Weekly Reflection 8

  1. Write a 200- to 250-word reflection on this week’s topic by responding to the question/comment below.
  2. Your response should be in standard essay format (introduction, body, conclusion; complete sentences, paragraphs). Points will be deducted if you do not follow this format and/or the quality of the writing is poor (spelling, grammar, or punctuation errors), so be sure to proofread carefully.
  3. NO Points if any of your reflection is plagiarized. Use only the required readings/lectures in your response, but don’t over-quote from them 

Reflect on this QUESTION/COMMENT:  What has been the relationship between the state and the military in Latin America, and how has the US influenced the political geography of the region?

Political Geography
Part 2: The State & the Military

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Early Politics
 Authoritarian tradition – conquistadors, colonialism; major pre‐

colonial empires
 Since independence: twin threads – democracy and 

authoritarianism, hybrid forms of authoritarian democracy
 Elite retreat, rise of caudillos  agrarian elite reemerge 

(modernizing dictators); caciques bring out the vote in rural 
areas (only 5% of adult males vote in Mexico, Argentina in 
late 19th century)

 Stability, economic growth, immigration brings some new and 
radical political influences (ex. Anarchist trade movement in 
Argentina); urban working class harder to control than 
peasantry

Rise of Populism

 Catalyst for change: worldwide depression & rise of ISI 

ended dominance of agrarian elite and a shift in politics 
to populism (appealing to the masses); the state 
replaces the caudillo as all‐powerful provider; Cardenas 
in Mexico, Vargas in Brazil, Ibanez in Chile, Peron in 
Argentina
 Urban‐oriented political model – this model 

coincides with ISI and industrialists and industrial 
workers are a major support base for leaders –
more popular in larger countries (more 
industrialized)

 Corporatism – ruling parties set up and controlled 
labor unions and other mass organizations – they 
exchanged support by these organizations in return 
for improvements
 State/party machine controlled elections; 
opposition excluded from state’s bounty, 
hounded by legal system, physical intimidation

Argentina’s
Peron

Rise of Populism

 Nationalistic – populists condemned Latin America’s 
dependence on outside powers and often nationalized key 
industries – Mexico’s oil (1938), Argentina’s railroads (1948)
 Initial success of ISI helped fund the expanded state and 
programs

 States with smaller, weaker economies military dictators 
take over in 1930s (Nicaragua, El Salvador, Cuba, Dominican 
Republic); in power for decades, stifling political 
modernization and sowing seeds of future upheaval, 
revolutions (Cuba 1959, Nicaragua 1979)

Fall of Populism
 Downturn of ISI led to a fall in populism, and a number of 

factors led to the take over of politics by the military in 
some state – Brazil (1964), Argentina (1966)
 Economic crisis (waning of growth) broke down 

improbably industrialist/worker alliance; expansion of 
social groups (middle class) wanting a voice in politics; 
radical elements such as militant student movements 
inspired by Cuban Revolution

 Military dictatorships that emerged during this period 
were supported during Cold War by the US, and they also 
had popular support (especially among the middle class) 
to restore order (improve economic situation)

 Military rule led to National Security Doctrine –
promoted the defeat of ‘internal subversion’ – basically, 
anything that threatened the status quo 
 As a result, human rights and rule of law became 

redundant; there was supervision of all activities in 
the national space; and military governments 
developed extensive military‐industrial complexes 
under state‐led ISI (Brazil exports $1B/year in 
weapons in 1980s)

Argentina’s
Military Junta

The Military
 The military in Latin America had always been a central & 

independent political force since the wars of independence
 Professionalization of the military occurred since the mid‐19th

century – building a national army with a proper career structure 
and a separate value system – encouraging a self image as a 
caste apart from – and superior to – the rest of society

 This has meant a separation from civilian society –
socially and spatially – which separates them from civil 
values
 Military schools – high percentage are officers sons 
= increased sense of separation  from society

 Other spaces – separate neighborhoods, country 
clubs/social clubs

 Anti‐politics position of the military – they touted themselves as 
efficient economic planners, since they were not subject to the 
“whims of politics” (formal and informal)
 But, by closing down formal and informal (unions, etc.) politics, 

they left a political vacuum in which other political actors rose 
up to fill in the void – begins the rise of “New” Social Movements
 EX: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo (Argentina) – use the 
Junta’s discourse of women’s traditional roles, as mothers, 
to engage in public protest to find their “disappeared” 
children

