I need an assignment for my certification, I have submitted an assignment but I got 43 mark out of 100 which is failed . The passing mark is 70 . I need to edit on my assignment not create new one  I will share their feedback about my assignment so you can edit and where to fix . It’s very professional training institution so the writing must be professional. 

Attached files  below : 

1 : my assignment which I wrote and failed

2: general guidelines 

3: feedback of my submitted assignment and why I failed 

4 : the questions and requirements of this assignment

– Please read the general guidelines to incorporate it

– please read my assignment

– please read the feedback I received for my assignment so you know what to fix 

– read the questions. 

– must add references

– must be 3000 words

– must add introduction, recommendations, conclusion 

– incorporates examples from SABIC company like you work in Procurement in SABIC which is a company in KSA . You can open their website and get information. 

Corporate Award Programme

Candidate Assignment Guidance

Version 7.0 July 2016

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Contents

1. Overview …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3

2. Submission requirements – important ………………………………………………………………………………………….3

3. Planning and conducting your research ………………………………………………………………………………………..4

4. Structuring your assignment submission ………………………………………………………………………………………4

5. Assignment front sheet ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………5

6. Contents Page ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………5

7. Executive Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………5

8. Assignment – main body …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….6

9. Conclusions and recommendations ……………………………………………………………………………………………..7

10. Referencing ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………7

11. Reference list …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………8

12. Bibliography …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..9

13. Appendices ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………9

14. Word Count ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10

15. Policies ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11

a. Plagiarism ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11

b. Reasonable adjustment and special consideration ……………………………………………………………………… 11

c. Extensions beyond submission deadlines ………………………………………………………………………………….. 12

d. Assessment reviews and appeals ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 12

16. Grading ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12

17. Marking and results …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12

18. And finally ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13

Appendix 1: Assignment Assessment Criteria ……………………………………………………………………………………. 14

Appendix 2: Command Words …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 15

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1. Overview

The assignment brief is set by CIPS and all assignments are validated to ensure a standard approach. The

purpose of each assignment is to enable you to demonstrate your ability to research, analyse and problem

solve in different situations. You will be expected to approach your assignment work from a procurement and

supply context, addressing the brief directly and undertaking the tasks required. The assignment will relate

directly to the specified module content and is marked using the assessment criteria provided as an appendix

to this guide.

Read carefully the assignment title and guidance for candidates. The assignment will identify which modules it

is designed to assess. Use the relevant content from the stated modules as the basis of your assignment. It

will help you structure your planning and research. Ensure you plan your assignment to meet all of its

requirements.

2. Submission requirements – important

2.1 Include the assignment front sheet

2.2 The maximum number of documents you can submit for an assessment is one

2.3 All of your work must be contained in one document

2.4 You must not submit appendices as separate documents

2.5 You must word process your assignment using MS word, or equivalent, and convert it in to a pdf file

format

a. The file name should only consist of your full 9-digit membership number and the assignment

number, e.g. “005429889 AS1 ”. Please note that this should reflect the assignment

number, not the module number.

b. You may wish to make use of Adobe Acrobat’s Reduce File Size… function

2.6 Every page should be numbered and contain your candidate number at the top of the document in

the header.

The average number of pages for a 3,000 word assignment is 27 (including appendices). The maximum

number of pages allowed for a 3,000 word assignment is 50 pages in total. You should not exceed this

allowance. In the case of the integrative assignment, the average number of pages for a 5,000 word

assignment is 45. The maximum number of pages allowed for a 5,000 word integrative assignment is 100

pages in total.

You must hand in your assignment no later than the submission deadline stated in your timetable. There are

penalties if your submission is handed in late without prior agreement from CIPS through the Reasonable

Adjustment, Special Consideration or Extension Policies (see section 15, page 8 and 9). Submissions that do

not meet the submission requirements (for example Word rather than , multiple files, candidates

name present) will not be accepted and if the revised version is not sent within the submission timeframe the

corrected version may be subject to penalty.

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3. Planning and conducting your research

It is important that you address the requirements of the assignment brief. Some students fail to do this and

overlook one or more requirements of the assignment brief. The assignment title will include command

words. These are words such as “analyse”, “describe” etc. and define what you are expected to do. A list of

common command words and their definitions is included as an appendix to this document to help you plan

the depth of detail and type of information to research and present within your assignment.

You should take care when reproducing company information not already in the public domain within your

assignment. It is your responsibility to ensure you comply with your own company expectations if the

information is considered confidential or sensitive.

CIPS is looking for evidence that a student understands a concept and can apply it appropriately within a given

contexts defined by the assignment brief. In order to address the assignment tasks, it is not necessary to

identify any real suppliers or products. Therefore, it is acceptable to refer to a supplier as ‘Supplier A’ for

example, rather than identify real suppliers. Products can be referred to as product ‘X’ or ‘Y’ for example,

rather than identify any sensitive procurements. It is best practice to explain, within your introduction, the

naming conventions you will adopt e.g. “for the purposes of confidentiality, suppliers or products will be

referred to as…”.

Research forms part of the assessment criteria, hence it is an essential element of your assignment

preparation. Do not fail to realise the importance of collecting information to support and underpin your

assignment work. It is vital that you demonstrate your ability to establish information needs, obtain relevant

information and use it sensibly, in order to arrive at appropriate conclusions, recommendations and/or

decisions. You should establish the nature of the information required, follow up possible sources and ensure

you allow time to obtain the information. You may be dependent on other colleagues or suppliers to obtain

relevant information – do not underestimate the time it may take you to gather it. In order to conduct your

research effectively, you will need to conduct wider reading associated with the topics covered in the module

content.

Useful sources of information include those freely available to CIPS members such as our Knowledge site and

the Supply Management site. Additionally, websites such as those of the National Audit Office and the

Financial Times are a great source of case studies and examples of successes and failures which can support

your assignment preparation.

Your reference list and bibliography will provide an indication of the level of research, information collection

and application within your assignment.

4. Structuring your assignment submission

Presentation: Your assignment submission should be word processed with minimum font size 12pt and 1.5 or

double line spacing. You should adopt an appropriate layout and structure for

your assignment submission.

The structure and presentation of your assignment is considered as part of the marking process so it is

important that you take the time to carefully plan your assignment and use a logical layout and structure. This

guidance document outlines a suggested structure for your assignment.

