PART 1Question 1 A _____ is an attribute that discredits individuals because it overshadows other attributes and merits the individual may possess.stigmastereotypetypecastcharacter flawQuestion 2 The practice of spatially or socially segregating people on the basis of race or ethnicity is referred to as:ExpulsionApartheidExclusionSegregationQuestion 3 The coexistence of different racial and ethnic groups characterized by acceptance and respect for one another’s differences is referred to as:Cultural relativismSocial toleranceCultural pluralismEthnic pluralismQuestion 4 The study of communities and their social status, practices, and problems to understand patterns of health and disease is referred to as:Racial medical historySocial epidemiologySociobiologySocial immunologyQuestion 5 Less powerful groups who are dominated politically and economically by a dominant group are referred to as:Racial groupsEthnic groupsMinoritiesSocially marginalized groupsQuestion 6 Patriarchy refers to:Any set of social relationships in which men dominate womenThe belief that one sex is innately superior to the other, and is therefore justified in having a dominant social positionThe belief that men should be the breadwinner and make all important household decisionsA political system in which women are not allowed to vote or hold officeQuestion 7 Women’s inequality is primarily the result of imperfect institutions, which can be corrected by reforms that do not fundamentally alter society itself. This statement reflects the beliefs of:Socialist feminismLiberal feminismRadical feminismMulticultural feminismQuestion 8 Which of the following is considered the “factory of gendered personalities”?FamilyPeer groupsReligionThe workplaceQuestion 9 How early do sociologists believe parents begin socializing their children into gender?When they begin schoolWhen they begin to talkAt birth, sometimes even in uteroParents do not socialize their children according to genderQuestion 10 Standpoint epistemology, a philosophical perspective that what we can know is affected by the position we occupy in society, is a major tenet of:Black feminist thoughtMarxist sociologyFunctionalismOppression theoryQuestion 11 In post-industrial societies, serial monogamy describes which of the following?Marriage to more than one personDivorce and remarriageExtramarital affairsMarriage to only one personQuestion 12 According to Nancy Chodorow women, are socialized to be _____, seeking close bonds and defining themselves through relationships.interpersonalsocialnurturingrelationalQuestion 13 Families characterized by parents living with their biological children and apart from other kin are referred to as:TraditionalBiologicalNuclearExtendedQuestion 14 In pre-industrial societies, which of the following marriage patterns was most common?PolygamyPolygynyPolyandryMonogamyQuestion 15 What expression does Talcott Parsons use to describe the family?Factory of socializationSocialization factoriesFactory of personalitiesSites of socializationQuestion 16 On which of the following points do conflict and functionalist theorists agree?A high school degree is necessary for equal opportunity.Education channels individuals into positions for which they are best suited.Education trains people in the dominant norms and values of society.Education reproduces social inequality.Question 17 _____ refers to the education of racial minorities in schools that are geographically, economically, and/or socially separated from those attended by the racial majority.Educational discriminationRacial trackingSchool segregationRacial inequalityQuestion 18 The transmission of society’s norms, values, and knowledge base by means of direct instruction is referred to as:SocializationAcculturationEducationInternship trainingQuestion 19 Which of the following is an example of the sociological term “moral education”?Fifth graders learning about laws and rights.Kindergartners learning how to behave in class.Children learning to read biblical literature.High school students learning about inequalityQuestion 20 Which of the following is an example of a symbolic interactionist approach to studying education issues?Analyzing data about the relationship between education status and incomeObserving how certain students perform in class after being labeled as “exceptional”Studying patterns of racial segregation in public educationStudying the reproduction of inequality in mass educationQuestion 21 An item believed to have acquired transcendent or magical qualities connecting humans with the divine is known as:IconRitualTotemSacred objectQuestion 22 Max Weber’s concept of the “routinization of charisma” can be described as:The institutionalization of a charismatic leader’s beliefs into an organized religious structureThe loss of the charismatic figure from whose life a religion was bornThe use of prescribed, tried-and-true techniques by a “charismatic” leader to achieve a mass followingThe use of modern technology, such as radio, Internet, and television, to