Niños Heroes
de Chapultepec

The Fall of the Military
 The military in Latin America today find themselves 

pushed to the background due to a number of 
factors, which include:
 Budget cuts from economic restructuring 
(military budgets halved across region between 
1985‐1994); privatization of military industries 

 Post‐Cold War – makes National Security 
Doctrine obsolete; US now sees military 
governments as politically destabilizing, 
economically less competent than civilian 
governments

 Without popular support – people less willing to 
endure dictatorship because they also can’t 
control economic chaos (proven by Debt Crisis)

Mass Destruction of
Weapons

Transitions to Democracy
 Debt Crisis hastened the failure of the military state – bad economic 

planning, free‐spending showed they were no better than civilian politicians
 Some regimes managed orderly exit (Brazil, Uruguay); many other places 

investigations, prosecutions for atrocities occurred 
 Crisis of identity, moral (reviled by public, former allies; confused over role; 

falling wages)
 Exception: places with continuing guerilla insurgencies (Colombia)

 Encouraged by US to have more involvement in “war on drugs” but 
leadership fears it opens door to corruption (already on the increase in 
Central America)

Political Geography
Part 3: US Intervention

Rising Power & 

Early Interventions

 Occurred in different ways during different phases –

which were a function of both global political 
processes and internal political culture of the US

 Monroe Doctrine (1823): Americas is sphere of 
influence for the US and Europe should not try to gain 
political control

 “From Sea to Shinning Sea”—Manifest Destiny (the 
idea that the US was destined to expand to the 
Pacific): 
 Mexican American War (1846‐48) 

 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)—ceded ½ 
of Mexican territory to US

“Positively No Hunting”

American Progress (1872)

Becoming Imperial
 During the late 19th century you began to see proponents of American 

Empire win out over those who were anti‐imperialist – US policies 
reflected this change:
 Platt Amendment (1902)—gave the US the right to intervene in Cuba 

“for protection of life, property and individual liberty”
 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1904): Not only are the 

Americas within the US Sphere of Influence, but the US has the right 
to intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American nations to 
protect US interests; Big Stick/Gunboat Diplomacy – use or threat of 
military force in order to secure advantage or to avert loss

Early Interventions

Backing Off…Until…
 Good Neighbor Policy (1933‐1945): interventionism was 

actually causing a backlash against US interests in the region  
 EX: Marine occupation in Nicaragua resulted in guerilla 

war by Sandino
 But, the COLD WAR changed everything…
 Domino Theory: if one country falls to communism, it will 

also destabilize those around it
 Foreign Internal Defense: defending the US through 

strategic defense abroad; protecting US interests 
 The School of the Americas (first located in Panama) 
provides training in counterinsurgency; declassified 
documents show training manuals that recommend 
threats, bribery, blackmail and torture) 

Cold War 
Alignments in 
the Americas

Cutting Ties with SOA

Questions for McSherry Reading
1. What was the “US Overseas Internal Defense Policy,” and when did it 

emerge?
a. What is counterinsurgency, and how is it related to this policy?
b. What is the School of the Americas, and what role did it play 

during this period?
i. What are the critiques of this institution?  What is it accused 

of?
2. What continuities are there between the Cold War policies of the US 

in Latin America and those of the post‐Cold War era?
a. What’s the role of the military in the new security paradigm?
b. How is “foreign internal defense” exercised today by the US in 

the region?
3. What is meant by the phrase “hegemonic stabilizer of the system,” 

and how is instability now defined?

Central America Proxy Wars

Guatemala & Cold War Politics
 CIA orchestrated coup to overthrow 

democratically elected president, Jacobo 
Arbenz, in 1954
 Land reform policies particularly opposed 

by US‐based United Fruit Company 
(Chiquita Bananas)

 US supported Guatemalan army (1950s‐1990s) 
with training, money, arms

 Civil War from 1960‐1996 killed approximately 
140,000 plus 60,000 disappeared
 By 1990s, considered the worst human 

rights violator in Latin America

 Check out the National Security Archives: 
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/

Changes in Policy?
 Today, there’s often a distinction made between Hard versus Soft Power 

regarding US intervention
 Military interventions of the Cold War gave way to economic 
interventionism through international institutions (IMF, IADB)

 However, it’s argued that military interventions are still there backing 
up neoliberalism (see McSherry)

 Political backlash to austerity, restructuring referred to as “Pink Tide”: 
radicalization of citizens due to the extreme economic hardships of 
restructuring – electing leaders who oppose restructuring policies (not 
communist, but a little bit left, center‐left – hence the pink instead of red)

Pink Tide?

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