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For many of you this assignment will be dealing with issues that are of importance to your employer and they

will, in all likelihood, be interested in seeing a copy of your assignment. Spending some extra time making it as

professional as possible will pay dividends here.

Approach: The assignment title may include a number of requirements. Read it carefully and identify what

these are. Plan your assignment and research to ensure that you address all the requirements. As a guide,

you should aim to place approximately equal emphasis on each requirement within the layout of your

assignment submission. This means you will usually produce approximately the same volume of content for

each requirement within your assignment submission. Plan your research and the structure of your

assignment submission accordingly. However, during your planning or research, you may identify that it is not

appropriate to place equal emphasis on each requirement within the assignment title.

For example, factors beyond your control, such as the nature of your organisation or the external business

environment in which it operates, may mean that it is not appropriate to place equal emphasis on each

requirement of the assignment title. In such circumstances, acknowledge this within your assignment

submission to demonstrate to the assessor that you have considered all the requirements of the assignment

title. Explain to the assessor why you have adopted a particular approach to demonstrate your ability to

make judgements. Think carefully about the structure, style and content of your assignment; the key is to

ensure you justify any deviation from the assignment requirements in order to explain to the assessor why

you have adopted an unusual approach. Failure to do so could mean you fail to gain marks in the knowledge

and approach section of the assessment criteria.

Remember also that the marking team will not be familiar with your company, company-specific terminology

or acronyms. Take care to ensure you explain necessary background information, or the meaning of company-

specific terminology, in order to provide the marking team with an understanding of the nature of your

organisation and the business environment in which it operates.

5. Assignment front sheet

Please complete and attach the assignment front sheet to your submission. Your name should not appear

anywhere within your assignment.

6. Contents page

The contents page helps the reader to navigate around the document and highlights important sections and

sub-sections; this also helps you to ensure your work is structured and flows in a logical order.

7. Executive summary

The aim of an executive summary is to prepare the reader, in advance of reading a lengthy document, for

what to expect. It should briefly summarise the content and conclusions/recommendations. This is good

academic and business practice and is recommended for all assessments (assignments and project work). We

recommend you keep this to one page if possible.

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8. Assignment – main body

CIPS recommends a short introduction to the assignment to set the scene. You may wish to take the

opportunity to introduce your company or the business environment relevant to your assignment, define any

relevant terms, explain the scope of your assignment, the approach you have taken, any exclusions and

assumptions.

Assignments should have a good balance of relevant underpinning theory, tools or models and practical

application (use of examples from your organisation, or one with which you are familiar). You must select

appropriate models to demonstrate knowledge and application. It is suggested you consult and reflect upon

the programme content for the relevant module(s) in the first instance and conduct an audit of the theories,

tools and models etc., in order to identify those which may be appropriate for your assignment.

For any theories, tools or models that you include, your assignment should contain a brief description and

justification of its selection in relation to your analysis.

You should ensure you include discussion on how it was used and what information was generated from it –

interpret the findings of your analysis. Avoid citing models, tools etc., without applying them within your

analysis as this will gain no marks. You may wish to use tables or diagrams to demonstrate your application of

relevant tools or models.

When including information about the theories, tools and models etc. within your assignment, narrative

should be integrated in to the content of your assignment. Assignment submissions which simply skip from

one model or tool, for example, to the next, without linking them in some way or consolidating them in

conclusions, will be unlikely to demonstrate the extent of your comprehension of the module content and

your ability to apply it to practical business situations.

Providing a sound argument for selection and application of a particular theory, model, tool or technique –

highlighting why it is appropriate, its strengths and weaknesses/limitations (as well as your findings) – is likely

to be awarded higher marks.

The positioning of models/tools and techniques will depend on a number of factors, but ideally you should

aim for a good balance of discussion and visual impact. It is a matter of personal judgement and preference,

but, essentially they should be relevant and visually enhance the work, enabling the reader to grasp the flow

of your discussion. You should also consider:

 The strength and possible limitations of the model for the task

 The quality and depth of information contained within your assignment

 Appropriateness for the subject matter

 Whether large pieces of supporting evidence for an argument may be better placed in the Appendices

The application and insight section of the assessment criteria is the most heavily weighted. It is important to

demonstrate your ability to apply relevant tools, theories, models etc., according to the modules content and

the assignment title. The outcomes of your application will generate evidence which you must present within

your assignment submission.

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9. Conclusions and recommendations

Again, the application and insight section of the assessment criteria is the most heavily weighted. You must,

therefore, ensure you demonstrate your ability to interpret your evidence and findings by providing

recommendations, proposals for change and/or conclusions, as appropriate, which are consistent with the

evidence you have generated. This will exhibit the validity of your insight. Thorough application of tools of

analysis will help to provide strong findings which will form the foundation of your conclusions and

recommendations.

Your conclusions and recommendations must be consistent with your analysis and findings and should act as

a summary. It is important that any conclusions or recommendations are justified as part of your overall

assignment submission. When you have completed your assignment, take time to re-read it a day or so later

and check that your conclusions really are consistent with the evidence generated from your analysis.

10. Referencing

In order to avoid plagiarism, whenever you use someone’s words directly, or make reference to the ideas or

work of others, you must reference this appropriately using a recognised referencing system, such as the

Harvard system of referencing or as outlined in the CIPS Reference Guidance document. The following points

will help you cite sources of information appropriately within the body of your assignment.

 When a reference is made in your assignment to a particular document, the author (or editor, compiler or
translator) individual or organisation and year of publication are inserted in brackets:

o e.g. Agriculture still employs half a million people in rural Britain (Shucksmith, 2000).

 If the author’s name occurs naturally in the sentence, only the year of publication is given:
o e.g. … concept is discussed by Jones (1998)…

 When referring to more than one document by an author published in the same year, these are
distinguished by adding lower case letters (a, b, c) after the year:

o e.g. (Watson, 1999a)

 If there are two authors, the names of both should be given:
o e.g. (Lines and Walker, 1997)

 Where there are more than two authors, cite the first author, followed by ‘et al.’:
o e.g. (Morgan et al., 1998)

 Quotations: Direct quotations are used to show the work of another party word-for-word; the exact
words must be copied from the source document. When citing quotations, include the page number of
where the quotation can be found in the source document. Please note quotations used within your
assignment content are included within the total word count.

o Short quotations may be run into the text, using single quotation marks.
o e.g. While they recommend that teams ‘…be encouraged to improve collaboration within an

organisation autonomously’ (Driedonks, et al., 2010, p. 115), they …

Longer quotations should be separated from the rest of the text by means of a new and indented paragraph
and optional size reduction. These do not need quotation marks, however the author, date and page
reference must be included in brackets at the end of the indented paragraph of quoted text. You are advised
to use long quotations sparingly as they are included as part of the word count. Ask yourself whether they

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really add value to your assignment, or whether there is a better way of representing the information you
wish to present to the reader of your assignment.