evangelizeQuestion 23 Shared beliefs, values, norms, ideas, institutions, and organizations that create a common identity among a group of people is referred to as:CultureSocietyEducationReligionQuestion 24 A system of common beliefs and rituals centered on “sacred things” that unites believers and provides a sense of meaning and purpose is referred to as:CultureSocietyEducationReligionQuestion 25 The idea that religions can be understood as organizations in competition with one another for followers is known as:Religious rivalrySacred economyReligious bureacratizationReligious economyPART 2Question 1 According to Domhoff, the _____ is made up of individuals who are linked to the social upper class, the corporate community, and the policy-formation organizations that influence government policy.executive branchpower elitedominant classbourgeoisieQuestion 2 Which of the following would be considered a political right?The right to vote after being convicted of a felonyThe right to Social SecurityThe right to freedom from racial discriminationThe right to practice one’s religion without persecutionQuestion 3 The codified rules of behavior established by a government and backed by the threat of force are known as:RitualStatutesLegal normsLawQuestion 4 A single people or nation governed by a political authority or state is commonly referred to as:Nation-stateCountryStateSocietyQuestion 5 Economically productive activities that do not result directly in a physical product are known as:GoodsProductsServicesAmenitiesQuestion 6 Karl Marx introduced the idea of a _____, a pool of job-seekers whose numbers outpace the available positions and who contribute to keeping wages low and conditions of work tenuous.pool of unemploymentunemployed labor poolreserve army of laborlabor army reserveQuestion 7 The replacement of human labor by machines in the process of manufacturing is known as:RoboticsMechanizationMechanical productionAutomationQuestion 8 Highly educated professionals who engage in mental labor and the manipulation of symbols are also known as:Symbolic interactionistsComputer programmersSymbolic analystsKnowledge laborersQuestion 9 Which of the following is the number one cause of premature death in the United States?ObesityHomicideTobaccoAIDSQuestion 10 An institutionalized system for the scientific diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness is known as:HealthHealthcareMedicinePublic medicineQuestion 11 What is the definition of morbidity?The rate of deathThe rate of illnessThe rate of incidence of physical ailmentsThe number of people who seek medicial attention in a given period of timeQuestion 12 Which of the following food categories receives the most federal subsidies?Fruits and vegetablesMeats and dairySugarAlcoholQuestion 13 The phenomenon of war boosting economic productivity and employment is referred to as:War economyWar machineMilitary industrial complexWar industrial economyQuestion 14 Violence that is intentionally dramatic and enacted for the purpose of attracting attention and publicity and spreading fear is known as:Dramaturgical violenceHistrionic violenceDramatical violencePerformative violenceQuestion 15 Of the 2.5 million young enlisted U.S. men served in Vietnam, about what percentage were from working-class and poor backgrounds?35667480Question 16 The U.S.-Afghanistan conflict is an example of:Asymmetrical guerilla warfareLarge-scale combatGenocidal conflictPreemptive war of aggressionQuestion 17 The science of population size, distribution, and composition is defined as:EthnographyPopulation studiesDemographyDemographicsQuestion 18 Which of the following is a characteristic of a second demographic transition?Decreased rates of divorceA rise of non-marital births as a proportion of all birthsA rise in the rate of natural increase (RNI)Larger family sizesQuestion 19 Which is the preferred measure for demographers to estimate future fertility?Crude birth ratesAge-specific fertility ratesAge-specific live birthsCrude death ratesQuestion 20 What total fertility rate represents replacement rate fertility (in which each parent is able to replace himself or herself)?2.12.52.01.9Question 21 Temporary gatherings of closely interacting people with a common focus are known as:CrowdsRiotsMassesContagionsQuestion 22 The development of increasing societal complexity through the creation of specialized social roles and institutions is referred to as:DifferentiationSpecializationInterdependenceDivision of laborQuestion 23 Dominant ideas that lead people to consent to their own domination are known as:IdeologiesHegemoniesDogmasIdeological subjugationsQuestion 24 Which of the following theorists highlighted the importance of ideas in maintaining order and oppression in society?Karl MarxMax WeberAntonio GramsciPierre BourdieuQuestion 25 According to Antonio Gramsci, _____ intellectuals are those who emerge from oppressed groups and create counterhegemonies that challenge dominant and dominating ideas.traditionalorganicmechanicalMarxist