are some potential drawbacks to relying on spirometry to diagnose respiratory conditions? Conduct your own external research if necessary.
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Experiment 5: Fetal Pig Dissection: The Respiratory System
Post-Lab Questions
”1. Describe the interior lining of the trachea. ”
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”2. Were there many or few vessels serving as conduits between the lungs and the heart? Why is this important? ”
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”3. Describe the function of the diaphragm during inhalation and exhalation. ”
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”Insert photo of your pig’s exposed lungs with your name and access code handwritten clearly in the background: “
Lab12 The Lymphatic System BIO202L
Student Name:
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Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): Click here to enter text.
Pre-Lab Questions:
”1. In what areas are lymph nodes clustered? Why is this desirable?”
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”2. Explain how the flow of lymph is controlled through lymphatic vessels. ”
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Experiment 1: Examining the Microscopic Anatomy of Lymphatic System
Post-Lab Questions
”1. Label the items in the following slide pictures based on your observations. ”
A- Click here to enter text.
B- Click here to enter text.
C- Click here to enter text.
D- Click here to enter text.
E- Click here to enter text.
F- Click here to enter text.
”2. Are there more afferent or efferent vessels attached to a lymph node? What is the functional purpose of this? ”
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”3. What structural similarities did you observe between the lymph node and spleen? ”
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Experiment 2: The Virtual Model – The Lymphatic System
Insert screenshot of the spleen:
Insert screenshot of the thoracic duct:
Insert screenshot of the axillar lymph node:
Post-Lab Questions
”1. Is the cisterna chyli or the spleen more medial to the spinal cord? ”
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”2. What is the name of the most superior lymph nodes in the head region? ”
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”3. Where are the popliteal nodes located? ”
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”4. What are the most inferior lymph nodes in the body called? ”
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”5. What component of the lymphatic system filters lymph from the upper limbs and upper external prat of the thorax?
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Experiment 3: Fetal Pig Dissection: The Lymphatic System
”Insert photo of your pig’s exposed spleen with your name and access code handwritten clearly in the background: “
Post-Lab Questions
What observations did you make regarding the lymphatic system of the fetal pig?
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Compare and contrast the vessels of the lymphatic system and the circulatory system.
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