Referencing electronic resources can be confusing, it is difficult to know which information to include or
where to find it. As a rule, provide as much information as possible concerning authorship, location and
availability. Electronic citations require much of the same information as print sources (author, year of
publication, title, publisher). However, some extra details are required:

 identify that you accessed the source in an electronic format

 provide an accurate access date for online sources (that is, identify when a source was viewed or
downloaded)

 provide the location of an online source (for example, a database or web address)
Unlike printed material, internet sources can easily be changed, or disappear altogether, so full and accurate
citation information is essential.

Example – referencing web documents
British Lawnmower Museum (no date) Lawnmowers of the Rich and Famous [online] Southport, British
Lawnmower Museum. Available: http://www.lawnmowerworld.co.uk/Rich.htm [Accessed10 March 2004]

Example – referencing electronic journals
Hart, K. (1998) The place of the 1898 Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to the Torres Straits (CAETS) in
the history of British social anthropology. Science as a culture. [Online] 11 (1). Available: http://human-
nature.com/science-as-culture/hart.html [Accessed 9 November 2003]

Example – referencing journal articles from a web-based full-text database
Mahoney, R. (2000) Leadership and learning organisations, The Learning Organization. [Online] 7 (5), 241-244.
Available: http://www.emerald-library.com/brev/11907ec1.htm [Accessed 23 October 2000]

The source materials you use should be included in a reference list at the end of your assignment. See the

following sections relating to your reference list and bibliography.

11. Reference list

A reference list is essential to ensure the works of others is acknowledged and to avoid the risk of plagiarism

issues. You must use a recognised referencing system, such as the Harvard system or as outlined in the CIPS

Reference Guidance document, as assessors will need to identify sources you have accessed during your

research and used within your assignment. See the section relating to referencing for information on how to

cite sources of information within the body of your assignment.

References are arranged alphabetically by author’s name (or title, if no author) which has been used in the

body of the text and should be presented in the following way:

 Book references – include where possible, the following information in the order listed here:

o Author(s)/Editor(s) – Surname first, followed by first name(s) or initials (be consistent). Include

all names if there are two or three authors; if more than three, use the first name and then et

al. For editors, compilers or translators (instead of author), give the abbreviation ed/eds,

comp/comps or trans following the name(s): e.g. Peckham, T. and Smith, G. (eds.)

o Year of publication – e.g. (1996)

http://www.lawnmowerworld.co.uk/Rich.htm

http://human-nature.com/science-as-culture/hart.html

http://human-nature.com/science-as-culture/hart.html

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o Title – capitalise the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns; use bold, italics or

underline (be consistent); Include any sub-title, separating it from the title by a colon

o Edition – only include if not the first edition

o Series – include if relevant.

Modern versions of MS Word have some helpful tools to assist with referencing and citations. These allow

you to build a list of sources which you can access to cite in the body of your assignment using the “insert

citation” tool under the references section of the toolbar. It allows you to insert a list of “works cited” which

will automatically include all sources which you have cited within your assignment.

12. Bibliography

When researching subject areas, you may read widely, but not all will be relevant to the assignment you are

working on. However, this work should not go unrecognised and more importantly, a bibliography records

earlier reading that may be useful later when researching for future assessments or projects. If you have

documented your reading, this can be located again with ease.

13. Appendices

Core material – which is defined as text that the assessor would need to read in order to understand and

appreciate your work fully – should NOT be placed in appendices. An appendix is not a “catch-all”, or a

substitute for effective writing and editing of your assignment to meet the word count. You do not have to

use appendices – indeed; it is considered best practice that assignments only include appendices in

exceptional circumstances. For example, information that is not essential to your assignment, but validates

the content of it, provides confirmatory evidence or provides information or material that the assessor would

not otherwise be able to access, should be placed in an appendix. Documents that are available in the public

domain should be referenced, in accordance with a recognised referencing system, rather than including

them as appendices.

Examples of things which could be useful as appendices to an assignment include:

• Supporting evidence – feedback, testimonials, stakeholder interview outcomes etc.

• Technical information presented in tables and graphs – organisational charts, statistics etc.

• Supplementary data which adds useful information or insight, but is not essential to the

understanding of the personal statement – including organisation-specific material (ensure

appropriate permissions have been sought for use outside your organisation).

Appendices should be presented in the order they are mentioned in your assignment, and it is essential to

refer to each appendix within the text of your assignment. You should NOT include something as an appendix

if it is not discussed within the assignment, nor should you include any material which is readily available in

the public domain – it should be referenced in the text of the assignment using a recognised system of

referencing.

Appendices do not form part of the word count for your assignment.

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14. Word Count

The expected word count for your assignment will be highlighted on your assignment task. Your assignment

can be up to 10% below the stated word count, or up to 10% higher than the stated word count. If your

assignment exceeds (or falls short of) the stated word count by more than 10%, you may fail to gain marks

under the structure and presentation section of the assessment criteria.

The following are excluded from the word count:

 Front page

 Contents Page

 Executive Summary

 Models, tables, diagrams, graphs etc.

 Reference list

 Bibliography and appendices

You must state your assignment word count on the assignment front sheet.

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15. Policies

a. Plagiarism

Plagiarism is submitting someone else’s work as your own when you are not the author. The attempt to pass-

off the ideas, research, theories, or words of others as one’s own is considered to be a serious academic

offence. Most students know when they are intentionally plagiarising, for example, copying an entire essay

out of a book or buying a paper off the Internet. However, many students are tripped up by unintentional

plagiarism – not giving proper credit for others’ quotes, facts, ideas, or data. A good rule-of-thumb for

students is to always give credit for any ideas that are not their own by citing their sources.

The most common forms of plagiarism are:

 Copying and pasting material from a website

 Copying the work of another student (past or present)

 Copying course material or lecture notes

 Copying material out of a textbook, journal or other publication

You must take care when writing your assignment that the work you submit is your own. You are permitted

to reproduce short extracts, diagrams, tables and illustrations from other publications. But, these must be

clearly referenced and the source acknowledged. CIPS treats plagiarism very seriously and if your work is

found to contain unacknowledged third party content you may fail your assignment.

In order to avoid plagiarism, whenever you use someone’s words directly, or make reference to the ideas or
work of others, you must reference this appropriately using a recognised referencing system, such as the

Harvard system of referencing or CIPS Referencing Guidance. Failure to reference the work of others, whether

intentional or accidental is considered plagiarism, which constitutes a form of cheating (malpractice or

maladministration) and is not tolerated by CIPS. The Malpractice and Maladministration Policy includes details

of the consequences for students if they are found to have plagiarised.

b. Reasonable adjustment and special consideration

CIPS has a responsibility to ensure that all candidates have equal opportunities to reach their full potential. In

some instances, candidates may require adjustments to the assessment process to give them an equal

opportunity, and CIPS has a responsibility to ensure that appropriate adjustments are made for each

candidate.

Applications for a Reasonable Adjustment should be made in advance of the assessment. Candidates may

apply for Special Consideration in exceptional circumstances that could not possibly be predicted. This also

applies to candidates wishing to report any incident which may affect their assessment performance.

If you require a Reasonable Adjustment or Special Consideration, you should contact your CIPS programme

lead who will be able to assist you. Further information about Reasonable Adjustments and Special

Consideration can be obtained through the reasonable adjustment and special consideration policy which is

available on the Learning Management System (LMS) under the FAQ section.

http://www.cips.org/Documents/Policies%20and%20Procedures/A8.1_Malpractice_and_Maladministration_Policy_and_Procedure_Nov14

http://www.cips.org/Documents/Qualifications/Online%20assessment/G6.2_and_G7.3_Reasonable_Adjustments_and_Special_Consideration_Policy_and_Procedure_fv_03.11.14

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c. Extensions beyond submission deadlines

Extensions cannot be granted by tutors. Applications by students for an extension must be made in writing

and submitted to their Programme Lead. These will then be considered by CIPS. The application for an

extension should be completed 7 days before the submission deadline date.

All reasons for extensions require independent corroboration, usually from your employer or, in the case of

medical problems, doctor. There are some circumstances which are regarded as acceptable reasons for

granting an extension and some which are not. Examples are:

Acceptable reasons

 Holidays booked prior to start of programme

 Significant medical conditions/concerns

 Compassionate (e.g. family bereavement)

 Verified work-related travel

Unacceptable reasons:

 Workload

 Computer problems

 Lost assignments

 Desired books not in library

 Unverifiable travel difficulties

 Unawareness of the submission deadline

d. Assessment reviews and appeals

Should you wish to appeal against your result you should apply to CIPS following the assessment review and

appeals procedure within two weeks of the result release date. The assessment appeals policy can be found

on the Learning Management System (LMS) under the FAQ section. If you wish to request a review of your

assessment result, you should contact your CIPS Programme Lead who will be able to assist you.

16. Grading

The assessment criteria (see Appendix 1) breaks down each section of the assessment criteria and indicates

what is expected for each grade. The marks you are awarded for each section of the assessment criteria will

be combined in order to arrive at a total percentage result. The grade you receive for your assignment is

based upon this result as follows:

Fail less than 50% Merit 60-74%

Pass 50-59% Distinction 75% or more

17. Marking and results

Following submission of your assignment, it will be marked by a member of the CIPS assessment team,

according to the assessment criteria (see Appendix 1). CIPS employs rigorous quality assurance processes

which ensure a standard approach to assessment is adopted. The assessment outcomes and processes are

evaluated by the CIPS Assessment Quality Board.

http://www.cips.org/Documents/Policies%20and%20Procedures/I1.1_I1.3_Assessment_Review_and_Appeals_Policy_and_Procedure

http://www.cips.org/Documents/Policies%20and%20Procedures/I1.1_I1.3_Assessment_Review_and_Appeals_Policy_and_Procedure

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When your result is released it can be accessed via the My CIPS section of the CIPS website. Your CIPS

Programme Lead will also provide you with feedback following the release of your result. The assessment

criterion (see Appendix 1) includes the following sections which are weighted in order to help you understand

their relative importance:

 Structure and presentation (20%)

 Research (20%)

 Knowledge and approach (20%)

 Application and insight (40%).

18. And finally

This document is by no means exhaustive, but provides some guidance on how you might approach the

development of your assignment submission. It is a guide on what is generally good practice in assignment

preparation, which enables you to understand the implications of what you are doing and gives you the best

opportunity to succeed in what you do.

Good luck with your assignment preparation.

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Appendix 1: Assignment Assessment Criteria

Pass with Distinction:
75% +

Pass with Merit:
60% – 74%

Pass:
50% – 59%

Failure:
Less than 50%

Structure
and
Presentation
20%

Excellent presentation
standards incorporating
effective executive
summary, structure and
content. Supports work
with references and
bibliography appropriate
to the assessment. Work
is communicated
innovatively to a very
high and professional
standard. Layout of work
includes innovative use of
graphics, tables, data,
references, headings,
numbered paragraphs
and appendices.
Composition of answers
in keeping with any
desired word count.

Effective presentation
standards incorporating
executive summary,
structure and content;
although refinement of
these would achieve
better marks. Supports
work with references and
bibliography appropriate
to the assessment. Work
is communicated
effective to a high
standard. Layout of work
includes effective use of
graphics, tables, data,
references, headings,
numbered paragraphs
and appendices.
Composition of answers
in keeping with any
desired word count.

Presentation makes use
of an executive summary,
structure and content.
Supports work with
references and
bibliography appropriate
to the assessment. Work
is communicated to a
satisfactory standard.
Limited use is made of
graphics, tables, data,
references, headings,
numbered paragraphs
and appendices.
Composition of answers
in keeping with any
desired word count.

Disappointing
presentation standards
demonstrating the need
to improve its executive
summary, structure and
content. Limited use of
references and
bibliography. Work is
communicated
ineffectively. Layout of
work makes limited use
of graphics, tables, data,
references, headings,
numbered paragraphs
and appendices.
Composition of answers
may not be in keeping
with any desired word
count.

Research
20%

Work demonstrates
excellent collation of
appropriate primary,
secondary, quantitative
and/or qualitative
research. Evidence of
analysis of research with
a reasoned critique
provided. Work refers to
purposeful and relevant
sources of research.
Extensive references and
bibliography.

Work demonstrates
collation of appropriate
primary, secondary,
quantitative or
qualitative research.
Evidence of the analysis
of research is provided.
Work refers to
appropriate sources of
research. A range of
references and
bibliography.

Work demonstrates
limited collation of
primary, secondary,
quantitative or
qualitative research.
There is scope to create
an analysis or refinement
of the research
presented. Work refers
to sources of research. A
reasonable number of
references and
bibliography.

Work demonstrates a
lack of primary,
secondary, quantitative
or qualitative research
and there are evident
gaps in the work that the
candidate has
undertaken. Small
number of references
and bibliography.

Knowledge
and
Approach
20%

Work demonstrates a full
understanding of
relevant theory, models,
techniques, processes,
outcomes or other
aspects of the syllabus
that are appropriately
selected to formulate
answers. Applies a well
thought-out
methodology to develop
answers.

Work demonstrates an
effective understanding
of relevant theory,
models, techniques,
processes, outcomes or
other aspects of the
syllabus that are
appropriately selected to
formulate answers.

Work demonstrates a
satisfactory
understanding of
relevant theory, models,
techniques, processes,
outcomes or other
aspects of the syllabus
that are appropriately
selected to formulate
answers.

Work demonstrates a
limited or sporadic
understanding of
relevant theory, models,
techniques, processes,
outcomes or other
aspects of the syllabus
selected to formulate
answers.

Leading global excellence in procurement and supply

CAP_Candidate_Assignment Guidance_V7 July2016 15/16

© copyright CIPS

Pass with Distinction:
75% +
Pass with Merit:
60% – 74%
Pass:
50% – 59%
Failure:
Less than 50%

Application
and Insight
40%

Work demonstrates the
fitting application of
theory, models,
techniques, processes,
outcomes or other
aspects of the syllabus.
Candidate creates
proposals for change that
can achieve business
improvements whilst
recognising boundaries
that can affect their
implementation. The
work is supported by an
innovative or appropriate
business case or
implementation plan
when relevant.

Work demonstrates an
effective application of
theory, models,
techniques, processes,
outcomes or other
aspects of the syllabus.
Candidate creates
proposals for change that
can achieve business
improvements. The work
is supported by an
effective business case or
implementation plan
when relevant.

Work demonstrates the
application of some
limited theory, models,
techniques, processes,
outcomes or other
aspects of the syllabus.
Candidate creates limited
proposals for change that
can achieve business
improvements. A limited
business case or
implementation plan is
presented when relevant.

Work demonstrates
limited or sporadic
application of theory,
models, techniques,
processes, outcomes or
other aspects of the
syllabus. Candidate’s
proposals for change lack
justification. The work
lacks an effective
business case or
implementation plan
when relevant.

Appendix 2: Command Words

Command

Word

Definition

Analyse Examine a topic together with thoughts and judgments about it, by dividing the topic into its

separate parts and looking at each part in detail

Appraise Evaluate, judge or assess something

Argue Provide reasons for or against something, clearly and in proper order, using or citing evidence

so that a case can be proved. Also compare with Discuss

Assess Evaluate or judge the importance of something, referring to the special knowledge of experts

where possible. This may involve from

other texts

Comment on Write notes explaining your own criticism and observations of something

Compare Examine one thing in relation to another thing, so that points of similarity or difference

become evident

Consider Take something in to account, or make allowance for something. Think carefully about

something or reflect upon it

Contrast Emphasise the differences between two opposite or dissimilar things

Criticise Give your judgements about the good or bad qualities of theories or opinions, supporting

your decision with evidence

Define Explain the exact meaning of a word or phrase

Describe Give a full account or a detailed representation of something

Discuss Consider something by writing about it from different points of view.

Evaluate Calculate or judge the value of something; include your personal opinion in your evaluation

Leading global excellence in procurement and supply

CAP_Candidate_Assignment Guidance_V7 July2016 16/16

© copyright CIPS

Command
Word
Definition

together with appropriate reasons for your opinion

Explain Give reasons for, or account for something, so that it is clear or easy to understand

Identify Identify to state or briefly mention items of information

Illustrate Clarify or explain something by using examples or diagrams

Interpret Use your own ideas to explain the significance of something

Justify Show good reasons for decisions, recommendations or conclusions, perhaps by referring to

other texts

List Mention items separately in number order or by using bullet points

Outline Give the main features, facts or the general idea of something, omitting minor details

Propose Put forward (for example a point of view, idea, argument, suggestion) for consideration or

action

Reconcile Show how two apparently conflicting things can appear similar or compatible

Relate Establish a connection or association between things to show how they affect each other or

how they are alike

Review Examine and assess a subject critically

Show Explain thoroughly or prove something, so that the truth can be established

State Put something into words clearly and briefly

Suggest This means that there may be more than one answer. You must give the most appropriate

answer, or answers. It is good practice to state why it is the most appropriate answer

Summarise Give a brief, concise account of the main points of something, leaving out details and

examples

Developing Contracts V2, March 2015 © CIPS 2014, Page 1 of 2

Practitioner Corporate Award
Assessment 2

Module 3: Developing Contracts in Procurement and Supply

Question 1: 100% of the total marks

Tasks

Using a set of your own Terms and Conditions, explain:

(1) How your Terms and conditions ensure that you manage the risks of poor quality, extension of time,
increased costs and unethical practice.

(2) Explain the concept of the “battle of the forms” and demonstrate how you could ensure that any
agreement is carried out under your own Terms and Conditions.

(3) How your Terms and Conditions ensure that the relevant performance measures are monitored and
managed.

Guidance
Your work should consist of approximately 3,000 words and any source materials such as web sites, reports,
articles, market data, journals or texts should be referred to in your references or bibliography.

Syllabus Coverage
The following content from the Practitioner syllabus can be used to answer this assessment:

• The main types of contracts and agreements
• The documentation that is used to create commercial agreements for the supply of goods, services or

works
• The sources of express terms that can be used to regulate contracts made for the supply of goods or

services
• The legal issues that relate to the creation of commercial agreements with customers or suppliers

relating to offers, counter offers, acceptance, and other issues
• Core clauses that comprise commercial agreements with customers or suppliers
• Key provisions of legislation that relate to contracts for the supply of goods and services
• The use of contractual KPIs that link to technical and commercial requirements in contracts
• The main types of risks in the performance of contracts such as internal, market, economic, legal,

ethical sourcing and performance based risks
• Performance management and ensuring compliance to agreed standards
• Payment responsibilities in contract management
• Creating targets for assessing the performance of suppliers based on the SMART (specific,

measurable, achievable, relevant and timely) targets for performance

Developing Contracts V2, Mar 2015 © CIPS 2014, Page 2 of 2

This assessment helps you achieve the following capabilities:

• Develop appropriate contractual agreements for suppliers with stakeholders
• Select appropriate contract terms that specifically relate to the supply of goods, services or works to

be contracted for
• Review processes and procedures for creating contracts to ensure that all legal requirements are

complied with and recommend any changes required
• Interpret and provide advice to colleagues and stakeholders on the core clauses of commercial

agreements with customers or suppliers
• Research legislation that relates to contracts for the supply of goods and services and advise

stakeholders on their implications
• Develop and advise colleagues and stakeholders on the use and benefits of KPIs applied to technical

and commercial requirements in contracts
• Work with suppliers, internal customers or stakeholders to achieve added value in procurement and

supply
• Evaluate the potential risks that purchased goods and services may be subjected to and liaise with

suppliers and stakeholders to create plans to mitigate the adverse effects of these risks
• Monitor the supply of goods and services to ensure required performance standards are achieved
• Ensure compliance to, and take remedial actions for any deviations from contracted payment terms

for purchased goods and services
• Formulate SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and timely) targets for supplier

performance and agree their application with suppliers and stakeholders
• Create improvement plans to correct defective performance or to mitigate risks for purchased goods

or services

Classification: Internal Use

Assessment criteria

Distinction

Merit

Pass

Fail

Application and Insight 40%



Knowledge and Approach 20%



Research 20%



Structure and Presentation 20%



Strengths and weaknesses of the Assessment: You have made some major changes to your work. Your report began with a revised executive summary; however, this did not provide a summary of the key parts of your report or a summary of your findings. Instead it covered issues including total cost of ownership and partnerships which were not the subject of the assignment or covered in any depth within your main body. Your recommendations were also very generic and not focused on the assignment tasks. See the Candidate Assignment Guidance document for more information on the requirements of the executive summary. It would also have been useful to include some information about your organisation in order to provide some context for your report. In terms of task one you did cover the risks highlighted in the question and did provide some discussion on your terms and conditions. However, this was very general and could have been supported by the inclusion of extracts from your organisation’s terms and conditions. You also could have referred to external sources in this section to support your discussion, as well as to elements from the syllabus. The lack of any inclusion of external sources or elements of the syllabus in this section resulted in it being very descriptive rather than analytical in approach. You did provide a discussion on the Battle of the Forms which did include some reference to external sources, but you could also have included some reference to case law. However, whilst you briefly discussed how your organisation deals with the Battle of the Forms, this could have been expanded upon

to include other approaches that could be adopted to avoid the Battle of the Forms. However, you did consider the consequences to your organisation of losing the battle. Your section on contract management did cover the issue of inspections during the contract’s duration. However, you could also have discussed the development and use of KPIs. This section could have been enhanced had you provided some specific examples of KPIs used within your organisation’s contracts and had you included some references to external sources to support your discussion. You also provided a very brief conclusion section which did provide very brief a summary of your main findings and this could have been expanded. You did include some recommendations; however, these were very brief and could have been both better linked to the findings within the main body and expanded upon. Also, you could have considered the implementation challenges of your recommendations. You could have expanded your research in connection with this topic and also made more use of your external research within the main body of your report to support your discussions. Your reference list consisted of only two sources.

Areas for Improvement:

Application and Insight

• You should apply more of the content of the syllabus throughout your report to improve your analysis.

• Produce an implementation plan showing how your recommendations could be implemented.

• Include an enhanced conclusions section at the end of the report as well as developing some of your recommendations in more detail.

Knowledge and Approach

• Provide a more of a discussion covering managing contract performance.

• Include more of the concepts taught on the syllabus within your report to support your discussion.

• Cover the development and use of KPIs in the section covering contract performance.

Research

• Refer to the Candidate Assignment Guidance document that was issued for advice on referencing and on structuring your references and bibliography.

• Try to make use of articles drawn from Supply Management and content from the CIPS website, as there are useful materials on these on aspects of contracting, such as the Battle of the Forms, KPIs, contract terms etc.

• Include more external sources within the main body of your report to improve and support your discussion.

Structure and Presentation

• Ensure your executive summary provides an effective summary of your report – see the Candidate Assignment Guidance document for advice on this.

• Include expanded conclusions and recommendations sections.

1

11

CORPORATE AWARD PROGRAMME

ASSIGNMENT FRONT SHEET

STUDENT MEMBERSHIP NUMBER
COHORT NAME and NUMBER	Cohort 6
ASSESSMENT Code / Number	AS2
MODULE TITLE	Developing Contracts in Procurement and Supply
SUBMISSION DEADLINE DATE	Second Submission
WORD COUNT	3184

Please do not change or remove the wording in this front sheet as this is required for all submissions under the Corporate Award Programme. Any submissions received without the correct front sheet will be returned to the candidate for amendment and re-submission and may delay marking.

1. Please ensure that you complete and attach this form to the front of your submission. It will not be accepted if it as sent as a separate file to the submission itself.

2. Before submission, please ensure that your name does not appear anywhere on your work.

3. By submitting your work, you are confirming that your work is your own and that you have read and understand CIPS rules regarding plagiarism and the consequences that will arise should you submit plagiarised work.

Table of Content

1. Executive summary

2. Question one……………………………………………………………………….

3. Question two ………………………………………………………………………

4. Question three ……………………………………………………………………

5. Conclusion

Introduction:

Terms and conditions is a set of regulations, which supplier and customer must agree to follow in order to create a contract. They will have to agree on terms and conditions of the contract as well as any possible liabilities in case of a breach of the contract. As one of the major companies in the world, SABIC has a set of detailed terms and conditions referred to as Standard Terms and Conditions in which supplier accepts and aware of before registering in SABIC as an approved supplier. Certainly, it is open for negotiation before the creation of the contract. The standard terms and conditions is very comprehensive to accommodate all type of contracts and types of suppliers. For instance, there is a special terms and contract for internal and external of KSA.

Executive summary

Subject matter

This report evaluates and provides an analysis of the opportunities for the supply and procurement function, explains how the terms and conditions can be improved and how collaboration can be created with stakeholders to increase early engagement. The report also gives a general overview of the need for organizational policies and procurement in order to implement effective procurement supply.

Key findings

· After doing an extensive research, I drew attention to the fact that the company should identify and allocate purchasing activities to achieve the best value for money. I found out that it can be done by applying the five rights of acquisition and value for money criteria to any purchase of good and services similarly assessing the acquisition of possessions and amenities based on total cost of ownership is an important step. Furthermore, creating savings and improve efficiency requires the company to negotiate with the suppliers.

· To improve the procurement and supply function, it should be taken into consideration the fact that our procurement and supply function is much more than the cost of getting products into the hands of our customers.

In the report some partnership principles have been outlined that will help in the creation of collaboration with stakeholders. Undertaking stakeholder engagement in a collaborative manner will allow a substantial relationship to be built between the stakeholders and the company. In our case, we shall have to give consideration to the development of stakeholder engagement process to test knowledge and assumption.

· Based on the fact that this report is a one-person’s point of view, there is need for improvement for highest results. Similarly, some of the recommended approaches may take time to accomplish but they are very effective once they are well implemented. The report did not discuss in detail how to ensure compliance with a low level of procurement regulation, reduce application of poor procurement and supply policies, and ensure enough support from top management. However, tit is evident in our company that the management of the company has the right measures in place

Question One: How your Terms and conditions ensure that you manage the risks of poor quality, extension of time, increased costs and unethical practice

SABIC is one of the greatest companies in Saudi Arabia. SABIC has grown over time and has diversified to produce various commodities. The growth can be attributed to various strategies that have been put in place by the company. The company has put in place various terms and conditions that are aimed at managing poor quality, extension time, increased costs and unethical practice.

a. Risks of Poor Quality

Supplies must deliver the product or service to the agreed place of delivery and receive an Acceptance Certificate and within thirty days the End User and Warehouse evaluate the materials and then supplier would be informed if either; the products or services supplied were accepted or it did not comply with the purchase agreement and that they have been rejected

In case the supplied materials or services were rejected, it will be swiftly returned to the supplier at its sole risk and cost. In case the supplier had been paid fully or partly there before, for the rejected work, then the suppliers will be forced to replace the rejected work and credit not should be issued in respect thereof under Clause 1.9.2 of the Sabic Standard Terms and Conditions.

In all respects, the work will conform to the quality specifications and requirement set in PO. If these requirements and specifications are not specified to customary and normal specifications or goods quality then this should be done in accordance to the accepted industry practices and applicable professional codes and standards. However, supplier cannot change the specifications, manufacturing or material processes without first seeking the consent from SABIC.

Supplier guarantees and warrants that the work to be completed or delivered is free from defects, fault designs in workmanship and in material and so fit for the intended work for a period of one year from use, commissioning or installation. SABIC will notify supplier in accordance on discovery of failures or defects within the time in which warrant is still active. In addition, the supplier will compensate SABIC for all the expenses and losses it has reasonably suffered in relation to defect hence replacement and repairs under the warranty under Clause 1.10.3 of the Sabic Standard Terms and Conditions.

b. Extension of Time:

According to SABIC Standard Terms and Conditions, the supplier is ought to deliver the goods and services in the quantity states in purchase order to the point of delivering on the corresponding date of delivery. The date of delivery shall remain firm and should not be different except through a Change Order. Supplier must inform the stakeholders in writing if he expects there will be a delay in delivery.

In the eventuality that the supplier fails to perform or deliver the work according to agreed date set in the PO, supplier will pay the buyer liquidated damages that equal two percent of the price for every week after the delivery date.

c. Increased Costs

The prices outlined in PO will be an all-inclusive and fixed. The price will not be varied without direct consent of SABIC shareholders given by the means of a written Change order as per Clause 1.3.2 of the Standard Terms and conditions.

Payment has to be made to the supplier after sixty business days from the date of the invoice issuance. The price of the goods is all-inclusive of all and any taxes payable related to the purchase agreement. Moreover, payment will be in the currency that is specified in purchase order and has to be made directly by bank transfer to the bank account the supplier indicated in the database of SABIC during the process of supplier registration. Supplier must pay all related charges related to bank.

The invoices ought to contain the PO number, quantities and work description and it will be supported by documentary proof of delivery or completion and also acceptance of work.

According to SABIC policy and procedures, the change order in term of the price is only allowed within 10% of the total price of the goods and services and after acceptance of the stakeholders.

d. Unethical Practice:

According to SABIC standard terms and conditions, Supplier is expected to comply with SABIC code of ethics and conform to all applicable safety, environmental and health regulations and standards under United Kingdom laws as well as that of international standards. During supplier registration, supplier is introduced to SABIC code of ethics and its EHSS and must accept in order to complete registration as an approved supplier in SABIC.

Suppliers should not commence any good, equipment or materials shipment or commence any other work or services until the insurance in effected or in force. In addition, supplier shall maintain, procure and carry comprehensive general liability insurance, which provides coverage for all damage due to bodily injury, which includes death at any time, and personal injury occurs to any person and for the damage to or loss of property caused by accident resulting from operations in relation to execution of the Purchase Agreement.

Supplier must provide a healthy and safe workplace for his personnel, and protect the environment while carrying out any activities.

As per SABIC Terms and Conditions, supplier must not to promise to pay, or pay, or authorize any form of payment for anything of value or money to any entity or person for the purpose of obtaining, inducing a decision, or retaining business, or any advantage related to the purchase agreement. The supplier has to, and shall ensure that all personnel complies with all laws applicable to anti-money laundering, anti-corruption, or anti-bribery.

Question Two: Explain the concept of the “battle of the forms” and demonstrate how you could ensure that any agreement is carried out under your terms and conditions

A contract is actually formed where an offer made by one of the parties is accepted by the other. There are intentions and considerations that are vital when forming a contract. When two commercial or business entities with equal bargaining power are in negotiation over transaction terms, each party would wish and want to use their standard terms in governance of the contract.

That provision of standard terms by one party to another mostly constitutes an offer, which can be accepted. However, it comes a time when the other party does not unequivocally accept the other’s offer in such that they seek to vary the standard terms or they end up putting forward their own. This is deemed to be counter offer and leads to rejection of original part’s offer.

According to the mirror-image rule of the common law, an acceptance that is different from the terms of a contract becoming a counter-offer (Carter, and Ketchum, 28-33). This serves as a rejection of the original contract.

However, the common law rule has with time been replaced by statute in several jurisdictions to achieve fairness among parties. The only requirement currently is that the responding form has to contain a reasonable and definite acceptance expression. The responding form terms that correspond to the offer makes up the contract (Carter, and Ketchum, 28-33)

In other cases, a situation may arise where two parties in attempt to incorporate their own standards term will usually bury themselves into question on to which terms will govern the contract and in some cases whether a contract is in existence at all. This situation of not coming into an agreement on whose contract to be used is known as battle of forms. The situation often occurs unwittingly and it mostly occurs when dispute arises and the parties involved seek to rely on a particular contractual term and so operative comes into question.

I can ensure that any agreement is carried under my own terms and conditions by:

· Making sure that the supplier is an independent contractor.

· The purchase agreement together with master agreement incorporates the entire agreement between the parties involved. The agreement goes in line with respect to the matter pertaining purchase agreement and supersedes all prior representations, arrangements, negotiations, communications, agreement and contracts entered or made between the both parties. Consequently, I will ensure that the purchase is not bound by any standard or printed terms presented by supplier in quotation or any other document unless the purchaser is incorporated in the purchase Agreement.

· Shan from making modifications of the Purchase Agreement will be effective with purchaser unless it is a written amendment, expressly stated as such and where both parties have signed.

· Ensuring that before I enter into any contract with business, which is equally yoked. I will purpose to seek legal advice so that I do not enter into agreement that can mess me around. The legal advice will offer the bearing on when to call the shots. The legal advice explains the terms of the contract and outlines the rights and obligations under that contracts, negotiate more favorable terms in the contract, prepares a contract for me to enter into with another party.

· As in any negotiation process, information is key such as the supplier place in the market and how much power they hold and the type of material as we can see below in the figure , as a buyer in SABIC I’d focus on the strategic items trying to establish a partnership relationship. In addition, for the leverage items I would have more power in the negotiation.

For SABIC, it is important that the organization gets the best possible deal during the negotiation process. This does not mean that everything has to go according to what the supplier or the organization wants. It implies that the supplier and the organization need to understand the most important things that they have to agree upon during the negotiation process. Lack of clarity is the main cause of misunderstanding and disputes in contracts.

The parties involved in the contract need to discuss every aspect of the contract carefully and ensure that the objectives of both sides are well as acknowledged and met. In any negotiation process, the organization should always settle for a win-win solution that will benefit both the parties. The other aspect that needs negotiation in the procurement/supply process is negotiating to have the objectives of the organization met.

During the procurement/supply process, the organization should always negotiate to have a long-term relationship with the suppliers. This will enable the organization to come up with alliance parties networks, which are very important. The short-term benefits are not the most important thing in any contract but a relationship that will last for long even after the sourcing process has been completed.

It is also important for the company to be conversant with the law as this helps to minimize environmental and business risks. More often than not, the legal system governing both the purchaser and supplier can have an impact on their contractual agreements. For example, countries such as the United States often have a common-law system that tends to make contracts longer. Therefore, the company ought to ensure that the contract is in tandem with the environmental and business laws depending on the supplier’s country of origin.

Question three: How your terms and conditions ensure that the relevant performance measures are monitored and managed

The terms and conditions ensure that the relevant performance measures are monitored and managed by. According to SABIC Terms and Conditions, it allow for the regular checking of supplier’s progress to make sure that contractual obligations are met. The terms also spell out the need for checking all clauses and conditions in the contract are acted upon by evaluating on any case of bleaching and taking action after seeking legal advice especially if non-conformance with the contractor occurs.

The terms allow for regular and random inspections of the goods and services that have been supplied during the contract period to make sure that they are of suitable standard and they meet the specified specifications. In addition, the terms spell out how the suppliers could offer advice especially in writing if they are not satisfied with aspects of performance under the acting contract.

As per SABIC Terms and Conditions, it point to the need for immediate action if problem occurs and also involving senior representatives of both supplier and procurer to solve the identified problems as soon as it can be done. The terms allow for the obtaining and developing mechanisms, which are effective when it comes to obtaining feedback from stakeholders on procurement.

Moreover, the need for keeping adequate written records of all deals that supplier and that of the administration of contract. This can be through file notes of inspection, records of meetings, telephone conversations and documented invoice processing.

The terms allow for the performing regular inspections of work to make sure that compliance with each and every applicable legislation, quality provisions, contract conditions and workplace safety and health is dependent on the nature of procurement, its associated risks and complexity and this could be on daily, weekly or monthly basis.

SABIC holds records for every supplier monthly and yearly performance in term of quality and delivery. If supplier performance decreased below a certain percentage for a period of time, SABIC has the right to deactivate the supplier temporarily or permanently in SABIC which they would not have any new business with SABIC.

The Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC) have a detailed and well-structured terms and conditions required in any procurement contracts between a seller and buyer to ensure a smooth and continuous operation be fully engaged in their obligations and responsibilities.

Conclusion

Setting terms and conditions in every organization especially those strikes deal on contract is very important. A contract, which is between two parties, is signed to do something or not to do something in return for a very valuable consideration. Actually, a contract cannot be done by one person. This means that, it is terms and conditions that are set in any contract that prevents parties in one organization from violating parties in the other organization in case of making business or other deals. It also regulates how employees, employers and stakeholder handle themselves and make them aware of the consequences if they do not follow terms and conditions. Additionally, for best results to be achieved, contract manager must monitor and manage the relevant performances as stated out in the contract. A contract should be updated to reflect all the changes in the organization, market and the world in general and this is one of the important factor for contracts.

As a buyer for SABIC, I would recommend the following: for strategic items to have the inspection in the site of the supplier by an appointed SABIC representative before shipment to ensure the quality of the goods purchased. Another recommendation, is to have the records of the yearly performance of suppliers with SABIC visible to all buyers in which they can make their decisions before include the supplier the bidding process.

References:

Huang, H., X. Shen and H. Xu., Procurement contracts in the presence of endogenous disruption risk. Decision Sciences 

Volman, Thomas E, and Carlos Gordon. Building Successful customer-supplier Alliances. Long range planning

Bottleneck Items

Strategic Items

Supply Risk

Non- Critical Items Items

Leverage Items

Impact on Results